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1.
热带西太平洋海表温度长期变化的特殊性 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
揭示了５０年代以来热带三大洋海表温度（ＳＳＴ）长期变化的两个基本构成（线性增温及Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ－Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ振荡）,并比较了它们在三大洋中的典型程度。在此基础上重点分析了热带太平洋西、中、东部ＳＳＴ长期变化的差异,指出热带西太平洋ＳＳＴ长期变化中Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ－Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ振荡相对较弱,线性增温趋势被年代际强弱振荡代替。 相似文献
2.
用主振荡型（ Ｐ Ｏ Ｐ）方法分析了热带洋区月平均海表温度异常（ Ｓ Ｓ Ｔ Ａ）。结果表明,最重要的 ４ 个传播型 Ｐ Ｏ Ｐ对与 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ／ Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ 事件关系密切,说明这类事件具有复杂的时空结构。在此基础上,给出了一个能定量地综合多个传播型 Ｐ Ｏ Ｐ对作用的 Ｐ Ｏ Ｐ中性预测方案。非独立样本和独立样本试验表明,它具有 ４ 个月的预测时效,且其预测能力在 Ｓ Ｓ Ｔ 强异常的 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ、 Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ 事件阶段强于弱异常的非 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ／ Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ 事件阶段。 相似文献
3.
西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常
与ENSO循环的相互作用 总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28
利用1964～1993年的太平洋次表层海温资料,进一步分析研究了西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常与ENSO循环的关系。合成及相关分析的结果进一步表明,西太平洋暖池次表层海温的暖（冷）异常及其东传对ENSO的发生起着十分重要、且更直接的作用。然而,赤道西太平洋异常纬向风是造成次表层海温异常东传的重要原因,而纬向风的异常又是由于东亚冬季风异常活动所引起的,这间接地说明了异常东亚冬季风对西太平洋暖池次表层海温距平东传的重要作用。通过研究还发现,ENSO发生后,北半球副热带地区将有次表层暖（冷）海温距平沿着10～20oN纬带西传,这是导致西太平洋暖池次表层海温发生异常的重要原因之一。也就是说,西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常与ENSO循环之间是相互影响、相互作用的。 相似文献
4.
热带西太平洋海温变化及其与赤道东太平洋海温变化的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用１９５１－１９８８年１０°Ｓ－５０°Ｎ太平洋的ＳＳＴ资料对热带西太平洋海表温度的变化及其与赤道东太平洋海表温度变化的关系进行了分析，发现热带西太平洋ＳＳＴ存在准两年周期的变化。这种变化与ＥＮＳＯ活动相联系：Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ年的ＳＳＴ距平值位于谷值；反Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ年的ＳＳＴ距平值位于峰值。热带西太平洋与赤道东太平洋的ＳＳＴ变化存在弱的反相关关系。两者间存在位相差，前者的变化比后者超前几个月甚至１ 相似文献
5.
ENSO事件对冬季北半球太平洋风暴轴维持的影响 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ＥＣＭＷＦ）每日客观分析资料及美国大气研究中心（ＮＣＡＲ）再分析资料研究ＥＮＳＯ事件对简报北半球太平洋风暴轴维持的影响,结果表明,Ｅｌ、Ｎｉｎｏ（Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ）年,风暴轴区域斜压性强（弱）,风暴轴位置向东（西）扩展（收缩）且强度强（弱）,与风暴轴发展有关的涡动热量通量和运量通量也同时增强（减弱）,由此揭示出ＥＮＳＯ事件对太平洋风暴轴的维持和发展有重要影响． 相似文献
6.
利用ＴＯＧＡ—ＴＡＯ赤道次表层海流与海温观测资料，比较清楚地揭示了１９９７／１９９８年Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ期间在赤道西太平洋暖池上空西风异常的驱动下，次表层异常海流的产生机制和向东传播过程中的变化特征。对比分析了海表、次表层异常海流的两种热力平流过程，即水平温度平流和因海流水平辐合辐散造成的垂直上翻（或下沉）运动对混合层及海表温度异常的贡献，结果证实了后一效应对ＥＮＳＯ发生发展的重要意义。最后还对文中的海流异常是否就是理论分析得到的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波在海流场上的反映进行了讨论。 相似文献
7.
