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1.
Cretaceous phosphorites from the onshore of Tamil Nadu have been investigated for their origin and compared with those in the offshore. Cretaceous phosphorites occur as light brown to yellowish brown or white nodules in Karai Shale of the Uttatur Group in the onshore Cauvery basin. Nodules exhibit phosphatic nucleus encrusted by a chalky shell of carbonate. The nucleus of the nodules consists of light and dark coloured laminae, phosphate peloids/coated grains and detrital particles interspersed between the laminae. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies reveal trapping and binding activity of microbial filaments. A mat structure with linearly arranged microbial filaments and hollow, cell-based coccoid cyanobacterial mat are present. Nodules contain abundant carbonate fluorapatite, followed by minor calcite, quartz and feldspar. The P2O5 content of the phosphorites ranges from 18 to 26%. The CaO/P2O5, Sr and F contents are higher than that of pure carbonate fluorapatite. Concentrations of Si, Al, K, Fe, and Ti are low. We suggest that the nuclei of the nodules represent phosphate clasts related to phosphate stromatolites formed at intertidal conditions. At high energy levels the microbial mats were disintegrated into phosphate clasts, coated with carbonate and then reworked into Karai Shale. On the other hand, Quaternary phosphorites occur as irregular to rounded, grey coloured phosphate clasts at water depths between 180 and 320m on the continental shelf of Tamil Nadu. They exhibit grain-supported texture. Despite Quaternary in age, they also resemble phosphate stromatolites of intertidal origin and reworked as phosphate clasts onto the shelf margin depressions. Benthic microbial mats probably supplied high phosphorus to the sediments. Availability of excess phosphorus seems to be a pre-requisite for the formation of phosphate stromatolites.  相似文献   

2.
Two types of phosphorite recovered from the continental slope off western India are described. The first type, phosphorite 1, comprises a hard, grey nodule composed of carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) and calcite as major minerals. The phosphorite consists of light‐brown microcrystalline apatite containing a few skeletal fragments and planktonic foraminifera. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies show evidence of dissolution of skeletal calcite and filling of the resulting cavities by phosphate composed of ovoid to rod‐shaped apatite microparticles. Apatite also occurs as coatings on these particles. The P2O5 content of the phosphorite is 29%, and the CO2 content of the CFA is about 4·5%. The rare‐earth element (REE) abundance (ΣREE=2·02 μg g–1) is lower than in other modern phosphorites. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio and ?Nd value of this sample are 0·70921 and –9·9 respectively. The 14C age found through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating (18 720 ± 120 years BP) is much younger than that determined by the U‐series method (100 ka). The second type, phosphorite 2, comprises a friable, light‐brown nodule consisting of CFA as the only major mineral, with a CO2 content of the CFA of 4·5%. In thin section, the phosphate is light brown and homogeneous, and a few bone fragments are present. The P2O5 content is 33%, and REE contents (ΣREE = 0·18 μg g–1) are lower than in phosphorite 1. The age of phosphorite 2 is >300 ka. Phosphorite 1 appears to have formed during the late Pleistocene through replacement of carbonate by phosphate; phosphorite 2 is also of Pleistocene age but is much older than phosphorite 1. The initial substrate for phosphorite 2 was a fish coprolite, which was subsequently phosphatized during slow sedimentation under low‐energy conditions. Microbial mediation is evident in both phosphorites. The colour, density and P2O5 content of the phosphorites are found to be dependent on the nature of the initial substrates and physico‐chemical conditions during phosphatization. The CO2 content of the CFA is not related to the precursor carbonate phase. The nature of sediments, rates of sedimentation and the time spent undergoing phosphogenesis at the sediment–water interface may control REE concentrations in phosphorites.  相似文献   

