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1.
利用天津市地面气象观测站1961—2017年逐小时观测资料,通过TRNSYS软件,对不同节能水平办公建筑供热和制冷能耗,以及居住建筑供热能耗进行动态模拟,定量评估了气候变化对天津市不同节能水平建筑能耗的影响。结果表明：在供暖期和制冷期,温度均呈现显著上升的趋势,而太阳辐射则呈现下降的趋势,受其影响,1961—2017年办公和居住建筑供热能耗呈现显著下降的趋势,制冷能耗呈现微弱的上升趋势,但气候变化对供热能耗的影响要明显强于制冷能耗;随着建筑节能水平的提升,供热和制冷能耗均有一定程度的下降,其中供热能耗的降幅尤为明显,四步节能居住建筑相比于一步到三步节能居住建筑,供热能耗分别下降了53.56%、50.13%和21.25%。对新建建筑及既有建筑的节能改造,应充分考虑不同节能水平对建筑能耗的影响,结合实际需求酌情进行升级改造。除此之外,建筑节能水平的提升,会使其供热和制冷能耗变化量随温度的上升而减小,说明其对气候变化的敏感性在逐渐减弱。因此,提高建筑节能水平,可以更好的应对气候变化,保证其在未来的使用中耗能更低。 相似文献
2.
利用能耗模拟软件（TRNSYS）模拟了1971—2010年天津市办公建筑制冷和采暖能耗,结合未来不同排放情景（低排放：B1;中等排放：A1B）下气候预估数据,定量评估了未来（2011—2100年）气候变化对办公建筑能耗的影响。结果表明,2011—2100年热负荷呈显著的下降趋势,而冷负荷显著上升,冷负荷的上升幅度高于热负荷的下降,导致总能耗呈微弱的上升趋势;低排放情景下热负荷的下降和冷负荷的上升幅度低于中等排放情景,总能耗的变化在两种排放情景下没有明显差异;与1971—2010年相比,低排放和中等排放两种情景下2011—2050年热负荷下降10%左右,而冷负荷上升约12%,总能耗增加超过2%;2051—2100年热负荷的下降和冷负荷的上升更为明显,尤其是冷负荷上升（约30%）,总能耗增加8%左右,冷负荷变化率在两种情景下相差较大。 相似文献
3.
Alan F. Hamlet Se-Yeun Lee Kristian E. B. Mickelson Marketa M. Elsner 《Climatic change》2010,102(1-2):103-128
Climate strongly affects energy supply and demand in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Washington State (WA). We evaluate potential effects of climate change on the seasonality and annual amount of PNW hydropower production, and on heating and cooling energy demand. Changes in hydropower production are estimated by linking simulated streamflow scenarios produced by a hydrology model to a simulation model of the Columbia River hydro system. Changes in energy demand are assessed using gridded estimates of heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD) which are then combined with population projections to create energy demand indices that respond both to climate, future population, and changes in residential air conditioning market penetration. We find that substantial changes in the amount and seasonality of energy supply and demand in the PNW are likely to occur over the next century in response to warming, precipitation changes, and population growth. By the 2040s hydropower production is projected to increase by 4.7–5.0% in winter, decrease by about 12.1–15.4% in summer, with annual reductions of 2.0–3.4%. Larger decreases of 17.1–20.8% in summer hydropower production are projected for the 2080s. Although the combined effects of population growth and warming are projected to increase heating energy demand overall (22–23% for the 2020s, 35–42% for the 2040s, and 56–74% for the 2080s), warming results in reduced per capita heating demand. Residential cooling energy demand (currently less than one percent of residential demand) increases rapidly (both overall and per capita) to 4.8–9.1% of the total demand by the 2080s due to increasing population, cooling degree days, and air conditioning penetration. 相似文献
4.