目前有关Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ（Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ）形成机制的讨论,大多是强调海气的相互作用。实际上地气互作用过程中形成的异常气流对于Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ／Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ的形成也是必不可少的,海气和地气相互作用过程应该是耦合的,不应该加以分离。本文综合了近年来我们得到的有关研究结果,提出了一个海气陆相互作用过程的准四年振荡过程,用来解释Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎａ形成机制和亚洲大陆气候年际变化机制。 相似文献
8.
厄尔尼诺的发生与赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常 总被引：71，自引：14，他引：71
通过资料分析研究了厄尔尼诺事件的爆发与西太平洋暖池次表层海温正异常的重要关系。结果表明，El Ni?o事件之前暖池次表层海温都有明显的持续升高；这种暖池次表层海温正距平的出现，尤其是它向赤道中东太平洋的传播对 El Ni?o事件的爆发有直接关系，是导致El Ni?o事件的重要原因。分析还表明，暖池次表层海温正距平的东移原因在于赤道西太平洋地区西风异常的发生和向东扩展。 相似文献
9.
关于ENSO本质的进一步研究 总被引：28，自引：5，他引：23
基于ENSO是热带太平洋海气相互作用产物的科学观点,一系列的分析研究表明:赤道太平洋次表层海温异常(SOTA)有明显的年际变化(循环),并且与ENSO发生密切相关;ENSO的真正源区在赤道西太平洋暖池,赤道西太平洋暖池正(负)SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传到东太平洋,导致El Nino(La Nina)的爆发;在暖池正(负)SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传的同时,将有负(正)SOTA沿10°N和10°S两个纬度带向西传播,从而构成SOTA的循环;热带太平洋SOTA年际循环的驱动者主要是由异常东亚季风所引起的赤道西太平洋纬向风的异常.进而,可以提出关于ENSO本质的一种新理论,即ENSO实质上主要是由异常东亚季风引起的赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温距平的年际循环.
相似文献
10.
与西太平洋暖池上空对流年际变化相关联的大气环流和海温 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
诊断分析了热带西太平洋暖池上空对流弱和强的情况下,大气环流和海温所表现出来的差异。本文中西太平洋暖池是指（１１０－１６０°Ｅ,１０－２０°Ｎ）地区,向外射出长波辐射（ＯＬＲ）在该地区具有明显的年际变率。对西太平洋暖池对流弱和强之间大气环流和海温的差别进行了合成分析。首先,利用 ＮＣＥＰ／ ＮＣＡＰ再分析资料和卫星观测的 ＯＬＲ资料进行了分析。之后,利用欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析资料和再分析计算而得的ＯＬＲ资料重复进行了合成分析。合成结果表明由这两套资料所分析得到的结果非常相象。与西太平洋暖池上空弱（强）对流显著对应的大气环流表现为北太平洋副热带高压的西伸（东退）,以及副高西北侧更强（弱）的西风。此外,在局地（即暖池）上空,还显著对应着东（西）风异常和下沉（上升）气流异常。对应于西太平洋暖池对流强弱,最为显著的海温差别（对流弱减去对流强）为印度洋、孟加拉湾和南海的正海温异常。也就是说,西太洋暖池上空的对流与局地海温异常只有微弱的联系,而与其西部的海温异常密切相关。 相似文献
11.
Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over
the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature
(SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds.
Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early)
onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in
these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly
correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with
respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases.
The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by
the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America
during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region.
The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple
regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation
coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill
to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully
predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed.
Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002 相似文献
12.
准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。 相似文献
13.