3.
《Gondwana Research》2014,25(3):1090-1107
The Ediacaran and Cambrian periods were one of the most important periods for the evolution of life. The biodiversity drastically expanded in the period. However, the origins are still ambiguous because surface environmental changes through the time have not been well understood yet. We conducted in-situ analyses of the phosphorus contents of carbonate minerals with a laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS) to estimate the phosphorus contents of seawater from the Ediacaran to the early Cambrian. Carbonate rocks contain not only the carbonate minerals but also detrital and authigenic materials such as silicate and phosphate minerals. Therefore, the whole rock compositions of carbonate rocks are not directly related with seawater composition. To avoid the influence of the involvement of the phosphate minerals, we performed the microscopic observation, elemental mapping of Si, Ca, Mg, Fe, and P contents with an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), and investigation of time profiles of signal intensities of Ca, Sr, Mn, P, La and Ba with the LA-ICP-MS. Especially, samples with low Mn/Sr ratios and primary textures such as oolites are suitable to estimate the primary phosphorus contents of the carbonates.The chemostratigraphy of the phosphorus contents of carbonates from the drill core and outcrop samples displays that the phosphorus contents decrease from ca. 400 ppm in the Ediacaran through ca. 200 ppm around the terminal Ediacaran and the beginning of the Cambrian to ca. 50 ppm in the early Cambrian. Previous works on 87Sr/86Sr chemostratigraphy from the Ediacaran to the Cambrian sections suggested relatively high continental influx in the middle Ediacaran, and around the Precambrian–Cambrian (PC/C) boundary. The high phosphorus content in the Ediacaran was possibly due to the high continental flux. On the other hand, previous works on chemostratigraphy of carbon isotope values of carbonate carbon from the Ediacaran to the Cambrian sections showed some large negative anomalies in the Ediacaran and around the Precambrian–Cambrian (PC/C) boundary, and suggested that the negative anomalies were caused by remineralization and respiration of dissolved organic matter. The degradation of the organic matter also accounts for the high phosphorus contents in the Ediacaran. The high phosphorus content of seawater favors enhancement of primary productivity and formation of phosphorites. The high phosphorus contents in the seawater possibly led to the emergence of the large, and motile organism through the enhancement of primary productivity and the consequent increase of oxygen content of the seawater.  相似文献   

4.
The mineral composition and U-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of phosphorites from the Satka Formation of Lower Riphean carbonates, the Burzyan Group of Southern Urals, are studied. Phosphorites occurring as small lenses between stromatolite layers are composed largely of fluorapatite with admixture of detrital quartz, feldspars, illite, and chlorite. Phosphorite samples have been subjected to stepwise dissolution in 1 N (fraction L-1) and 2 N (fraction L-2) HCl. As is established, the maximum apatite content is characteristic of fraction L-1, while fraction L-2 is enriched in products of dolomite and sulfide dissolution and in elements leached from siliciclastic components. The Sr content in the Satka apatites (280–560 ppm) is substantially lower as compared with that in unaltered marine apatite. The 87Sr/86Sr “initial ratio in the phosphorites studied (0.71705–0.72484) and host dolomites from the lower part of the Satka Formation is significantly higher than in the Early Riphean seawater that indicates a reset of the Rb-Sr original systems in sediments. The Pb-Pb age of 1340 ± 30 Ma (MSWD = 6.4) estimated based on 7 data points characterizing fractions L-1 and L-2 is younger than the formation time of overlying Burzyan sediments, being consistent, within the error range, with date of the Mashak rifting event recorded at the Early-Middle Riphean boundary. The comparative U-Pb characteristics of two soluble fractions (L-1 and L-2) and silicate residue of phosphorites show that epigenetic redistribution of Pb and U was characteristic of the phosphorite horizon only. The initial Pb isotope composition and μ (238U/204Pb) estimated according to model by Stacey and Kramers for the early diagenetic fluids in carbonate and phosphate sediments of the Satka Formation suggest that they were in isotopic equilibrium with erosion products of the Taratash crystalline complex.  相似文献   

5.
Trace element and isotopic compositions of mid-Tertiary siliceous magma sequences from two localities of the Sierra Madre Occidental, northern Mexico, display differences that reflect the composition and age of the basement through which they erupted. The crust beneath the section at San Buenaventura is thicker and more evolved and forms part of the North American basement, while that under El Divisadero consists of allochthonous terranes of island arc/oceanic? crust accreted during the Mesozoic.The volcanics are highly differentiated and range in composition from basalt to rhyolite (SiO2=50–76%). Those erupted through the accreted terranes display a small range of isotope ratios and have lowest initial (age-corrected) Sr isotope ratios (>0.7044) and the highest Nd (<0.5126) and Pb isotope ratios (206Pb/204Pb ∼18.9). Isotope ratios of the continental suite are more variable and form an array which trends away from that of the accreted terrane suite toward compositions more typical of old crust (to 87Sr/86Sr ∼0.710 and 143Nd/144Nd ∼0.5123). The volcanics in the continental zone are relatively more enriched in moderately incompatible elements compared with those within the accreted terranes (Ce/Yb=25–45 vs. 13–33, respectively), but are depleted in some highly incompatible elements such as U and Rb (e.g., Th/U=3.8–7.5 vs. 2.5–4.0, respectively). Those higher in the stratigraphic sections have higher 87Sr/86Sr, 208Pb/204Pb, and Th/U ratios, and lower 143Nd/144Nd ratios than those lower in the sections.The data have implications for the nature of the sources and the petrogenesis of these volcanics. The isotope ratios of both suites fall between those of mafic magma compositions from the Sierra Madre Occidental, and intermediate and felsic lower crustal xenoliths in northern Mexico and the southwestern USA. The relationship between the isotope ratios of the sequences and the age of the basement, combined with the fact that the overall data set forms well-defined isotopic arrays, demonstrates the strong effects of the crust on the chemistry of the silicic magmas. In the continental suite, isotope ratios covary with Th/Pb and U/Pb ratios, approaching the compositions found in the intermediate and felsic granulite facies xenoliths, strongly indicating that they are not anatectic melts of the lower crust but rather reflect interaction between mantle-derived basaltic parental magmas and the crust. Crustal contributions appear to be large, on the order of 20–70%. The small range of isotope ratios in the accreted terrane suite appears to reflect interaction of the basaltic parent with relatively juvenile crust whose isotopic composition is similar to the mantle-derived magmas. High Th/U and Th/Rb ratios indicate that the crustal contamination occurs in the lower crust. Moreover, the less radiogenic 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb ratios in the continental suite indicate that the depletion in highly incompatible elements in the continental lower crust is an old feature. The secular changes in the isotope ratios within the stratigraphic sections indicate increasingly shallow crustal contributions with time, initially by predominantly mafic deep lower crust and later by more felsic middle crust. Using lavas from outside of the two heavily sampled stratigraphic sections, the differences in the isotopic compositions between volcanics erupted through the accreted terranes and the continental basement help to delineate the location of the boundary.  相似文献   

