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1.
藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征 总被引：51，自引：2，他引：49
根据草地退化国家标准和藏北地区草地退化实际情况以及遥感数据特征,选择草地植被盖度为草地退化的遥感监测指标,建立藏北地区草地退化遥感监测和评价指标体系,并对藏北地区近24年的草地退化进行遥感监测和评价。结果表明：藏北地区草地退化现状 (2004年) 十分严重,重度和极重度退化草地面积分别占草地总面积的8.0%和1.7%,区域草地退化指数 (GDI) 为1.86,接近中度退化等级;其中藏北地区冰川与雪山及其周围等气候变化较为敏感区域和交通要道沿线等人类活动较为频繁区域的草地退化相对严重;从1981年到2004年的近24年以来,藏北地区及其各个区域草地退化较为严重,其草地退化等级分布比例和草地退化指数年际波动较大,草地退化等级在轻度退化至重度退化等级之间波动;近几年藏北全地区总体草地退化情况及中部、东部和北部地区的草地退化具有更加严重的趋势,而西部地区草地退化状况则略有减缓趋势。 相似文献
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《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,(3)
围栏封育是高寒草地最为常见的保育方式,不同类型草地的封育效应可能会存在差异。开展该方面的研究,可以评估围栏封育对草地恢复的效应,为藏北高原不同类型退化草地的恢复措施提供科学依据。本研究以藏北地区的高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠3类草地为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析对生物量、叶片–土壤养分含量以及化学计量比进行差异性检验,探讨了围栏封育对这3类高寒草地植物和土壤养分的影响。结果表明,围栏封育能显著提高这3类草地群落的地上生物量,但仅提高了10–20 cm高寒荒漠的地下生物量;围栏封育显著提高了高寒荒漠优势植物叶片的养分含量和10–20 cm土壤中全氮、全钾、有机碳的含量,并显著改变了C、N、P之间的化学计量比;而在高寒草甸和高寒草原围栏封育仅仅显著增加了高寒草原中优势物种叶片的N含量,其他养分指标和化学计量比均没有表现出显著的差异。以上结果表明,从植物和土壤养分来看,围栏封育对高寒荒漠草地的保育作用最为显著。 相似文献
3.
过牧及封育对红砂荒漠植被演替的影响 总被引：36，自引：12，他引：24
红砂灌丛植被是我国西北荒漠地区的主要放牧地,并在生态保护中具重要作用。本试验以内蒙古阿拉善盟不同过牧强度下的退化(轻度、中度和重度)红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)+无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)荒漠草地为对象。首次研究报道了不同过牧梯度和围栏封育对红砂植被演替的影响。经过6a过牧(平均1.8只羊·hm-2),植被总盖度已由12%降至8%,平均每年盖度绝对值下降0.7%。随草地过牧加重红砂灌丛在逐渐消亡,在中度和重度退化样地的盖度已分别较轻度样地(7.5%)下降了74%和84% (P<0.05);质量差或产量低的草本在增加;无芒隐子草和匍根骆驼蓬(Peganum nigellastrum)的增加可分别作为该类草地中度和重度过牧演替的指示种。短期封育效果十分显著,封育一年的各样地平均较放牧样地比,植被盖度绝对值提高了1.7%,产草量增加2188%,红砂种子产量是放牧样地的371倍。然而,优势种红砂的产草量和盖度在封育期的相对恢复速率皆随样地退化加重而显著降低(P<0.05),重度退化区盖度封育当年的恢复速率为0。所以,封育是保护和恢复我国红砂荒漠植被的有效措施,但封育宜尽早开始,否则,红砂将恢复缓慢或难以复存。 相似文献
4.
