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1.
中南部非洲是世界上金刚石资源最为丰富的地区之一,其金刚石矿床主要产于津巴布韦克拉通和卡普瓦尔克拉通内,主要分为两种类型:①原生金刚石矿床;②次生金刚石矿床,且以原生金刚石矿床的研究程度较高,代表了中南部非洲的研究现状。本文通过总结前人研究资料发现,该地区的金伯利岩分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,其内包体可以分为两种:橄榄岩型和榴辉岩型;金刚石可以分为三类:橄榄岩型、榴辉岩型及两者的过渡类型——二辉岩型。其中,橄榄岩型和部分榴辉岩型金刚石来自于地幔结晶堆晶体,而另一部分榴辉岩型则与板块俯冲的构造—热事件有关。金伯利岩的年龄主要分布于白垩纪、二叠纪、寒武纪及元古宙,而金刚石的年龄主要为元古宙和太古宙,金伯利岩和金刚石为不同时期的产物,金刚石为金伯利岩侵位期间捕获的上地幔物理破碎产物。其中900～1000Ma左右的金刚石为板块构造—热事件的产物,并对早期金刚石进行了改造破坏。次生金刚石矿床为原生矿床风化后的产物,可分为四种类型,构造特征、基岩地质及地貌演化等对该类矿床的分布具有重要的影响作用。 相似文献
2.
金刚石俗称钻石,以其高硬度和稀缺性成为世界上最珍贵的矿物之一.金刚石矿床按成因可分为原生矿床与次生矿床两大类,原生矿床又可分为金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩型,蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿、碱性辉长辉绿岩、超高压变质岩、火山岩、陨石及其冲积相关的岩石中均有金刚石产出,但未形成矿床(路凤香等,1998;Cartigny,2005;Gurney et al.,2010).次生矿床主要为砂矿床.其中原生金伯利岩型金刚石是世界上金刚石矿产的主要来源(Mitchell,1991;Gurney et al.,2005).辽宁省瓦房店地区以盛产金伯利岩型原生金刚石闻名世界,尤以50号金伯利岩管金刚石品质最好,宝石级约占70％,质量属于世界一流(任厚民,1992;宋瑞祥,2013). 相似文献
3.
目前所知产金刚石的岩石类型包括金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩、榴辉岩、蛇绿岩套、碱性超基性杂岩、碱性超基性煌斑岩和橄榄岩类(方辉橄榄岩、纯橄榄岩等) 等偏碱性超镁铁质岩石, 而有经济价值的金刚石原生矿床仅见于金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩中, 除此之外的其他岩石类型中仅见有少量微粒金刚石.金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩都起源于地幔深部, 就此意义上讲, 二者是同源的, 但其岩石化学成分、主要矿物组成、产出大地构造背景以及同位素资料等, 却存在着比较明显的差异.由此构成了金刚石原生矿床的两个成矿系列: 金伯利岩成矿系列和钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列.金伯利岩成矿系列又可以根据其化学成分划分为3个亚系列, 即: 高Cr, Ti, Mg成矿亚系列, 低Cr, Ti, Mg成矿亚系列和介于二者之间的一种具有复杂化学成分的成矿亚系列.钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列则可以根据其主要矿物组成, 划分出橄榄石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列、白榴石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列以及介于两者之间的白榴石-橄榄石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列共3种次级成矿系列.与此同时, 无论是金伯利岩成矿系列, 还是钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列, 又都可以根据其野外地质产状, 划分为以下3个成矿亚系列(形成时间从早到晚) : (1) 火山沉积凝灰岩成矿亚系列; (2) 火山凝灰角砾岩成矿亚系列; (3) 火山-次火山侵入相成矿亚系列. 相似文献
4.