6.
The Ca isotope variation of 11 Miocene and Pleistocene, authigenic, marine phosphates is rather small compared to the corresponding variation in δ18O values. The δ44Ca values are not correlated with the δ18O values and, therefore, they are not temperature controlled. It is likely that the δ44Ca values of the phosphorites reflect the variation in the δ44Ca values of paleo-seawater but, in contrast to Sr, not the isotopic composition of seawater itself. Furthermore, Ca and Sr isotopic compositions are decoupled with decreasing stratigraphic age of the phosphate peloids with Sr isotopic compositions changing to more radiogenic values while Ca isotopic compositions remain rather stable. All samples have δ44Ca values below present-day seawater values, suggesting that phosphate formation discriminates against heavy Ca isotopes.Phosphorites and carbonaceous sediments have a similar Ca isotopic variation during the Miocene. A systematic and more or less constant shift between marine carbonates and phosphates is observed: the phosphate samples are slightly less enriched in 40Ca compared to carbonates. This shift has been related to a mineral-dependent kinetic mass fractionation during precipitation from seawater. The rather stable δ44Ca value for the 19 to 9 Ma old phosphorites points to a constant δ44Ca fractionation of about 1.1 between seawater and phosphorites during the past and suggests steady-state conditions for the Mid-Miocene seawater (sedimentation flux equals erosion flux).  相似文献   

7.
埃迪卡拉纪是地球第二次大规模成磷时期,全球各大陆均有这次成磷事件的记录。目前对于该时期成磷事件的形成 尚未有广泛接受的地球化学模型解释。而磷酸盐的沉积受海水氧化还原条件的控制,因此通过该时期磷块岩沉积与海水氧 化还原条件演变之间关系的研究可为全球大规模成磷事件的沉积地球化学模型建立提供验证。文章通过对扬子板块埃迪卡 拉纪不同相区磷块岩中碳酸盐组分稀土元素分析,结果表明磷块岩形成时底层海水处于次氧化-接近氧化的不稳定状态, 氧化还原界面沿浅海-大陆架呈现动态变化的特征,为磷块岩的大规模形成提供最佳沉积地球化学条件。合适的海水化学 条件及丰富的磷质来源,大大增加了磷块岩沉积的空间和机会,导致了地质历史时期第二次全球规模成磷发生。  相似文献   

8.
为重建黔中地区震旦纪陡山沱期古海洋环境,选取小河磷矿(XH)、息烽磷矿(XF)含磷岩系剖面,通过系统采样及岩矿鉴定、扫描电镜、微量元素和稀土元素分析,揭示古海洋环境对磷块岩沉积的影响作用。结果表明,磷矿成矿受黔中古陆长期剥蚀夷平形成的无障壁海岸海滩环境控制。陡山沱期洋水组磷块岩Sr/Ba值一般大于1,均值分别为1.90(XH)和0.95(XF),而澄江组沉积物Sr/Ba值均小于1,均值分别为0.11(XH)和0.18(XF),说明沉积环境由澄江期的湖泊相转变为陡山沱期的海相。小河剖面V/Cr和Ni/Co均值分别为1.77和2.17,息烽剖面V/Cr和Ni/Co均值分别为1.26和2.83,均位于弱氧化—氧化区间。息烽磷矿磷块岩δCe为0.75~0.95,均值0.85,小河磷矿磷块岩δCe为0.74~1.09,均值0.88,Ce负异常由底部至顶部逐渐增大,显示沉积环境由次氧化—氧化的转变。这种氧化转变不仅造成了浅水富磷海岸大洋生产力的提升,进一步促使与生物作用相关的磷块岩沉积,同时造成的生命演化也改变了大洋含氧结构,因此成磷环境的氧化转变是对新元古代氧化事件与生命演化的响应。  相似文献   

