共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 406 毫秒
1.
Urban tree planting programs, function or fashion? Los Angeles and urban tree planting campaigns 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Stephanie Pincetl Thomas Gillespie Diane E. Pataki Sassan Saatchi Jean-Daniel Saphores 《GeoJournal》2013,78(3):475-493
Tree planting programs are being implemented in many US cities (most notably New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago) on the basis of the multiple environmental and health benefits they may provide. However, the magnitude and even the direction of the impacts of trees on specific urban environments have seldom been directly measured. In addition, there has been little research on the historical, cultural, political or institutional origins of such programs, or on their implementation process. Pending questions include the degree to which these programs are integrated in the existing frameworks of city government and infrastructure management, how they are paid for, and the kinds of collaborations between nonprofit organizations, the public, and public agencies at all levels they may require in order to succeed. This paper reports on an interdisciplinary research project examining the Million Tree Program of the City of Los Angeles. 相似文献
2.
Russell Hitchings 《Geoforum》2010,41(6):855-864
How might the fact that western people now spend so much of their time indoors impact upon techniques for studying urban greenspace experience? This paper takes this question as its starting point before substantiating one possible answer. It does so by using qualitative methods to examine the everyday practices of city professionals in London and what they tell us about the likelihood that this group will ever venture out into the various parks and gardens found around their offices. Many studies have considered which physical arrangements of city greenspace seem to deliver the greatest amounts of human benefit. Yet this kind of endeavour gives us only one part of the puzzle and contextual studies with those now generally found indoors have something important to add. It is with this in mind that the paper discusses how one sample of office workers quite easily forgot about these spaces, how certain social injunctions both pushed them outside and sealed them indoors, and why it sometimes made good sense for them to avoid any areas of local outdoor vegetation during the day. In so doing it highlights contextual dynamics that seem set to make significant impacts on the future of urban environmental experience and offers some novel suggestions about how best to promote positive greenspace relations in cities today. 相似文献
3.
以东北老工业基地矿产资源型城市为基础，通过大量的实例和数据介绍了矿产资源开采诱发的工程灾害与环境损伤的内容和特点
，并指出矿产资源开采诱发的工程灾害与环境损伤中的几个关键科学问题和所应当采用的分析研究方法。 相似文献
4.
城市环境地球化学研究综述 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
近年来地球科学越来越多地面向城市,城市环境受到人类活动的广泛影响,自然及人类活动引起的城市地球化学问题日益受到人们的重视。城市环境地球化学是应用地球化学的原理和方法研究城市生态环境问题,主要研究城市土壤、沉积物、尘埃、地表水、地下水、生物、空气等介质中化学元素及同位素的分布、演化、环境作用及健康效应,重点解决城市地球化学环境质量变化的原理及由此产生的生态环境效应及人体健康效应。城市环境地球化学的主要研究对象是传统工业城市、典型矿业城市及国际化的大都市。在城市地球化学概念出现之后短短的10余年时间内,很多国家开展了城市环境地球化学调查和研究工作,取得了重要的成果和进展,并发展成为环境地球化学与城市环境的重要方向,但仍存在着一定的问题,需要深入研究。目前,城市环境系统的地球化学填图、城市地球化学与环境污染研究、城市地球化学与生态风险研究、城市地球化学与人体健康研究、城市地球化学系统的调控与环境规划等领域是国际城市环境地球化学的热点和前沿。 相似文献
5.
John W. Day Robert R. Christian Donald M. Boesch Alejandro Yáñez-Arancibia James Morris Robert R. Twilley Larissa Naylor Linda Schaffner Court Stevenson 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(3):477-491
Climate impacts on coastal and estuarine systems take many forms and are dependent on the local conditions, including those
set by humans. We use a biocomplexity framework to provide a perspective of the consequences of climate change for coastal
wetland ecogeomorphology. We concentrate on three dimensions of climate change affects on ecogeomorphology: sea level rise,
changes in storm frequency and intensity, and changes in freshwater, sediment, and nutrient inputs. While sea level rise,
storms, sedimentation, and changing freshwater input can directly impact coastal and estuarine wetlands, biological processes
can modify these physical impacts. Geomorphological changes to coastal and estuarine ecosystems can induce complex outcomes
for the biota that are not themselves intuitively obvious because they are mediated by networks of biological interactions.