Chunguang CUI Wen ZHOU Hao YANG Xiaokang WANG Yi DENG Xiaofang WANG Guirong XU Jingyu WANG 《大气科学进展》2023,40(4):711-724
Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230... 相似文献
14.
The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features. 相似文献
15.
Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Terence Meaden S. Kochev L. Kolendowicz A. Kosa-Kiss Izolda Marcinoniene Michalis Sioutas Heino Tooming John Tyrrell 《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):446-449
2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness. 相似文献
16.
文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。 相似文献
17.
18.
A. A. Lavrova E. S. Glebova I. V. Trosnikov V. D. Kaznacheeva 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2010,35(6):363-370
Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by
the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous
weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities
of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical
ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed
that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the
formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex
origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical
wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced.
The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The
computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis. 相似文献
19.
青藏高原抬升加热气候效应研究的新进展 总被引：30，自引：4，他引：26
对近4年来关于青藏高原加热影响气候的研究进行回顾.首先介绍利用位涡方程和热力适应理论,揭示;夏季高原上空低层气旋式及高层反气旋式环流结构稳定维持的动力学机理.结果表明高原加热作用造成的低层正涡源是低层气旋式环流得以稳定维持的重要原因.而边界层摩擦产生的负位涡是平衡正位涡的主要因素.高原加热还在高原上空形成负位涡,它影响着盛夏的大气环流,是青藏高原上空强大而稳定的反气旋环流得以维持的重要因素.在春夏过渡季节青藏高原非绝热加热对大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的影响力方面,进一步确认了感热加热在过渡季节早期(5月中旬以前)环:流演变中的重要作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变引起了海陆热力差异对比的变化,使副热带高压带首先在孟加拉湾东部断裂,亚洲季风因而在孟加拉湾爆发.结果还表明,用纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.在青藏高原非绝热加热与北半球环流系统年际变化的联系方面,发现夏季青藏高原的加热强(弱)的年份,高原感热加热气泵(SHAP)高(低)效工作,使高原加热对周边地区低层暖湿空气的抽吸效应和对高层大气向周边地区的排放作用加强(减弱),高原及邻近地区的上升运动,下层辐合和上层辐散均增强(减弱),从而影响着高原和周边地区的环流以及亚洲季风区大尺度环流系统.而且高原的加热强迫还能够激发产生一支沿亚欧大陆东部海岸向东北方向传播的Rossby波列,其频散效应可影响到更远的东太平洋以至北美地区的大气环流.研究还表明,盛夏的南亚高压存在"青藏高压型"和"伊朗高压型"的双模态,它们与高原加热状态有关,且显著地与亚洲季风区的气候分布密切联系. 相似文献
20.
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA海温等资料,采用EOF、相关分析等方法,研究了西伯利亚高压(Siberian High,SH)强度和北大西洋海表温度(SST)的变化特征,揭示了二者的联系及其时空变化。结果表明:1)冬季SH在1960s中后期开始偏弱,2003年后略增强。2)各季北大西洋SST指数(全区平均SST的标准化距平)均在1960s中期后偏低,1990s末后偏高。北大西洋海温三极子位相由正转负的时间在春冬季(1970s初)晚于夏秋季(1960s初),而后均在1990s中期后进入正位相。3)各季偏高(低)的北大西洋SST指数和海温三极子正(负)位相均有利于冬季SH偏强(弱),但前者与SH的关系更显著,且冬季最强。北大西洋北部和西南部是影响SH强度的关键区,但SH对北部SST异常的响应范围在冬季最大,而对西南部的响应范围在夏季最大。4)当冬季大西洋SST指数异常偏高时,下游激发出的罗斯贝波列使乌拉尔山高压脊加强,使SH上空负相对涡度平流增大,高层辐合和低层辐散增强,整个对流层下沉气流深厚,促使SH增强,反之亦然。 相似文献