This article discusses how renewable and low-carbon energies can serve as mitigation options of climate change in China’s power sector. Our study is based on scenarios developed in PowerPlan, a bottom-up model simulating a countries’ power sector and its emissions. We first adjusted the model to China’s present-day economy and power sector. We then developed different scenarios based on story lines for possible future developments in China. We simulated China’s carbon-based electricity production system of today and possible future transitions towards a low-carbon system relying on renewable and low-carbon energies. In our analysis, we compare the business-as-usual scenarios with more sustainable energy scenarios. We found that by increasing the share of renewable and nuclear energies to different levels, between 17% and 57% of all CO2 emissions from the power sector could be avoided by 2030 compared to the business-as-usual scenario. We also found that electricity generation costs increase when more sustainable power plants are installed. As a conclusion, China has two options: choosing for high climate change mitigation and high costs or choosing for moderate climate change mitigation and moderate costs. In case high climate change mitigation will be chosen, development assistance is likely to be needed to cover the costs. 相似文献
5.
Climate change tends to negatively affect the power sector, inter alia, by causing cooling problems in power plants and impairing the water supply required for hydropower generation. In the future, when global warming is expected to increase, autonomous adaptation to climate change via international electricity markets inducing reallocations of power generation may not be sufficient to prevent supply disruptions anymore. Furthermore, the consequent changes of supply patterns and electricity prices might cause an undesirable redistribution of wealth both between individual power suppliers and between suppliers and consumers. This study ascertains changes in European power supply patterns and electricity prices caused by on-going global warming as well as the associated redistribution of wealth for different climate change scenarios. The focus of the analysis is on short-term effects. Our results confirm that autonomous adaptation in the power sector should be complemented by planned public adaptation in order to preserve energy security and to prevent undesired distributional effects. 相似文献
6.
利用采暖/制冷度日分析建筑能耗变化的适用性评估 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采暖/制冷度日与建筑能耗有显著线性关系,被认为是最简单可靠的衡量能源需求的指标,但其适用性还缺乏全面的评估。通过模拟1961-2009年天津市办公、商场以及不同节能水平的居住建筑能耗,分析了能耗与采暖/制冷度日的关系,确定其反映能耗变化的适用性。结果表明：采暖期办公及商场建筑的热负荷与采暖度日的相关性达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,决定系数（R2）分别为0.99和0.97;制冷期冷负荷与制冷度日的关系尽管也达到极显著水平,但决定系数仅分别为0.64和0.55;不同节能水平居住建筑热负荷与采暖度日极显著相关,决定系数均在0.99以上。研究认为：采暖度日可以反映办公、商场及居住建筑的热负荷特征,用于分析气候变化对能耗的影响是可行的;但制冷度日不能完全反映办公及商场建筑冷负荷的变化,仅可分别解释冷负荷变化的64%和55%,单纯用制冷度日研究能耗变化是不够全面的。通过分析能耗与气候要素的关系发现,冬季采暖期能耗主要受气温的影响,而夏季制冷能耗受气温和湿度的共同影响。 相似文献
7.
根据1961－2010年天津市逐日气象要素,包括平均温度、最高温度、最低温度、相对湿度以及风速,采用统计学方法分析了近50 a天津市的冷暖度日变化以及冬季采暖期和夏季空调期的气候变化特征,探讨了冷暖度日、舒适日数与区域气候变化之间的关系。结果表明：近50 a天津市冷暖度日具有相反的变化趋势,暖度日（HDD）显著下降、冷度日（CDD）显著上升,且暖度日的变化幅度大于冷度日,变化主要集中于80年代之后。冷暖度日与极端温度之间具有显著相关性。采暖期低温日数呈下降趋势、空调期高温日数呈上升趋势。采暖期冷不舒适日数呈显著下降趋势,夏季空调期热不舒适日数呈显著上升趋势,与同期平均气温之间存在显著性相关,且不舒适气候的随机性呈增多趋势。说明在气候变暖背景下,区域气候变化对天津市采暖期和夏季空调期具有重要影响。 相似文献
8.