Human impacts on wetlands occur at all scales. At the global scale, humans are altering climate at rapid rates compared to
the historical and recent geological record. Climate change can disrupt ecological systems if it occurs at characteristic
time scales shorter than ecological system response and causes alterations in ecological function that foster changes in structure
or alter functional interactions. Many coastal wetlands can adjust to predicted climate change, but human impacts, in combination
with climate change, will significantly affect coastal wetland ecosystems. Management for climate change must strike a balance
between that which allows pulsing of materials and energy to the ecosystems and promotes ecosystem goods and services, while
protecting human structures and activities. Science-based management depends on a multi-scale understanding of these biocomplex
wetland systems. Causation is often associated with multiple factors, considerable variability, feedbacks, and interferences.
The impacts of climate change can be detected through monitoring and assessment of historical or geological records. Attribution
can be inferred through these in conjunction with experimentation and modeling. A significant challenge to allow wise management
of coastal wetlands is to develop observing systems that act at appropriate scales to detect global climate change and its
effects in the context of the various local and smaller scale effects. 相似文献
6.
李相然 《水文地质工程地质》1999,26(2):42-44
滨海城市是我国经济最发达的地区,近年来经济与城市建设均得到迅速发展,城市土地开发力度加大,由此引起的环境工程地质问题也日趋严重,本文分析了我国滨海城市地区区域地质环境和人类工程经济活动的地域差异,研究了滨海城市环境工程地质问题的主要类型,并提出了滨海城市环境工程地质问题的地域分异规律。 相似文献
7.
广泛存在于地下水中的各种有机污染物严重影响着水资源的安全利用,常见的水处理工艺对持久性有机污染物去除效果不够理想。近年来,天然含铁矿物作为催化剂,催化过氧化氢的化学治理方法对各种有机污染物去除效果显著。概述近年来主要含铁矿物、负载型矿物和纳米矿物材料催化过氧化氢在地下水有机污染去除中的应用,探讨了该领域的发展现状和存在问题,并对其应用前景进行展望。认为天然矿物材料具有成本低、在地壳中含量高、环境友好等特点,可用于多种有机污染物的去除与降解。但处理过程中,天然有机质的作用、纳米矿物材料的毒性和地球化学归宿问题应该做进一步研究。 相似文献
8.
Zarina Patel 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):682-694
The reshaping of South African cities is being guided by policies aiming to build socially and environmentally just communities. Despite widespread commitment to this goal, there is little consensus on what it means and how it should and could translate into practice. The paper shows that despite the emphasis on environmental justice and building sustainable communities in policy, the institutional context for implementation (including expert driven and deliberative approaches) do not always deliver on this mandate. Consequently, policy outcomes do not reflect those of the communities and households it is meant to serve, raising challenging moral and ethical questions for institutions involved in environmental governance. This paper shows how the institutional context of environmental assessment combined with the role played by the values held by environmental practitioners charged with influencing decision-making result in the perpetuation of environmental injustices. The lack of a clearly defined profession and professional body, reflecting a diversity of values, debating, regulating, defining and defending a set of principles to guide decision-making in cities is identified as a possible reason for the lack of congruence between the values reflected in policy with those held by the communities these interventions are intended to serve. The resulting value added by sustainable cities interventions in the light of this mismatch is therefore questionable, raising challenges regarding international calls for local action as well as an increasing policy focus in South Africa on the local level as the agent of political and spatial transformation of cities. 相似文献
9.
10.
What roles have human impacts and natural processes had in shaping the evolution of Mediterranean coastlines during the Holocene? Where, when and how did societies transform the coastal zone? At what scales and rhythms did these changes take place? What can ancient harbour sediments tell us about human‐environment interactions? During the past 20 years, geoarchaeological research in the Mediterranean has attempted to understand the interplay between culture and nature, and more particularly how environments and processes have played a role in Holocene human occupation of the coastal zone. This approach has drawn on the multidisciplinary study of sediments, as archives of information, to attempt to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural factors, the latter, we argue, having played an increasingly secondary role with time. Three important spatial scales of analysis have emerged, local, regional and Mediterranean, all of which are outlined here. 相似文献
11.