山东金刚石原生矿找矿前景探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
金刚石形成于地幔深处，含金刚石的岩石只是一种运载和保存“工具”，凡是来自上地幔的岩石均有可能携带早已形成的金刚石而形成金刚石原生矿床。世界上已知金刚石原生矿除金伯利岩，钾镁煌斑岩型外，尚在橄榄岩，橄榄玄武岩，千枚岩，科马提岩，榴辉岩等岩石中发现了金刚石，可能存在金刚石原生矿新的岩石。山东位于华北地台的南东部，鲁西，鲁东基底属A型克拉通，幔源岩浆活动强烈，具备良好的金刚石原生矿成矿地质条件，已获得的大量的成矿信息和找矿线索表明，除已发现的蒙阴金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿外，应该存在着尚未发现的金刚石原生矿，找矿前景广阔，应进一步加强金刚石原生矿勘查工作。 相似文献
5.
纳米比亚金刚石资源丰富且品质优良,矿床类型以次生砂矿为主。文章对前人的大量研究成果进行分析总结,概述了纳米比亚金刚石矿床的区域地质背景,分析了金刚石矿床的地质特征及矿床成因。对纳米比亚金刚石包裹体氩-氩法定年分析发现,80%的包裹体熔蚀年龄<300Ma,表明大部分纳米比亚碎屑金刚石源自Dwyka期(<300Ma)以后的金伯利岩;纳米比亚金刚石以橄榄岩型(占比46%)和榴辉岩型(占比41%)为主,其余为二辉岩型或介于橄榄岩型-二辉岩型之间;纳米比亚橄榄岩型金刚石包裹体中石榴石-橄榄石平衡矿物的温度为961~1223℃,平均(1107±98)℃;石榴石-斜方辉石的平衡压力多为4.5~6.0GPa。纳米比亚金刚石的找矿有利地区主要为奥兰治河沿线及Oranjemund、卢得立次海岸地区,以次生金刚石砂矿为主。 相似文献
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金刚石及其寄主岩石是人类认识地球深部物质组成和性质、壳幔和核幔物质循环重要研究对象。本文总结了中国不同金刚石类型的分布,着重对比了博茨瓦纳和中国含金刚石金伯利岩的地质特征,取得如下认识:(1)博茨瓦纳含矿原生岩石仅为金伯利岩,而中国含矿岩石成分复杂,金伯利岩主要出露在华北克拉通,展布于郯庐、华北中央和华北北缘金伯利岩带,具有工业价值的蒙阴和瓦房店矿床分布于郯庐金伯利岩带中;钾镁煌斑岩主要出露在华南克拉通,重点分布在江南和华南北缘钾镁煌斑岩带中;(2)钙钛矿原位U-Pb年龄和Sr、Nd同位素显示,86～97 Ma奥拉帕金伯利岩群和456～470 Ma蒙阴和瓦房店金伯利岩均具有低87Sr/86Sr(0.703～0.705)和中等εNd(t)(-0.09～+5)特征,指示金伯利岩浆源自弱亏损地幔或初始地幔源区;(3)博茨瓦纳金伯利岩体绝大多数以岩筒产出,而中国以脉状为主岩筒次之;博茨瓦纳岩筒绝大部分为火山口相,中国均为根部相,岩筒地表面积普遍小于前者;(4)奥拉帕A/K1和朱瓦能金伯利岩体是世界上为数不多的主要产出榴辉岩捕虏体和E型金刚石的岩筒之一,而同位于奥拉帕岩群的莱特拉卡内、丹姆沙和卡罗韦岩体与我国郯庐带的金伯利岩体类似,均主要产出地幔橄榄岩捕虏体以及P型和E型金刚石;(5)寻找含矿金伯利岩重点注意以下几点:克拉通内部和周缘深大断裂带是重要的控岩构造;镁铝榴石、镁钛铁矿、铬透辉石、铬尖晶石和铬金红石等是寻找含金刚石金伯利岩重要的指示矿物;航磁等地球物理测量需与土壤取样找矿方法相结合才能取得更好效果;(6)郯庐金伯利岩带、江南钾镁煌斑岩带和塔里木地块是中国重要含矿岩石的找矿靶区,冲积型金刚石成矿潜力巨大。 相似文献
7.