藏北地区平均海拔4500 m以上,被称为“世界屋脊上的屋脊”,同时也是青藏高原生态安全屏障的主体,但在全球气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,藏北高寒草地生态系统变化明显,部分区域出现退化趋势。2009年我国开始实施了《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设工程》(以下简称工程),旨在恢复和保育高原的生态系统及其服务功能。而水源涵养是藏北高寒草地生态系统最为重要的服务功能之一,工程实施以来,藏北草地的水源涵养功能如何变化、生态工程的效益如何？本文基于InVEST模型评估了2000–2020年生态工程前后藏北草地水源涵养功能的变化,量化了气候变化和人类活动在其中的贡献率。结果表明：(1)藏北各类型草地的水源涵养能力虽然差异较大,但工程实施后水源涵养的功能均出现了明显的变化,产水量比工程实施前增加10.07%,水源涵养服务上升8.86%。其中高寒草甸区的水源涵养变化速率增长最大,由工程前的–1.84 mm yr–1转变为工程后的2.24 mm yr–1;其次是高寒荒漠草原和高寒草原,在工程的影响下水源涵养功能下降的速率明显减缓。(2)气候变化仍是藏北草地水源涵养... 相似文献
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封育措施对巴塘高寒草甸植被群落结构及土壤持水能力的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《山地学报》2016,(5)
选取巴塘高寒草甸设置封育及自然放牧样地,通过野外实地监测及室内试验相结合的方法,分析封育措施对植被群落结构及土壤持水能力的影响。结果显示:1)封育措施显著提高了高寒草甸植被群落总盖度及平均高度(p0.05),增加了群落的物种丰富度、均匀度及复杂程度,植被群落中禾本科和豆科植物等优良牧草显著增加,菊科、莎草科以及有毒杂草类植物所占比重有所下降。2)封育措施丰富了高寒草甸植被群落垂直分层结构,退化草地垂直结构由一层增加至三层。3)封育措施降低了高寒草甸0~40 cm层面土壤容重,二者差异在10~20 cm层面最明显(p0.05)。4)尽管未达到显著水平(p0.05),封育样地0~40 cm层面土壤有机碳密度均高于自然放牧样地。5)封育措施明显改善了高寒草甸土壤持水能力。其中,封育样地0~10、10~20、20~40 cm深度土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及田间持水量均高于自然放牧样地,封育条件下0~40 cm整个土层土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及田间持水量增加速率分别为1.4、1.9、1.7 mm/a。封育措施有利于退化草地生态环境的恢复,是遏制和改善高寒草地退化的有效措施。 相似文献
6.
沙漠化是青藏高原东缘高寒草地退化的重要指征,土壤理化性质是反映草地沙化过程的重要特征参数。以青藏高原东缘玛曲县为例,分析天然草地和轻度、中度、重度、极重度沙化草地土壤粒度组成、温湿度、有机碳和养分等因子的差异特征,旨在阐明高寒草地沙化过程中土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明:草地土壤黏土和粉沙含量随着沙化的发展显著减小,而沙颗粒含量(细沙和中沙)随着沙化程度的增加而增大;5—8月生长季,重度沙化土壤相比轻度沙化土壤温度明显升高,土壤含水量明显降低;随着沙化程度的增加,土壤有机碳含量显著降低,轻度沙化减少50%以上,中度至极重度沙化草地减少91%—99%;土壤全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)等含量在轻度以上沙化草地中显著降低,而全钾(TK)变化不明显,速效钾(AK)仅在中度至极重度沙化草地中含量降低。高寒草地沙化进程中,随着植被盖度的不断降低,表层细颗粒物逐渐风蚀、土壤养分流失,粗颗粒物质保留下来,土壤含水量降低,在风的分选作用下不断堆积形成流动性沙丘。 相似文献
7.
高寒草地沙漠化土地固碳潜力分析——以黄河源区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沙漠化过程导致草地生态系统的退化和土壤有机碳的流失,增加了陆地生态系统向大气CO_2的排放,使退化土地就成为陆地重要的碳源之一.然而,通过有效的沙漠化防治,沙漠化过程能够得到一定程度的控制,退化土地也会得到恢复.沙漠化土地的恢复将是增加陆地碳汇,减少大气CO_2的有效途径之一.黄河源区沙漠化土地处于正在发展和强烈发展阶段,沙漠化形势严峻.目前沙漠化土地面积达3 519.97 km~2,其中轻度沙漠化土地面积占45.82%、中度沙漠化占26.20%、重度沙漠化土地与极重度沙漠化土地面积分别占13.80%和14.18%.我们设想通过沙漠化治理.使极重度、重度、中度沙漠化得到恢复并转变为轻度沙漠化土地,这将使1907.27 km~2的沙漠化土地得到恢复.根据目前沙漠化土地土壤有机碳密度,我们初步估计将会有10.25×10~6 t的土壤有机碳能够得到固定.在固定的土壤碳中,极重度沙漠化土地、重度沙漠化土地和中度沙漠化土地贡献分别为4%,30%,36%.因此,目前黄河源区沙漠化土地具有较高的固碳潜力,通过沙漠化的有效治理,不仅能够改善区域生态环境,促进区域社会经济的可持续发展,而且将使黄河源区成为陆地碳汇的重要区域. 相似文献
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一、青海省草地退化概况国土部门的变更调查数据显示,到2004年底,青海全省有牧草地40375300.93hm2,包括天然草地40016860.49hm2(占99.11%)、改良草地163131.64hm2(占0.40%)、人工草地195308.80hm2(占0.48%)(见图1)。图1青海省2004年牧草地概况一般情况下,根据对草地退化现象的分析研究(如青海省海晏县根据牧草产量下降、杂毒草增长比例及草地环境条件三个方面来确定草地退化等级和面积),将草地退化分为三个等级,即轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化。青海全省因自然因素和病、虫、鼠害及人为影响,造成近1000多万hm2草地退化、沙化。其中中度以上… 相似文献
10.