In recent years, there has been heightened interest in creating more environmentally sustainable forms of urban development in China. Central in these greening initiatives has been increased attention on promoting public participation in community-based environmental activities. Focusing on China’s green community initiatives, we examine the production and effects of participation in a state-led development program. Our analysis considers how incentives for program organizers and participants are structured by broader political and economic imperatives facing Chinese cities. We also consider what influence China’s history of neighborhood-based mobilization campaigns had on the meanings and methods of participation in green communities. To understand how urban development processes and memories of mobilization influence participation at the local level, we present two examples of the community greening process from the city of Guangzhou, comparing policy outcomes between a new and older neighborhood. This article seeks to demonstrate that the participatory processes associated with such an urban environmental initiative cannot be adequately understood without reference to earlier participatory practices and broader policy priorities guiding development in Chinese cities. 相似文献
12.
The Central Asian Arid Zone (CAAZ) located in the temperate desert belt of the Northern Hemisphere is one of the most important sources for global aeolian dust and aerosol. It is widely acknowledged that aeolian dust plays a vital role in the Earth system through participating in the energy and material budget of the planet. Except for the existed natural desert areas, the newly human-induced deserts that originally used to be the bed of terminal lakes (like the Aral Sea, Caspian Sea, Balkhash Lake, etc.) are becoming the much more significant sources for aeolian dust/salt in this region. Dust and associated aerosols have complex impacts on local ecological system and human health for its special chemical composition. In recent years, a slight declining trend of dust storm frequency in the region was reported, which may be explained by the weakened human disturbances in desert areas or climate variations. The dust dynamics in the CAAZ represent considerable variations in both spatial and temporal distribution, which makes it harder to forecast the dust events and mitigate its damages to ecosystems and social economics. Nevertheless, there is not much evidence of its climatic and environmental impacts both on the regional and global scales. Therefore, further related studies and regulation measures in the region are essential and emergent, as well as the strengthening cooperation between the associated countries and organizations. 相似文献
13.
在经济社会发展受到区域水资源总量限制的情况下,水权交易作为解决当今世界严峻水资源危机的重要手段之一,已在国内外进行了广泛的实践。水权交易改变了水资源的时空配置,对水生态和水环境产生有利或不利的影响,然而关于水权交易对生态环境影响的研究尚未有系统的梳理。总结了水权交易对水资源系统影响研究的主要发展历程,着重论述了水权交易对水资源系统影响的4个重点研究方面:可交易生态环境水权的研究、水权交易对水量、水生态、水环境影响的研究。未来应当加强水权交易对生态环境影响的定量研究,进一步提升水权交易对水质、地下水、退水、陆生生态环境影响的研究,明确不同交易类型的不同影响,还应考虑不确定性因素的影响。 相似文献
14.
Y. Takahashi 《GeoJournal》1981,5(6):573-574
After WW II, water demand in Japan for municipal and industrial use has increased drastically in those large cities and industrial regions with rapid urbanization and high economic growth. This was true especially in the decades of 1950 and 1960.Water shortage continues to be serious in some large cities in summer months. The author attempts to explain the reasons for this water shortage by explaining the relation between population growth and water demand in large cities. To meet these water shortages, there has been active development of water resources including construction of dams and saline barriers in large river basins and modernization of the water use system to increase its efficiency and re-use capacity for sewage treatment etc.At the same time, water resources development projects have been encountering various environmental problems as well as increased local protest in the 1970s. The author discusses the present dimensions of these problems and also presents several ideas regarding water resources planning for the future. 相似文献
15.
Jehangir Shah Abdur Rahman Mumtaz Khan Khan 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):187-188
Tobacco is an important cash crop in Pakistan. It is a sensitive plant prone to many bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. It is also attacked by several species of worms, beetles and moths. Therefore high levels of pesticides are used to grow tobacco. The obvious benefits from the use of the pesticides are so spectacular that some of the problems associated with their use are not recognized. However, many of these pesticides are highly toxic and have impacts on tobacco workers, especially occupational exposures, which are the direct victims of pesticides poisoning. The victims include many children, pregnant women and elders who all participate in tobacco production. Pesticides either cause or exacerbate a number of illnesses in farmers and farm workers when they are exposed to them. So, occupational exposure is probably one of the most important impacts on tobacco farmers, since they and their families are exposed constantly to a large amount of pesticides. This exposure can lead to many serious problems. No study has been done to identify the effects of tobacco pesticides on human health especially on farmers health in Pakistan. The objective of this paper is to establish a correlation of pesticides application on tobacco crop with cancer incidence in the tobacco growing districts of NWFP- Pakistan. 相似文献
16.