有关金刚石形成条件的讨论 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15
在总结了近十几年来有关金刚石成因资料的基础上,结合笔者的实际研究,将原生金刚石划分为三种成因类型：金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩型、超镁铁质岩侵入体型及超高压榴辉岩和高压变质岩型。金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩型的金刚石结晶时代老,时间跨度长,在地台克拉通化至寄主岩浆侵位的漫长地质历史阶段中都可以形成和生长,金刚石中的复杂环带是这些事件的记录。金刚石的形成和生长过程可以在纯固相的环境,依赖于Ｃ微粒的固体扩散完成,但最佳的情况是有熔体和／或流体的参与。克拉通演化过程中夭折的金伯利岩岩浆、钾镁煌斑岩岩浆及碳酸岩岩浆活动,以及深部流体脉动式的作用都是金刚石生长的有利时期。超镁铁质岩侵入体型金刚石的形成可能与岩体在固态侵位前地幔深部熔融橄榄玄武岩或苦橄质玄武岩岩浆的作用有关,同时也伴随深部流体的活动。中国西藏罗布莎岩体中与金刚石共生的矿物组合有些和金伯利岩型金刚石共生的矿物相似,可作为其依据。超高压榴辉岩型及其它与板块俯冲相关的金刚石的形成则与体系中存在强的应力有关。上述认识与金刚石结晶于高温、高压的基本条件并不相悖,但熔体和／或流体及强应力的存在都可以降低金刚石结晶时所需的温压条件。 相似文献
8.
赋存于金伯利岩中的石榴石有金伯利岩岩浆结晶的,有橄榄岩类、榴辉岩类包体解体的以及其它成因的。欲讨论石榴石与金伯利岩、金刚石及上地慢有关问题,必须首先确定其来源,尔后归入相应范畴加以讨论。 相似文献
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10.
前言金伯利岩是金刚石的主要含矿母岩。榴辉岩、镁铝榴石橄榄岩、角闪苦橄岩等也可含少量细小颗粒金刚石,但均不具工业价值。金伯利岩是一种少见的,在特殊地质条件下形成的一种偏碱性铁质超基性岩。目前国内对金伯利岩分类不统一,岩石种属划分较乱。为了利于普查找矿,本文在综合国内有关文献资料及笔者工作中的经验和体会,对金伯利岩的分类命名及岩石特征进行综合性论述。 相似文献
11.
金刚石矿是我国的急缺矿种,具有很高的工业价值和经济价值。但是,过去的 50 年中国在寻找金刚石矿上始终没有取得突破。在科学理解金伯利岩火山地貌形态的基础上,利用卫星影像识别技术,建立一个地区金伯利岩的卫星影像识别标志,能够在金刚石矿靶区范围内有效地缩小目标。这些都是要建立在野外和室内的反复认证的基础之上。本文以世界著名的博兹瓦纳境内两个著名的金刚石矿,结合山东临沂和湖南常德地区的具体实例来推断金伯利岩的存在。在寻找金伯利岩时,理解金伯利质火山是玛珥-管道火山体是寻找金伯利质火山管道的基础,重视对低平圆形地质体成因的研究,建立一个地区的小型圆形地质体的卫星影像识别标准是一个野外和室内反复验证和积累经验的过程。 相似文献
12.
Kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits of southern Africa: A review 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Matthew Field Johann Stiefenhofer Jock Robey Stephan Kurszlaukis 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,34(1-2):33
Following the discovery of diamonds in river deposits in central South Africa in the mid nineteenth century, it was at Kimberley where the volcanic origin of diamonds was first recognized. These volcanic rocks, that were named “kimberlite”, were to become the corner stone of the economic and industrial development of southern Africa. Following the discoveries at Kimberley, even more valuable deposits were discovered in South Africa and Botswana in particular, but also in Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.A century of study of kimberlites, and the diamonds and other mantle-derived rocks they contain, has furthered the understanding of the processes that occurred within the sub-continental lithosphere and in particular the formation of diamonds. The formation of kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits is a long-lived and complex series of processes that first involved the growth of diamonds in the mantle, and later their removal and transport to the earth's surface by kimberlite magmas. Dating of inclusions in diamonds showed that diamond growth occurred several times over geological time. Many diamonds are of Archaean age and many of these are peridotitic in character, but suites of younger Proterozoic diamonds have also been recognized in various southern African mines. These younger ages correspond with ages of major tectono-thermal events that are recognized in crustal rocks of the sub-continent. Most of these diamonds had eclogitic, websteritic or lherzolitic protoliths.In southern Africa, kimberlite eruptions occurred as discrete events several times during the geological record, including the Early and Middle Proterozoic, the Cambrian, the Permian, the Jurassic and the Cretaceous. Apart from the Early Proterozoic (Kuruman) kimberlites, all of the other events have produced deposits that have been mined. It should however be noted that only about 1% of the kimberlites that have been discovered have been successfully exploited.In this paper, 34 kimberlite mines are reviewed with regard to their geology, mantle xenolith, xenocryst and diamond characteristics and production statistics. These mines vary greatly in size, grade and diamond-value, as well as in the proportions and types of mantle mineral suites that they contain. They include some of the world's richest mines, such as Jwaneng in Botswana, to mines that are both small and marginal, such as the Frank Smith Mine in South Africa. They include large diatremes such as Orapa and small dykes such as those mined at Bellsbank, Swartruggens and near Theunissen. These mines are all located on the Archaean Kalahari Craton, and it is apparent that the craton and its associated sub-continental lithosphere played an important role in providing the right environment for diamond growth and for the formation of the kimberlite magmas that were to transport them to the surface. 相似文献
13.
A.L. Ragozin D.A. Zedgenizov V.S. Shatsky K.E. Kuper 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2018,59(5):486-498
Mosaic diamonds from the Zarnitsa kimberlite (Daldyn field, Yakutian diamondiferous province) are morphologicaly and structurally similar to dark gray mosaic diamonds of varieties V and VII found frequently in placers of the northeastern Siberian craton. However, although being similar in microstructure, the two groups of diamonds differ in formation mechanism: splitting of crystals in the case of placer diamonds (V and VII) and growth by geometric selection in the Zarnitsa kimberlite diamonds. Selective growth on originally polycrystalline substrates in the latter has produced radial micro structures with grains coarsening rimward from distinctly polycrystalline cores. Besides the formation mechanisms, diamonds of the two groups differ in origin of mineral inclusions, distribution of defects and nitrogen impurity, and carbon isotope composition. Unlike the placer diamonds of varieties V and VII, the analyzed crystals from the Zarnitsa kimberlite enclose peridotitic minerals (olivines and subcalcic Cr-bearing pyropes) and have total nitrogen contents common to natural kimberlitic diamonds (0 to 1761 ppm) and typical mantle carbon isotope compositions (-1.9 to -6.2%c 513C; -4.2%c on average). The distribution of defect centers in the Zarnitsa diamond samples fits the annealing model implying that nitrogen aggregation decreases from core to rim. 相似文献
14.
