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1.
《Applied Geochemistry》1994,9(3):297-309
Seventy-nine samples of formation water from geothermal boreholes, oil-field and ground-water wells, tapping the Dogger (Middle Jurassic) limestone reservoir of the Paris Basin, have been analyzed for their 2H, 18O, TDS, bromide and chloride contents. Geostatistical mapping of 2H and of 18O contents and their variations with chloride content indicate that both isotopes have a common origin and a similar behaviour within the aquifer. The σ2H and σ18O values increase progressively from the outcrops toward a zone where temperature, Cl− and TDS values are high. The σ2H and σ18O values are very uniform in this zone and do not show any relation with formation temperature, in contrast to what is generally observed in other sedimentary basins. A discussion of isotopes exchange with the carbonate matrix for oxygen, and with H2S for deuterium, shows that such processes are not controlling the heavy isotope contents of groundwaters. This is attributed to the relatively short residence time of groundwaters in the aquifer. Both 2H and 18O contents of groundwater may thus be considered as conservative tracers in the Dogger aquifer of the Paris Basin and their initial contents are modified only by fluid mixings.Complex mixing processes account for stable isotope composition, TDS, Cl− and Br− values of the Dogger fluids. All mixtures include a brine component. Meteoric water percolated and dissolved halite in the Triassic aquifer (secondary brine). This saline solution mixed with some residual primary brine, then migrated via vertical faults into the Dogger aquifer. Such migration is found to be in agreement with data from fluid inclusions in late carbonate cements from the Liassic and Dogger strata. The requirement that these units were exposed implies that meteoric invasion could not have occurred before the Tertiary. Successive mixings of the brine with several types of meteoric waters depleted in heavy isotopes account for the present isotope and chemical compositions of the Dogger fluids.  相似文献   

2.
The isotopic characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen of various water bodies in the Yinchuan plain were investigated. A total of 131 water samples were collected and another 99 water samples collected by other scholars and the International Atomic Energy Agency were referred to in the study. The stable isotopic compositions of precipitation and lake waters are influenced by dry climate and strong evaporation of the area, and the slope of local meteoric water line and lake water line are smaller than that of global meteoric water line. The isotopic compositions of the Yellow River water are significantly lower than the weighted averages of local atmospheric precipitation and are controlled by the runoff of upstream areas. The isotopes of phreatic water suggest that the single phreatic water is predominantly recharged by the bedrock fissure water of Helan Mountain, while the phreatic water in multilayer structure area is recharged by multiple sources. The confined waters in the area may be recharged under cooler climate conditions than the present, which makes the heavy isotopes depleted. The 3H contents of various water bodies are in the following order: the Yellow River water > multilayer phreatic water > single phreatic water > lake water > drainage ditch water > upper confined water > lower confined water. This is in accordance with the recharge, discharge and circulation conditions of the specific water bodies. The isotope compositions of waters in the Yinchuan plain are mainly affected by external water recharge rather than local precipitation. This study is meaningful and helpful in understanding the groundwater flow systems and water cycle in the area.  相似文献   

3.
Upper Dogger to Oxfordian Formations in the eastern part of the Paris basin (France) are currently being investigated by the French nuclear waste management agency (Andra), testing the feasibility of long-term deep nuclear waste disposal in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystones. Characterising the hydrogeological behaviour of the Callovo-Oxfordian claystones is, therefore, essential in evaluating its potential as a geological barrier. In order to evaluate and quantify water/rock interactions experienced over geological time by these Formations, bulk carbonate δ13C and δ18O were measured and calculations of water-rock ratios were used to explain carbonate-δ18O changes. Meteoric porewater and a maximum temperature reached of about 40 °C were considered. The Jurassic marine carbonate δ13C was preserved in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystones and in the overlying limestones (−0.28‰ to 3.39‰/PDB), while the δ18O values are lower by 0-5‰ (−6.25‰ to −1.32‰/PDB). Calculations show that Upper Dogger and Oxfordian Limestone δ18O data:
(i)
have random-like distribution through theoretical δ18O-W/R curves and
(ii)
suggest that water/rock ratios (0.08-0.4) needed to explain δ18O changes are higher by a factor of about 2-20 compared to the present-day water/rock ratio.
These features indicate advection in both aquifers. According to the history of the Paris basin, this hydrogeological behaviour could have been effective since Jurassic/Cretaceous transition times. Inversely, the carbonate-δ18O content trends observed for the Callovo-Oxfordian data show that changes were controlled by post-depositional fluid-rock interaction with water/rock ratio (0.02-0.15) similar to the present-day porewater/rock ratio. The 130 m thick Callovo-Oxfordian claystone appears remarkably homogenous regarding its hydrogeological properties. This study suggests an initial marine porewater replacement by meteoric water only after porosity was reduced to its present value, thus demonstrating that the Callovo-Oxfordian clay has mainly been isolated from advective meteoric water circulation. Only the upper 20 m of the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone Formation underwent heterogeneous water-rock exchange (W/R from 0.01 to 0.3), probably as a result of its mineralogical heterogeneity and proximity to the advective Oxfordian Limestone aquifer.This study of carbonate-δ18O confirms the hydrogeological barrier properties of the Callovo-Oxfordian clay and suggests that it has been a natural hydrological barrier since the earliest times of its diagenesis.  相似文献   