The role of science in federal policy development on a regional to global scale: Personal commentary
Rosina Bierbaum 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(4):878-885
Nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is an example of the large-scale, highly complex environmental challenges facing decision makers today. Conventional monitoring networks and advanced observational capabilities permit the detection of changes in the environment at continental to global scales (e.g., hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico, aerosol plumes stretching across the ocean, global atmospheric enrichment of carbon dioxide). Much more knowledge is needed, however, to fully understand the societal consequences of environmental change and of actions taken to address them. This paper discusses the emerging role of assessment in developing effective U.S. policy responses to large-scale, complex environmental change while improving the scientific understanding of the problem. In the cases of global climate change and coastal hypoxia, the U.S. Congress passed legislation authorizing assessments recognizing that decision making must proceed in the face of scientific uncertainty. Evaluating the state of knowledge is usually the first step in an assessment in order to provide a picture of what is known and where there are knowledge gaps. Assessments should also provide the policy maker with an idea of the level of uncertainty, how long it may take to reduce the uncertainty, what information is most critical to resolve, and the consequences and benefits of the various management options. In this paper I draw upon several examples from national assessments, including those of climate change impacts on the U.S. and relationships between Mississippi River water and Gulf of Mexico water quality, to illustrate the strengths and difficulties of using science and assessment to inform the policy process. 相似文献
17.
Laura Taylor 《GeoJournal》2011,76(4):323-339
The dream of a house in the country, at the seashore, or near a ski hill, is one shared by many in North American society.
But the environmental and social impacts of the realization of this dream by an increasing number of people has created crises
and conflict for many communities. The concept of exurbia has traditionally been used to describe settlement patterns simultaneously
dispersed from the city yet also connected to urban networks. This paper reviews scholarship across disciplines including
geography, ecology, sociology, and political ecology. Exurbia is here proposed to be strengthened as a powerful conceptual
approach to capture and discuss the complex processes producing this phenomenon. Previous scholarship has produced excellent
but largely disconnected work on the periurban zone around cities, exurban settlement processes, tensions between exurbanites
and other rural residents, environmental impacts and habitat fragmentation. Future work on exurbia holds a great deal of promise
to think about cultural values supporting the processes that produce these landscapes, working across scales from local to
global using interdisciplinary and multi-method study. 相似文献
18.
Recent studies indicate that many migrants are engaged mainly in the informal sector in low-paid, short-term, and insecure occupations in cities. Using a qualitative research approach, this paper examines the gendered experiences, livelihood strategies and wellbeing of migrants engaged in domestic work in Accra, Ghana. Employing structure-agency theoretical perspectives, the paper also discusses how migrant domestic workers employ their own agency to counter exploitation. The findings show clear gendered patterns of employment in domestic work, with men having stronger agency to negotiate better conditions of work and remuneration. The paper argues that despite the heterogeneity and diversity of the work conditions and experiences of domestic workers in Accra, the importance of gender as a crucial factor mediating the experiences of both male and female domestic workers and their impacts on their wellbeing must be recognised in policies to address and regulate domestic work in Ghana. 相似文献
19.
滨海城市环境工程地质问题发育特点分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李相然 《水文地质工程地质》1998,25(2):19-21
本文分析了我国滨海城市环境工程地质问题的主要类型,研究了环境工程地质问题的发育特点。 相似文献
20.
首先从累积影响的概念和分类两方面对累积影响的内涵进行了总结,回顾了累积影响概念产生、发展的过程,提出了定义累积影响必须包括的核心内容;对国内外累积影响的研究现状进行了概括:国外对累积影响的研究开展得较早,但仍然存在累积影响定义不一致、方法定量性差、结论没有公信力等问题。国内于20世纪90年代开始对累积影响进行研究,主要集中于方法研究,对定义和实例探讨较少;对一些具有代表性的累积影响分析方法进行归类,并指出了各种方法的适用条件;特别对累积影响在水利学科中应用的情况进行了介绍,并指出了流域梯级开发背景下累积影响分析的特点;最后提出了累积影响研究的几点趋向。 相似文献