人类活动、小型哺乳动物行为活动以及自然因素是引起高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性变化的主要因子。一般情况下，高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性与放牧、施肥强度呈单峰曲线。长期过牧使高寒草甸退化严重，而围栏封育能使这种情况受到一定程度的控制，但围栏封育有时不符合“放牧优化假说”。工程活动，小型哺乳动物的活动、冻土退化使高寒草甸植物群落发生演替，物种多样性也随之变化。此外，地形引起水、热、养分的再分配，使不同的生境有着不同的物种多样性。概述各干扰因子及不同干扰频率的不同作用。为保护高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性及制定合理的草地利用制度提供科学依据。 相似文献
11.
基于植被盖度和高度的不同退化程度高寒草地地上生物量估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于气候变化和不合理的人类活动，20世纪80年代以来青藏高原高寒草地发生严重退化。地上生物量是评价草地退化的直观指标。通常采用植被盖度和高度来估算草地地上生物量，但草地退化后，植被盖度和高度与地上生物量之间的关系是否会发生变化目前还不清楚，这影响着退化草地生物量估算的精度。通过多元回归分析研究了青藏高原中部和东北部高寒草甸、高寒草原在不同退化程度下植被盖度和高度与地上生物量的关系。结果表明：（1）高寒草甸与高寒草原地上生物量整体上及不同退化阶段都没有显著差异（P>0.05）。（2）随着退化程度的加剧植被盖度和高度对地上生物量的影响也发生改变，体现在未退化阶段地上生物量主要受植被高度影响，退化后主要受植被盖度影响。（3）无论是高寒草甸还是高寒草原分退化程度的回归模型估算结果都较不分退化程度模型估算的生物量更接近实测值。我们建议在退化高寒草地研究中采用盖度和高度估算生物量时，根据退化阶段采用不同的估算模型。 相似文献
12.
藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1 Introduction Commonly known as the “Weather System Sensitive Spot”, “Watertower of China” and “Rivershed”, the Naqu Prefecture of Northern Tibet is the source region of such major rivers as the Yangtze, the Nujiang and the Lancang in China (Gansu 相似文献
13.
GAO Qingzhu LI Yu&rsquo e WAN Yunfan LIN Erda XIONG Wei JIANGCUN Wangzha WANG Baoshan LI Wenfu 《地理学报》2006,16(2):165-173
This study selected vegetation cover as the main evaluation index, calculated the grassland degradation index (GDI) and established the remote sensing monitoring and evaluation system for grassland degradation in Northern Tibet, according to the National Standard (GB19377-2003), based on the remote sensing data such as NDVI data derived from NOAA/AVHRR with a spatial resolution of 8 km of 1981-2000, from SPOT/VGT with a spatial resolution of 1 km of 2001 and from MODIS with a spatial resolution of 0.25 km of 2002-2004 respectively in this area, in combination with the actual condition of grassland degradation. The grassland degradation processes and their responses to climate change during 1981-2004 were discussed and analyzed in this paper. The result indicated that grassland degradation in Northern Tibet is very serious, and the mean value of GDI in recent 20 years is 2.54 which belongs to the serious degradation grade. From 1981 to 2004, the GDI fluctuated distinctly with great interannual variations in the proportion of degradation degree and GDI but the general tendency turned to severe-grade during this period with the grassland degradation grade changed from light degraded to serious degraded in Northern Tibet. The extremely serious degraded and serious degraded grassland occupied 1.7% and 8.0% of the study area, the moderate and light degraded grassland accounted for 13.2% and 27.9% respectively, and un-degraded grassland occupied 49.2% of the total grassland area in 2004. The grassland degradation was serious, especially in the conjunctive area of Naqu, Biru and Jiali counties, the headstream of the Yangtze River lying in the Galadandong snow mountain and glaciers, the area along the Qinghai-Tibet highway and railway, and areas around the Tanggula and Nianqingtanggula snow mountains and glaciers. So the snow mountains and glaciers as well as their adjacent areas in Northern Tibet were sensitive to climate change and the areas along the vital communication line with frequent human activities experienced relatively serious grassland degradation. 相似文献
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WANG Fang HE Yongtao FU Gang NIU Ben ZHANG Haorui LI Meng WANG Zhipeng WANG Xiangtao ZHANG Xianzhou 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,11(3):290-297