Addressing the challenges of global warming requires interventions on both the energy supply and demand side. With the supply side responses being thoroughly discussed in the literature, our paper focuses on analyzing the role of end use efficiency improvements for Indian climate change mitigation policy and the associated co-benefits, within the integrated assessment modeling framework of Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). Six scenarios are analyzed here in total- one no climate policy and two climate policy cases, and within each of these one scenario with reference end use energy technology assumptions and another with advance end use energy technology assumptions has been analyzed. The paper has some important insights. Final energy demand and emissions in India are significantly reduced with energy efficiency improvements, and the role of this policy is important especially for the building and transportation sector under both reference and climate policy scenarios. Though energy efficiency policy should be an integral part of climate policy, by itself it is not sufficient for achieving mitigation targets, and a climate policy is necessary for achieving mitigation goals. There are significant co-benefits of energy efficiency improvements. Energy security for India is improved with reduced oil, coal and gas imports. Significant reduction in local pollutant gases is found which is important for local health concerns. Capital investment requirement for Indian electricity generation is reduced, more so for the climate policy scenarios, and finally there are significant savings in terms of reduced abatement cost for meeting climate change mitigation goals. 相似文献
9.
利用中国东北地区三个典型城市（哈尔滨、长春和沈阳）1961—2019年的气温、相对湿度等气象资料和TRNSYS软件模拟的能耗资料,分析了气候变化对东北地区办公建筑设计气象参数的影响,研究了气候变化对办公建筑能耗的影响及其影响因子。结果表明：与1961—1990年相比,近30 a（1991—2019年）东北地区三个城市的办公建筑室外设计计算参数,即供暖室外计算温度、冬季空调室外计算温度和夏季空调室外计算温度均有所升高,且夏季空调室外计算温度升幅低于其他两个设计参数,三个城市供暖室外计算温度分别升高了2.1℃、1.7℃和0.2℃;1961—2017年三个城市办公建筑冬季供暖能耗均呈减少趋势,夏季制冷能耗均呈增加趋势,年总能耗呈减少趋势;哈尔滨和长春的变化速率大于沈阳,三个城市的办公建筑年总能耗减少速率分别为5.02 MJ·m-2/10 a、6.15 MJ·m-2/10 a和1.99 MJ·m-2/10 a。气温是影响东北地区城市办公建筑能耗的主要气象因子,分别可以解释三个城市冬季供暖能耗95%、96%和93%的变化和夏季制冷能耗72%、71%和72%的变化;气温每升高1℃,三个城市的冬季采暖能耗将分别减少20.6 MJ·m-2、21 MJ·m-2和18.9 MJ·m-2,夏季制冷能耗将分别增加15.1 MJ·m-2、16.1 MJ·m-2和18.8 MJ·m-2,年总能耗将分别减少5.5 MJ·m-2、4.9 MJ·m-2和0.1 MJ·m-2。 相似文献
10.
K. Matsuura 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1995,51(1-2):105-117
Summary Sensitivity of building-energy consumption to changing urban environments is examined by simulating building energy loads in hypothetical urban settings. A modified version of an algorithm developed by the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory is used to evaluate energy requirements. Energy loads for two buildings of interest are estimated for changing climatic conditions (air temperature) as well as changing environments around the building. An isolated building and a building surrounded by several other buildings are considered.Results indicate that climate warming may lead to energy savings in a wide range of climates while savings also depend on the nature of the building and its use. In cool climates, climate warming forces net energy-load decreases through reductions of the winter heating loads. For example, a one-degree increase in annual air temperature in Duluth led to a 10 kWh decrease in net energy loads for a small office building. In warm climates, urbanization tends to accelerate energy consumption although shadowing may contribute significantly to decreases in summer cooling loads. In Phoenix, annual mean daily net energy loads decreased by about 10 kWh due to shadowing for the same office building. Even in relatively cool regions, summer cooling-load reductions caused by shadowing are effective.With 12 Figures 相似文献
11.