4.
The behavior of boron and its isotopes in fluid-dominant processes and hydrothermal alteration of granites is examined using fresh and altered granite samples from the Qitianling granite and associated hydrothermal tin deposits in South China. Boron concentrations are highest in the fresh granite (37 ppm) and depleted as a result of two stages of fluid mobility and fluid–rock interaction within the granite. Constraints provided both by δ11B and δ18O data suggest that the first stage was related to exsolution of aqueous fluids from the granite magma at a temperature of > 450 °C. This was followed by further boron depletion in the granite by hydrothermal circulation of meteoric water at lower temperatures (~ 350 °C) and low water/rock ratios. The sensitivity of coupled boron and oxygen isotope systematics to these processes suggests that they can provide valuable constraints on of fluid mobility in granite and associated mineralization.  相似文献   

5.
Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope in water bodies is a widely used tracer in hydrological process studies. In order to provide a basis for stable isotopic characteristics in different water bodies at the high mountainous area of northwestern Tibetan Plateau, samples for river water, groundwater, soil water, and plant water were collected from 10 sites in the Qilian Mountains during July and August 2015, and then analyzed for δ18O and δD, respectively. Results indicated that the stable isotope values of soil water were mostly plotted below the global meteoric water line (GMWL), which suggested that evaporation made heavy isotope in soil water enriched. The stable isotope values of soil water were quite different in the top soil layer, but tended to be uniform in the deep soil layer. Furthermore, the stable isotope difference of plant water is related to climatic conditions, water isotopes utilized by plant, plant species, growing season, and so on. Additionally, the variation of δ18O values for river water and groundwater relatively coincided with each other, and this showed the recharge sources of above two water bodies may be consistent. The stable isotope values of river water and groundwater were mainly plotted on the upper left of GMWL, and the lower level of isotopic fractionation due to weak evaporation may accountable for this.  相似文献   

6.
Comprehensive data on the chemical composition of reservoir rocks and geothermal brines from the geothermal well doublet Groβ Schönebeck (North German Basin) drilled into a Rotliegend sedimentary and Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rock reservoir were sampled over the past years. They were characterized with respect to their major and minor elemental composition including various isotope ratios. The study considered the impact of drilling and reservoir operations on fluid composition and aimed at determining fluid–rock interactions to gain information on fluid origin and hydraulic pathways.The highly saline fluids (up to 265 g/L TDS) show δ 18O and δD of water (2.7–5.6 and −3.1–15, respectively) as well as δ 34S of sulfate (3.6–5), and 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.715–0.716) that resemble Rotliegend brines from an area located around 200 km in the west (the Altmark). Halogen ratios indicated that brines developed predominantly by evaporation of meteoric water (primary brine) together with halite dissolution brine (secondary brine). Indication for mixing with Zechstein brine or with younger meteoric water was not found.No geochemical distinction was possible between fluids deriving from different rock formations (dacites or sedimentary rocks, respectively). This is due to the evolution of the sediments from the effusive rocks resulting in a similar mineralogical and chemical composition and due to a hydraulic connectivity between the two types of rock. This connection existed probably already before reservoir stimulation as indicated by a set of faults identified in the area that could connect the Rotliegend formation with both, the volcanic rocks and the lower units of the Zechstein. Additional geochemical indication for a hydraulic connectivity is given by (1) the very high heavy metal contents (mainly Cu and Pb) in fluids and scaling that derive from the volcanic rocks and were that were also found in increased amounts up at the Zechstein border (Kupferschiefer formation). (2) The 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of fluid samples correspond to the ratios determined for the sedimentary rocks indicating that initially the fluids developed in the sedimentary rocks and circulated later, when faults structures were created by tectonic events into the volcanic rocks.  相似文献   