Clinopyroxene inclusions in diamond contain elevated potassium contents and can potentially be dated by 40Ar/39Ar techniques. Previous 40Ar/39Ar studies of clinopyroxene inclusions contained in cleaved diamonds have suggested that argon, produced from the decay of potassium prior to eruption of the host kimberlite magma, diffuses to the diamond/clinopyroxene interface under mantle conditions. After intrusion and cooling below the closure temperature for argon diffusion, radiogenic argon is retained by the clinopyroxene inclusions. This behaviour complicates efforts to date diamond crystallisation events; however, extraction of inclusions from their host diamond should induce loss of all interface argon, thus raising the possibility of determining kimberlite emplacement ages. This possibility has important implications for constraining the source localities of detrital diamond deposits worldwide, with concomitant benefits to diamond exploration. To investigate this premise, 40Ar/39Ar laser probe results are presented for single clinopyroxene inclusions extracted from a total of fifteen gem-quality diamonds from the Mbuji-Mayi kimberlite in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Jwaneng and Orapa kimberlites in Botswana.Initial fusion analyses of clinopyroxene inclusions from Mbuji-Mayi diamonds yielded ages older than the time of host kimberlite intrusion, indicating partial retention of extraneous argon by the clinopyroxene inclusions themselves. Step-heating analyses of clinopyroxene inclusions from Orapa and Jwaneng diamonds produced older apparent ages from lower temperature steps and the ‘rim’ fragment of one Orapa inclusion. High temperature (fusion) analyses yielded younger apparent ages, commonly approaching the times of host kimberlite eruption. Total-gas integrated 40Ar/39Ar ages are mostly intermediate between the times of inferred diamond crystallisation and kimberlite eruption. Ca/K ratios for each sample are uniform across step-heating increments, indicating that age variations are not due to compositional, mineralogical or alteration effects. The favoured explanation for these results is partial retention of extraneous argon in primary and/or secondary fluid inclusions. This component is then preferentially outgassed in lower temperature heating steps, yielding older apparent ages.The partial retention of extraneous argon by clinopyroxene inclusions clearly restricts efforts to determine source ages for detrital diamond deposits. Results from individual samples must necessarily be interpreted as maximum source emplacement ages. Nonetheless, step-heating analyses of several clinopyroxene inclusions from a detrital diamond deposit may provide reasonable constraints on the ages of source kimberlites/lamproites; however minor age populations as well as those closely spaced in time, may be difficult to resolve.It is argued that the majority of older 40Ar/39Ar ages can be explained in terms of the partial retention of inherited argon, produced between the times of diamond crystallisation and kimberlite eruption. Although the presence of excess argon in some clinopyroxene inclusions cannot be excluded, available evidence (e.g. no excess argon in Premier eclogitic inclusions or potassium-poor inclusions) suggests that this is not a factor for most samples. Three possible mechanistic models are forwarded to account for the uptake of inherited (± excess) argon in fluid inclusions. The first envisages negligible interface porosity and diffusion of extraneous argon exclusively to primary fluid inclusions, which subsequently partially decrepitated during eruption, causing accumulation of argon at the diamond/clinopyroxene interface. The second model permits diffusive loss of extraneous argon to both the interface region and primary fluid inclusions. The third involves diffusion of extraneous argon to the interface region, with later entrapment of some interface argon in secondary fluid inclusions, produced by fracture/annealing processes active during eruption. The first model can account for all 40Ar/39Ar results, whereas the latter two mechanisms require the presence of an excess argon component to explain older integrated ages (up to 2.9 Ga) from two Jwaneng samples. Excess argon contamination would compromise efforts to determine diamond genesis ages using the 40Ar/39Ar dating technique. However, if the first model is valid, then the older 40Ar/39Ar integrated ages support previous Re-Os age results for the crystallisation of Jwaneng diamonds. 相似文献
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16.