以中国华北地区五大城市办公建筑为例,利用1961—2017年气象数据和TRNSYS软件模拟的供热制冷负荷数据,评估了气候变化背景下华北地区建筑供热制冷负荷的变化。在此基础上,对模拟负荷和气象要素进行多元线性逐步回归分析,揭示了影响建筑供热、制冷负荷的主要气象因子。结果表明：1961—2017年中国华北五大城市供热负荷均呈下降趋势,降幅为0.05（石家庄）—0.13 kWh·m-2·（10 a）-1（呼和浩特）;各城市制冷负荷的变化不同,仅呼和浩特为增多,增幅为0.04 kWh·m-2·（10 a）-1,其余城市制冷负荷无明显变化;从总负荷来看,各城市均呈下降趋势,降幅为0.05（太原）—0.10 kWh·m-2·（10 a）-1（呼和浩特）。由供热制冷负荷与气象要素的回归分析可知,冬季供热负荷主要受气温影响,五大城市的显著增温导致供热负荷减少;与此不同,夏季制冷负荷主要受气温、太阳辐射的共同影响,呼和浩特平均气温和太阳辐射均呈显著上升趋势,导致其制冷负荷显著增加。其他城市气温显著升高,而太阳辐射显著降低,二者的综合作用导致制冷负荷没有明显的变化趋势。总体来看,在气候变暖背景下,中国华北地区冬季供热负荷明显降低,而夏季制冷负荷并未明显增加,导致总负荷显著降低,气候变暖总体上对建筑节能有利。 相似文献
12.
The potential effect of climate change on energy demand is important especially for the developing and non-oil-producing countries. Cooling and heating degree-day (CDD and HDD) concepts are among the most significant meteorological variables related to residential energy consumption. This paper presents the spatial and temporal characteristics of Turkish seasonal CDD and HDD in the context of climate change. CDD and HDD are defined objectively by truncation of the temperature series at any constant base temperature level. This leads to surpluses and deficits as deviations. The surpluses are instances for cooling and the deficits for heating. Depending on temperature fluctuations, the degree-day statistics at any location show local and seasonal variations. In this study, regional variations of seasonal HDD and CDD are mapped for Turkey and their relations to local topography and climatic features are examined with conclusive interpretations. The sequential version of Mann–Kendall rank statisticis applied to demonstrate any existence of possible non-linear trends in accumulated HDD and CDD over the seasons. Spatially coherent and statistically significant trends of HDD and CDD appear in some regions of Turkey. In general, the sign of the trends is inconsistent with General Circulation Models (GCM) predictions. 相似文献
13.
本文以中国北方城市天津为例,采用Sandia及Danish两种方法生成典型气象年（TMY）数据,并借助TRNSYS软件模拟得到3个时段（1961-1990年、1971-2000年和1981-2010年）典型办公建筑的逐时负荷,评估气候变化对典型气象年数据及模拟负荷的影响。结果表明：Sandia和Danish生成典型气象年的方法在天津均有较好的适用性,Sandia方法采用6个气象要素生成的典型气象年数据代表性满足要求。受气候变化影响,典型气象年数据变化较大,采暖期（11月-翌年3月）较制冷期（6-9月）的变化更明显;从30年均值差异看,1981-2010年相对于1961-1990年,建筑供热负荷减少5.2%,而制冷负荷增加1.6%。因此,在使用典型气象年数据进行建筑设计能耗评估时需充分考虑气候变化的影响,加快典型气象年数据的生成和更新工作。基于天津现行使用的典型气象年数据模拟得到的办公建筑制冷负荷较1981-2010年偏低6.7%,供热负荷偏高4.7%。表明采用现行典型气象年数据进行建筑能耗评估时,会造成制冷负荷偏低,供热负荷偏高,从而降低人体舒适度及造成供热能源浪费。 相似文献
14.
Regional Energy Demand Responses To Climate Change: Methodology And Application To The Commonwealth Of Massachusetts 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
Climate is a major determinant of energy demand. Changes in climate may alter energy demand as well as energy demand patterns.
This study investigates the implications of climate change for energy demand under the hypothesis that impacts are scale dependent
due to region-specific climatic variables, infrastructure, socioeconomic, and energy use profiles.