7.
The Vindhyan sedimentary succession in central India spans a wide time bracket from the Paleoproterozoic to the Neoproterozoic period. Chronostratigraphic significance of stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of the carbonate phase in Vindhyan sediments has been discussed in some recent studies. However, the subtle controls of facies variation, depositional setting and post-depositional diagenesis on stable isotope compositions are not yet clearly understood. The Vindhyan Supergroup hosts four carbonate units, exhibiting a wide variability in depositional processes and paleogeography. A detailed facies-specific carbon and oxygen isotope study of the carbonate units was undertaken by us to investigate the effect of these processes and to identify the least altered isotope values. It is seen that both carbon and oxygen isotope compositions have been affected by early meteoric water diagenesis. The effect of diagenetic alteration is, however, more pronounced in case of oxygen isotopes than carbon isotopes. Stable isotope compositions remained insensitive to facies only when sediments accumulated in a shallow shelf setting without being exposed. Major alteration of original isotope ratios was observed in case of shallow marine carbonates, which became exposed to meteoric fluids during early diagenetic stage. Duration of exposure possibly determined the magnitude of alteration and shift from the original values. Moreover, dolomitization is found to be accompanied by appreciable alteration of isotope compositions in some of the carbonates. The present study suggests that variations in sediment depositional settings, in particular the possibility of subaerial exposure, need to be considered while extracting chronostratigraphic significance from δ13C data.  相似文献   

8.
The hydrodynamic groundwater data and stable isotopes of water have been used jointly for better understanding of upward leakage and mixing processes in the Djerid aquifer system (southwestern Tunisia). The aquifer system is composed of the upper unconfined Plio-Quaternary (PQ) aquifer, the intermediate (semi-)confined Complex Terminal (CT) aquifer and the deeper confined Continental Intercalaire (CI) aquifer. A total of 41 groundwater samples from the CT and PQ aquifers were collected during June 2001. The stable isotope composition of waters establishes that the CT deep groundwater (depleted as compared to present Nefta local rainfall) is ancient water recharged during late Quaternary time. The relatively recent water in the shallow PQ aquifer is composed of mixed water resulting from upward leakage and sporadic meteoric recharge. In order to characterize the meteoric input signal for PQ in the study area, rainfall water samples were collected during 4 years (2000–2003) at the Nefta meteorological station. Weighted mean values of isotopic contents with respect to rainfall amounts have been computed. Despite the short collection period in the study area, results agree with those found in Beni Abbes (southwestern Algerian Sahara) by Fontes on 9 years of rainfall surveillance. Stable isotopic relationships provide clear evidence of shallow PQ aquifer replenishment by deep CT groundwater. The 18O/upward leakage rate allowed the identification of distinctive PQ waters related to CT aquifer configuration (confined in the western part of the study area, semi-permeable in the eastern part). These trends were confirmed by the relation 18O/TDS. The isotope balance model indicated a contribution of up to 75% of the deep CT groundwater to the upper PQ aquifer in the western study area, between Nefta and Hazoua.  相似文献   