N. V. Sobolev F. V. Kaminsky W. L. Griffin E. S. Yefimova T. T. Win C. G. Ryan A. I. Botkunov 《Lithos》1997,39(3-4):135-157
The Sputnik kimberlite pipe is a small “satellite” of the larger Mir pipe in central Yakutia (Sakha), Russia. Study of 38 large diamonds (0.7-4.9 carats) showed that nine contain inclusions of the eclogitic paragenesis, while the remainder contain inclusions of the peridotitic paragenesis, or of uncertain paragenesis. The peridotitic inclusion suite comprises olivine, enstatite, Cr-diopside, chromite, Cr-pyrope garnet (both lherzolitic and harzburgitic), ilmenite, Ni-rich sulfide and a Ti-Cr-Fe-Mg-Sr-K phase of the lindsleyite-mathiasite (LIMA) series. The eclogitic inclusion suite comprises omphacite, garnet, Ni-poor sulfide, phlogopite and rutile. Peridotitic ilmenite inclusions have high Mg, Cr and Ni contents and high Nb/Zr ratios; they may be related to metasomatic ilmenites known from peridotite xenoliths in kimberlite. Eclogitic phlogopite is intergrown with omphacite, coexists with garnet, and has an unusually high TiO2 content. Comparison with inclusions in diamonds from Mir shows general similarities, but differences in details of trace-element patterns. Large compositional variations among inclusions of one phase (olivine, garnet, chromite) within single diamonds indicate that the chemical environment of diamond crystallisation changed rapidly relative to diamond growth rates in many cases. P-T conditions of formation were calculated from multiphase inclusions and from trace element geothermobarometry of single inclusions. The geotherm at the time of diamond formation was near a 35 mW/m2 conductive model; that is indistinguishable from the Paleozoic geotherm derived by studies of xenoliths and concentrate minerals from Mir. A range of Ni temperatures between garnet inclusions in single diamonds from both Mir and Sputnik suggests that many of the diamonds grew during thermal events affecting a relatively narrow depth range of the lithosphere, within the diamond stability field. The minor differences between inclusions in Mir and Sputnik may reflect lateral heterogeneity in the upper mantle. 相似文献
17.
The diamonds from the Swartruggens dyke swarm are mainly tetrahexahedra, with subsidiary octahedral and cuboid crystals. They are predominantly colourless, with subordinate yellows, browns, and greens. The existence of discrete cores and oscillatory growth structures within the diamonds, together with the recognition of harzburgite, lherzolite, at least two eclogitic and a websteritic diamond paragenesis, variable nitrogen contents, and both Type IaAB and Type Ib–IaA diamonds provides evidence for episodic diamond growth in at least six different environments. The predominance of plastic deformation in the diamonds, the state of nitrogen aggregation, and the suite of inclusion minerals recovered are all consistent with a xenocrystic origin for the diamonds, with the Type Ib–IaA diamonds being much younger than the rest. Mantle storage at a time-averaged temperature of ±1100 °C is inferred for the Type IaAB diamonds. The distribution of mantle xenocrysts of garnet and chromite within the high-grade Main kimberlite dyke compared to the low-grade Changehouse kimberlite dyke strongly suggests that the difference in diamond content is due to an increased eclogitic component of diamonds in the Main kimberlite dyke. 相似文献
18.
贵州镇远是中国金刚石原生矿找矿的重点区域之一。镇远地区马坪D1号岩体是1965年中国首次发现的含原生金刚石金伯利岩。该岩体岩石具典型的金伯利岩结构和组成特征,其中的锆石捕虏晶U–Pb年代学和Hf同位素分析结果表明,该地区存在未暴露的太古宙基底物质残余。基于壳幔耦合性规律,可能对应有古老的岩石圈地幔,这种古老的克拉通属性是金刚石形成的有利因素。但另一方面,马坪金伯利岩普遍含有伴生矿物含铬镁铝榴石,其CaO含量较高,多数属于G9(二辉橄榄岩)类型,不是全球富含金刚石的方辉橄榄岩原岩类型(G10),暗示当时的岩石圈发生了部分改造而可能不利于高品质金刚石的形成。需要注意的是,在金刚石找矿过程中,应该以详细的野外工作与岩石学对比研究为基础,同时依赖于金伯利岩及其相关的岩浆活动所携带的捕虏体/捕虏晶的研究,配合以岩浆成分来反演地幔源区特征,才能较全面地揭示古老大陆岩石圈的形成年龄与演化历史、物质组成与精细结构,以及大陆岩石圈根的厚度、热状态、氧逸度、流体作用等,进而为寻找金刚石提供重要的依据。 相似文献