In this analysis we explore regional energy demand responses to climate change by assessing temperature-sensitive energy demand
in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The study employs a two-step estimation and modeling procedure. The first step evaluates
the historic temperature sensitivity of residential and commercial demand for electricity and heating fuels, using a degree-day
methodology. We find that when controlling for socioeconomic factors, degree-day variables have significant explanatory power
in describing historic changes in residential and commercial energy demands. In the second step, we assess potential future
energy demand responses to scenarios of climate change. Model results are based on alternative climate scenarios that were
specifically derived for the region on the basis of local climatological data, coupled with regional information from available
global climate models. We find notable changes with respect to overall energy consumption by, and energy mix of the residential
and commercial sectors in the region. On the basis of our findings, we identify several methodological issues relevant to
the development of climate change impact assessments of energy demand. 相似文献
15.
Biomass is often seen as a key component of future energy systems as it can be used for heat and electricity production, as a transport fuel, and a feedstock for chemicals. Furthermore, it can be used in combination with carbon capture and storage to provide so-called “negative emissions”. At the same time, however, its production will require land, possibly impacting food security, land-based carbon stocks, and other environmental services. Thus, the strategies adopted in the supply, conversion, and use of biomass have a significant impact on its effectiveness as a climate change mitigation measure. We use the IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model to project three different global, long term scenarios spanning different socioeconomic futures with varying rates of population growth, economic growth, and technological change, and investigate the role of biomass in meeting strict climate targets. Using these scenarios we highlight different possibilities for biomass supply and demand, and provide insights on the requirements and challenges for the effective use of this resource as a climate change mitigation measure. The results show that in scenarios meeting the 1.5 °C target, biomass could exceed 20% of final energy consumption, or 115–180 EJPrim/yr in 2050. Such a supply of bioenergy can only be achieved without extreme levels land use change if agricultural yields improve significantly and effective land zoning is implemented. Furthermore, the results highlight that strict mitigation targets are contingent on the availability of advanced technologies such as lignocellulosic fuels and carbon capture and storage. 相似文献
16.
Adaptation of California’s electricity sector to climate change 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Edward Vine 《Climatic change》2012,111(1):75-99
Climate change is likely to pose considerable new challenges to California’s electricity sector. This paper primarily focuses
on the adaptation challenges of an important component of the energy arena: electricity demand in the residential and commercial
sectors and electricity supply. The primary challenge to California’s electricity sector will likely be the increase in demand
for air conditioning as a result of rising temperatures. In addition, renewable energy sources, which are an increasing share
of the electricity portfolio, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Many of the key players have been actively considering
the implications of climate change. Because electricity generation accounts for nearly 30% of greenhouse gas emissions, this
sector has been a target of the state’s efforts to reduce emissions. Fortunately, many of the same tools can simultaneously
improve the sector’s resilience to a changing climate. Demand management strategies and supply diversification are both important
strategies. Local governments can play a central role in encouraging the adoption of more energy efficient building codes
and the use of more renewable sources, such as solar energy. The positive steps taken by many local governments are encouraging.
Steps to increase public awareness are an important, often missing component, however. Increases in research, development,
and demonstration to improve system resiliency and develop new energy conservation tools are also needed. 相似文献
17.
WANG Futang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2001,15(4):498-508
Increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will strengthen the naturalgreenhouse effect,which could lead to global climate warming and more other changes.China is alargely agricultural country with a large size of population and the relative shortages of farminglands and water resources,thus increasing the importance of climate warming for national economydevelopment.Therefore,Chinese government and scientists have paid great attention to theimpact-assessment of climate warming on national economy in China,especially during the past 10years.This presentation will briefly describe some major issues of climate warming impact researchon national vegetation,agriculture,forest,water resources,energy use and regional sea level forChina,etc.As a result,all climate change scenarios derived by GCMs suggest a substantial change in thecharacteristic natural vegetation types.It is also shown that comparing with the distributionsimulated under the normal time period 1951—1980 as the present climate,by 2050 large changesin cropping systems would occur almost everywhere in China.Climate warming would lead toincrease cropping diversification and multiplication.Unfortunately,the possible net balancebetween precipitation and evapotranspiration would be negative and it would lead to reduce thegrain production in China significantly due to enhanced moisture stress in soil.The most evidentinfluence of climate warming on water resources would happen in Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe Basin andthe water supply-demand deficit would be substantially enhanced in this area.And also,a warmerclimate for China will alter the energy requirement for domestic heating and cooling,that is,reduce energy use for heating in northern China and increase energy consumption for cooling insouthern China. 相似文献
18.