9.
The geochemistry of formation waters in the Molasse basin of Upper Austria has been investigated to ascertain the extent of meteoric water replacement of the connate interstitial fluids in these sediments. The chemistry, isotopic composition, and dissolved gas contents of the groundwaters and of oil and gas associated brines have been determined. The most superficial sediments of the basin, the Innviertel (Miocene), have been completely flushed by meteoric waters within the last 200 ka. The underlying Hall and Puchkirchen formations (Miocene/Oligocene) form gas reservoirs for biogenic methane, and the associated formation waters are chemically and isotopically modified connate brines of the original marine deposition. In the northeastern part of the basin, the connate brines of the deeper sediments (Cretaceous/Jurassic) have been partially or completely replaced by meteoric waters, whereas in the south of the basin these sediments contain high salinity fluids which are substantially of connate origin. These conclusions are supported by the stable isotope composition of the various brines. Oil-associated brines from the Eocene sediments contain large amounts of dissolved radiogenic40Ar, which suggests that the oils have migrated from high-temperature environments. This is in contrast with the Puchkirchen, for which the observed absence of radiogenic40Ar suggests that the biogenic methane has been formed in situ. The4He contents of these brines and of the Cretaceous/Jurassic groundwaters are, however, less than those in the overlying Puchkirchen formation and suggest that He has been removed from the deeper sediments as a result of flushing by meteoric water. The ratios of dissolved methane and nitrogen to argon increase with increasing ammonium content of the formation waters. All of these parameters may be used as indices for the maturation of the system. The heavy noble gases, Kr and Xe, are abnormally abundant in the dissolved gases, and this is attributed to geochemical concentration of these gases by adsorption onto shales in the sediment sequence. The overall geochemical situation confirms the existence of separate hydraulic systems with little interconnection in the several overlying geological horizons.  相似文献   

10.
Thirty-two groundwater samples collected from the Merguellil Wadi basin (central Tunisia) complemented by the Haouareb dam reservoir water samples have been isotopically analysed in order to investigate the implication of the reservoir water to recharging the aquifer, and also to infer the sources, relative ages and mixing processes in the aquifer system. Plots of the stable isotopes data against the local meteoric lines of Tunis-Carthage and Sfax indicate a strong implication of the dam water noticeable up to a distance of 6–7 km. A contribution as much as 80% of the pumped water has been evidenced using isotopic mass balance. In addition, poorly distinguished water clusters in the stable isotope plots, but clearly identified in the diagrams δ18O versus 3H and 3H versus 14C, indicate various water types related to sources and timing of recharge. The isotopic signatures of the dam accounting water, the “old” and “native” recharged waters, have been evidenced in relation to their geographical distribution and also to their radiogenic isotopes (3H and 14C) contents. In the south-western part of the aquifer, mixing process occurs between the dam reservoir water and both the “old” and “native” water components.  相似文献   

11.
We present results of isotope-geochemical study of the Ermakovka F-Be deposit, including data on the oxygen and carbon isotope compositions in dolomite and calcite marbles and in carbonates accompanying skarns, of early and late stages of ore formation and of post-ore parageneses. To elucidate the sources of fluids participated in the ore formation, we calculated the oxygen isotope composition in water and the hydrogen isotope composition in hydroxyl-containing minerals. Phlogopite in marbleized dolomites, vesuvianite and amphibole in skarns, eudidimite and bertrandite in ore parageneses, and bavenite formed during post-ore processes are analyzed. Most of the ore-stage minerals are depleted in heavy oxygen. Their 518O values are lower than 5-6%c (SMOW). Oxygen in carbonate minerals of the initial stage (dolomite and bastnaesite) is heavier (1.3-4.9%c) than that in calcite (+ 2 to -3.7%c). The 518O values of water in equilibrium both with carbonate and with silicate minerals (-4 to -14%c) suggest the contribution of meteoric water to the mineral formation. A magmatic fluid (518O from + 6 to + 9%c) participated in the skarn formation at the initial stage, and a meteoric fluid, at the final stage (518O from -1 to -9%c). A meteoric source is confirmed by the depleted hydrogen isotope composition in minerals (5D from -119 to -192%c).  相似文献   

12.
扎格依库都克金矿床产于下石炭统黑山头组一套火山-火山碎屑岩中,矿体呈脉状、网脉状,含矿岩石主要为含硫化物的石英脉。围岩蚀变以硅化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化为主。流体包裹体显微测温显示成矿流体温度165°C^284°C,盐度集中于6~14%NaCL.eq。含金石英脉H、O同位素结果显示其早期成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水混合流体,中晚期以大气降水为主。矿石中黄铁矿S同位素具幔源硫特征。根据矿床地质特征与成矿流体性质,初步认为该矿床为浅成热液型金矿。  相似文献   