Enclosure is one of the most widely used management tools for degraded alpine grassland on the northern Tibetan Plateau, but the responses of different types of grassland to enclosure may vary, and research on these responses can provide a scientific basis for improving ecological conservation. This study took one site for each of three grassland types (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert) on the northern Tibetan Plateau as examples, and explored the effects of enclosure on plant and soil nutrients by comparing differences in plant community biomass, leaf-soil nutrient content and their stoichiometry between samples from inside and outside the fence. The results showed that enclosure can significantly increase all aboveground biomass in these three grassland types, but it only increased the 10-20 cm underground biomass in the alpine desert. Enclosure also significantly increased the leaf nutrient content of the dominant plants and contents of total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K), and organic carbon (C) in 10-20 cm soil in alpine desert, thus changing the stoichiometry between C, N and P (phosphorus). However, enclosure significantly increased only the N content of dominant plant leaves in alpine steppe, while other nutrients and stoichiometries of both plant leaves and soil did not show significant differences in alpine meadow and alpine steppe. These results suggested that enclosure has differential effects on these three types of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau, and the alpine desert showed the most active ecological conservation in the responses of its soil and plant nutrients. 相似文献
15.
To understand the effects of grazing activities and climate change on sandy grassland ecosystems in northern China, a livestock field grazing and enclosure experiment was conducted from 1992 to 2006 in Horqin Sand Land, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that sustained heavy grazing resulted in serious degradation of the vegetation; moderate grazing can maintain vegetation stabilization; and light grazing can promote rapid restoration of degraded vegetation. The livestock productivity was the highest in the moderate grazing grassland, and sustained heavy grazing resulted in rapid decrease of the livestock productivity. Heavy grazing can cause a retrogressive succession of grassland vegetation, whereas moderate and light grazing may promote progressive succession of plant species. The effects of changing climate on succession processes were not significant in the short term; a warm-humid climate is favorable to restoration of degraded vegetation, whereas a sustained warm-drought climate may result in degradation of grassland vegetation. Heavy livestock grazing should be stopped for the sustainable use of grassland; the proper grazing intensity for sandy grassland is two to three sheep or sheep equivalents per hectare in Inner Mongolia. 相似文献
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中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm2,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm2,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。 相似文献
17.
Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns. 相似文献
18.
基于改进土壤冻融水循环的Biome-BGC模型估算青藏高原草地NPP 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Biome-BGC模型被广泛用于估算植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity, NPP）,但是该模型未考虑冻土区土壤冻融水循环过程对植被生长的影响。本文基于Biome-BGC模型,改进冻土区活动层土壤冻融水循环,估算了2000—2018年青藏高原高寒草地NPP。通过比较原模型和改进后的模型,并对NPP模拟结果的时空特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 增加冻融循环提高了NPP估算精度,青藏高原草地NPP均值由114.68 gC/(m2·a)提高到128.02 gC/(m2·a)。② 原模型和改进后NPP的空间分布差异较大,时间变化趋势差异不明显。③ 青藏高原草地NPP总量为253.83 TgC/a,呈东南向西北递减的空间格局,年均增速为0.21gC/(m2·a)（P=0.023）,显著增加的占17.85%,主要分布在羌塘高寒草原地带的大部分地区和藏南山地灌木草原地带的西部。④ 该冻融水循环改进方法简单可靠,具有在其他多年冻土区推广的价值。 相似文献
19.
垫状植物是高寒地区广泛分布的一类具有特殊形态的植物,被称为高寒生态系统工程师,其在高寒退化草地中的作用如何?本研究以位于西藏当雄念青唐古拉山脉南坡4500m的一处高寒退化草地为例,调查了垫状点地梅覆盖区域内外的物种多样性、土壤养分以及水分的差异。结果表明:垫状点地梅可以显著改善土壤养分,提高幅度大约为16%-48%,其中有机质和总氮(N)分别增加了16.2%和18.9%;局部土壤含水量提高约12%;样方内的物种丰富度(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和Simpson指数(D)都随着垫状点地梅盖度的增加而呈增加的趋势。垫状点地梅在退化草地中具有显著的改善土壤微环境和提高群落物种多样性的作用,应加强保育以促进高寒退化草地的恢复。 相似文献