IPCC于2022年4月正式发布了第六次评估报告(AR6)第三工作组(WGⅢ)报告《气候变化2022:减缓气候变化》,该报告以已发布的第一和第二工作组报告作为基础,评估了各领域减缓气候变化的进展。报告的第九章建筑章节系统全面地评估了全球建筑领域的温室气体排放现状、趋势和驱动因素,综述并评估了建筑减缓气候变化的措施、潜力、成本和政策。报告主要结论认为,全球建筑领域有可能在2050年实现温室气体净零排放,但如果政策措施执行不力,将有可能在建筑领域形成长达几十年的高碳锁定效应。报告的主要结论将成为全球建筑领域应对气候变化行动的重要参考,对于我国建筑领域实现碳达峰、碳中和目标也有非常重要的借鉴意义。 相似文献
19.
Bruno Bueno Leslie Norford Grégoire Pigeon Rex Britter 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,140(3):471-489
A scheme that couples a detailed building energy model, EnergyPlus, and an urban canopy model, the Town Energy Balance (TEB), is presented. Both models are well accepted and evaluated within their individual scientific communities. The coupled scheme proposes a more realistic representation of buildings and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, which allows a broader analysis of the two-way interactions between the energy performance of buildings and the urban climate around the buildings. The scheme can be used to evaluate the building energy models that are being developed within the urban climate community. In this study, the coupled scheme is evaluated using measurements conducted over the dense urban centre of Toulouse, France. The comparison includes electricity and natural gas energy consumption of buildings, building façade temperatures, and urban canyon air temperatures. The coupled scheme is then used to analyze the effect of different building and HVAC system configurations on building energy consumption, waste heat released from HVAC systems, and outdoor air temperatures for the case study of Toulouse. Three different energy efficiency strategies are analyzed: shading devices, economizers, and heat recovery. 相似文献
20.
Changes in climate classification and extreme climate indices from a high-resolution future projection in Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kyung-Sook Yun Ki-Young Heo Jung-Eun Chu Kyung-Ja Ha Eun-Jeong Lee Yumi Choi Akio Kitoh 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2012,48(3):213-226
We investigate the future changes in the climate zone and six extreme temperature indices in Korea, using the 20-km high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model (MRI-AGCM3.1S). The Trewartha and K?ppen climate classification schemes are applied, and four summer-based extreme temperature indices (i.e., summer days, tropical nights, growing degree days, and cooling degree days (CDD) and two winter-based indices (frost days and heating degree days (HDD) are analyzed. To represent significantly the change in threshold indices, the monthly mean bias is corrected in model. The model result reasonably captures the temporal and spatial distribution of the present-day extreme temperatures associated with topography. It was found that in the future climate, the area of the subtropical climate zone in Korea expands northward and increases by 21% under the Trewartha classification scheme and by 35% under the K?ppen classification scheme. The spatial change in extreme climate indices is significantly modulated by geographical characteristics in relation to land-ocean thermal inertia and topographical effects. The change is manifested more in coastal regions than in inland regions, except for that in summer days and HDD. Regions with higher indices in the present climate tend to reveal a larger increase in the future climate. The summer-based indices display an increasing trend, while the winter-based indices show a decreasing trend. The most significant increase is in tropical nights (+452%), whereas the most significant decrease is in HDD (?25%). As an important indicator of energy-saving applications, the changes in HDD and CDD are compared in terms of the frequency and intensity. The future changes in CDD reveal a higher frequency but a lower temperature than those in HDD. The more frequent changes in CDD may be due to a higher and less dispersed occurrence probability of extreme temperatures during the warm season. The greater increase in extreme temperature events during the summer season remains an important implication of projecting future changes in extreme climate events. 相似文献