13.
田华  段昭毅 《地下水》2007,29(2):1-2,9
大气降水作为地下水的主要补给源之一,它是自然界水循环过程中的一个重要环节.查明大气降水中同位素分布特征及其影响因素,不仅有助于定性或定量地研究地下水的起源和形成等问题,更有助于揭示"三水"转化关系.根据全球大气降水同位素观测网 1985～1993 年大气降水氢氧同位素资料并结合所采集样品的分析结果对陕西关中盆地大气降水环境同位素特征、变化规律及其影响因素进行了探讨,建立了西安地区雨水线,为地下水的起源及运移研究奠定了基础.  相似文献   

14.
Stable isotopes were measured in the carbonate and organic matter of palaeosols in the Somma–Vesuvius area, southern Italy in order to test whether they are suitable proxy records for climatic and ecological changes in this area during the past 18000 yr. The ages of the soils span from ca. 18 to ca. 3 kyr BP. Surprisingly, the Last Glacial to Holocene climate transition was not accompanied by significant change in δ18O of pedogenic carbonate. This could be explained by changes in evaporation rate and in isotope fractionation between water and precipitated carbonate with temperature, which counterbalanced the expected change in isotope composition of meteoric water. Because of the rise in temperature and humidity and the progressive increase in tree cover during the Holocene, the Holocene soil carbonates closely reflect the isotopic composition of meteoric water. A cooling of about 2°C after the Avellino eruption (3.8 ka) accounts for a sudden decrease of about 1‰ in δ18O of pedogenic carbonate recorded after this eruption. The δ13C values of organic matter and pedogenic carbonate covary, indicating an effective isotope equilibrium between the organic matter, as the source of CO2, and the pedogenic carbonate. Carbon isotopes suggest prevailing C3 vegetation and negligible mixing with volcanogenic or atmospheric CO2. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
The characteristics of δD and δ18O in precipitation, groundwater and surface water have been used to understand the groundwater flow system in the Ordos Plateau, north-central China. The slope of the local meteoric water line (LMWL) is smaller than that of the global meteoric water line (GMWL), which signifies secondary evaporation during rainfall. The distribution of stable isotopes of precipitation is influenced by temperature and the amount of precipitation. The lake water is enriched isotopically due to evaporation and its isotopic composition is closely related to the source of recharge and location in the groundwater flow systems. River water is enriched isotopically, indicating that it suffers evaporation. The deep groundwater (more than 150?m) is depleted in heavy isotopes relative to the shallow groundwater (less than 150?m), suggesting that deep groundwater may have been recharged during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, when the climate was wetter and colder than at present. All groundwater samples plot around the LMWL, implying groundwater is of meteoric origin. Shallow groundwater has undergone evaporation and the average evaporation loss is 53%. There are two recharge mechanisms: preferential flow, and the mixture of evaporated soil moisture and subsequent rain.  相似文献   

16.
In this study, analysis of hydrogeological conditions, as well as hydrochemistry and isotopic tools were used to get an insight into the processes controlling mineralization, recharge conditions, and flow pattern of groundwater in a typical arid alluvial-lacustrine plain in Qaidam Basin, northwest China. Analysis of the dissolved constituents reveals that groundwater evolves from fresh water (TDS =300–1000 mg/l) to saline water (TDS ≥5000 mg/l) along the flow paths, with the water type transiting from HCO 3?Cl–Na ?Mg to HCO 3?Cl–Na, and eventually to Cl–Na. Groundwater chemical evolution is mainly controlled by water–rock interaction and the evaporation–crystallization process. Deuterium and oxygen-18 isotopes in groundwater samples indicate that the recharge of groundwater is happened by meteoric water and glacier melt-water in the Kunlun Mountains, and in three different recharge conditions. Groundwater ages, estimated by the radiogenic (3H and 14C) isotope data, range from present to Holocene (～28 ka). Based on groundwater residence time, hydrogeochemical characteristics, field investigation, and geological structure distribution, a conceptual groundwater flow pattern affected by uplift structure is proposed, indicating that shallow phreatic water is blocked by the uplift structure and the flow direction is turned to the northwest, while high pressure artesian water is formed in the confined aquifers at the axis of the uplift structure.  相似文献   

17.
Hydrogeochemistry and isotopes were used to understand the origin and geochemical evolution in the Habor Lake Basin, northwestern China. Groundwater samples were taken, and the isotopic compositions δD, δ18O and major ions were analyzed. The groundwater can be divided into three types: the Quaternary groundwater, the shallow Cretaceous groundwater and the deep Cretaceous groundwater. The groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by the feldspar weathering and dolomite weathering, the dissolution of Glauber’s salt, and cation exchange. Chemistry of lake water is mainly controlled by evaporation and precipitation. The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater cluster along the local meteoric water line, indicating that groundwater is of meteoric origin. Comparing with shallow groundwater, deep groundwater is depleted in heavy isotopes indicating that deep groundwater was recharged during late Pleistocene and Holocene, during which the climate was more wetter and colder than today.  相似文献   

18.
The geochemical behaviors of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in the hydrothermal system and their inher-ent relationship with the water / rock exchange are discussed in this paper In addition to the temperature con-ditions, the effective W / R ratio is another factor controlling the changes in H and O isotope compositions ofthe altered rock and hydrothermal water. Besides, the application and geological significance of the water-rockexchange theory are also discussed in the light of the H and O isotope compositions and their variation charac-teristics of the mineralizing hydrothermal water and altered rocks from several mineral deposits. Finally, abrief evolutional model of H and O istotope compositions of meteoric and magmatic hydrothermal waters in ahydrothermal system is given.  相似文献   

19.
Here the authors present results of an isotope study on precipitation collected during a 2-a period from a rain-gauge network consisting of 6 stations located at different elevations in the Hyblean Mountains (HM) region, in south-eastern Sicily. The slope of the local meteoric water line (δD = 6.50 δ18O + 9.87) obtained for the region suggests that precipitation is affected by evaporation during rainfall events. The main variations in rainwater isotope composition are due to seasonal effects and elevation. An average 2H excess value of +21.2‰ was found for precipitation events less affected by evaporation (i.e. when the rainfall was >65 mm/month). The spatial distribution of O isotope composition of precipitation shows a negative gradient from east and south to the inner areas. The depositional rate of Cl, used as a tracer of the origin of air masses, is highest at the coastal rain-gauges (SR and MRG stations) and lowest on the northern flank of the HM region (SC station). Based on these findings, a model is proposed for the origin of precipitation in the HM region, which assumes that a Mediterranean-derived component is the main source of moisture in the studied area. D/H and 18O/16O ratios of inferred meteoric recharge waters were also compared with the isotope composition of waters collected from the main local springs and wells. The best linear fit of the δ18O vs δD relationship for Hyblean groundwater is δD = 4.85 δ18O–2.01. The enrichment of heavy isotopes in Hyblean groundwater is probably due to evaporation occurring after precipitation events or to a recharging contribution from surface waters (lakes or rivers) enriched in heavy isotopes.  相似文献   

20.
丁坤  王瑞廷  刘凯  王智慧  申喜茂 《现代地质》2021,35(6):1622-1632
为了研究柞水—山阳矿集区夏家店金矿床成因,采用LA-ICP-MS和LA-MC-ICP-MS技术分析夏家店金矿床矿体及围岩样品中黄铁矿原位微量元素及氢、氧、硫同位素组成特征。结果表明,该矿床黄铁矿的Co/Ni 比值为0.11~0.76,说明其与沉积作用有关。矿石中黄铁矿的δ34S值(-9.40‰~7.16‰)与围岩碳质板岩的δ34S值(-8.84‰~10.64‰)接近,黄铁矿的δ34S均值(2.47‰)基本落在岩浆硫的范围内,指示矿石硫可能由地层硫和岩浆硫混合而成。氢、氧同位素测试结果表明,夏家店矿床成矿流体可能主要来自岩浆水,成矿后期有大气降水的加入。综合矿床地质特征、成矿温度、金赋存状态等特征和黄铁矿微量元素、硫同位素组成可知,夏家店金矿床属于卡林型金矿,其成矿流体主要来自岩浆水,成矿后期有大气降水加入;其成矿物质是由深部岩浆与地层混合而成。  相似文献   

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