9.
Fossil shark teeth and coprolites from three major phosphorite occurrences in the Gafsa Basin (southwestern Tunisia) were investigated for their geochemical compositions to improve local stratigraphy and to better assess paleoenvironmental conditions. 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of shark teeth from the Early Maastrichtian El Haria Formation and from the Early Eocene Métlaoui s.s. Formation yielded Sr isotope ages of 68 ± 1 and 47.9 ± 1.3 Ma, respectively, which accord with the expected stratigraphic positions of these sediments. Conversely, shark teeth from the Paleocene–Eocene Chouabine Formation have large variation in Sr isotope ratios even within individual layers. After statistical treatment and then elimination of certain outlier samples, three age-models are proposed and discussed. The most reasonable solution includes three subsequent Sr ages of 61.8 ± 2.2 Ma, 57.2 ± 1.8 and 54.6 ± 1.6 for layer IX, layers VIII–V and layers IV–0, respectively. Three scenarios are discussed for explanation of the presence of the outliers: (1) diagenesis, (2) re-working and (3) locally controlled seawater Sr isotope ratio. The most plausible account for the higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios relative to the global ocean in some fossils is enhanced intrabasinal re-working due to low sea level. Conversely, the sample with lower 87Sr/86Sr than the global seawater may link to diagenesis or to seawater influenced by weathering of Late Cretaceous marine carbonates, which latter is supported by model calculation as well. The εNd values of these fossils are very similar to those reported for Paleogene and Late Cretaceous Tethyan seawater and are compatible with the above interpretations. The relatively low oxygen isotope values in shark teeth from the topmost phosphate bed of the Chouabine Formation, together with the Sr isotope results, point toward recovering better connections with the open sea. These δ18O data reflect elevated ambient temperature, which may link to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum.  相似文献   

10.
The Jurassic ophiolites in the South Apuseni Mountains represent remnants of the Neotethys Ocean and belong to the East Vardar ophiolites that contain ophiolite fragments as well as granitoids and volcanics with island-arc affinity. New U–Pb zircon ages, and Sr and Nd isotope ratios give insights into their tectono-magmatic history. The ophiolite lithologies show tholeiitic MOR-type affinities, but are occasionally slightly enriched in Th and U, and depleted in Nb, which indicates that they probably formed in a marginal or back-arc basin. These ophiolites are associated with calc-alkaline granitoids and volcanics, which show trace element signatures characteristic for subduction-enrichment (high LILE, low HFSE). Low 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.703836–0.704550) and high 143Nd/144Nd ratios (0.512599–0.512616) of the calc-alkaline series overlap with the ratios measured in the ophiolitic rocks (0.703863–0.704303 and 0.512496–0.512673), and hence show no contamination with continental crust. This excludes a collisional to post-collisional origin of the granitoids and is consistent with the previously proposed intra-oceanic island arc setting. The new U–Pb ages of the ophiolite lithologies (158.9–155.9 Ma, Oxfordian to Early Kimmeridgian) and granitoids (158.6–152.9 Ma, latest Oxfordian to Late Kimmeridgian) indicate that the two distinct magmatic series evolved within a narrow time range. It is proposed that the ophiolites and island arc granitoids formed above a long-lived NE-dipping subduction zone. A sudden flip in subduction polarity led to collision between island arc and continental margin, immediately followed by obduction of the ophiolites and granitoids on top of the continental margin of the Dacia Mega-Unit. Since the granitoids lack crustal input, they must have intruded the Apuseni ophiolites before both magmatic sequences were obducted onto the continental margin. The age of the youngest granitoid (~153 Ma, Late Kimmeridgian) yields an estimate for the maximum age of emplacement of the South Apuseni ophiolites and associated granitoids onto the Dacia Mega-Unit.  相似文献   

11.
Major and trace element composition of the Ordovician Obolus phosphorites and associated Dictyonema shales were determined by ICP-MS and chemical and microchemical elemental analyses. Relative to the phosphorites, the Dictyonema shales are substantially enriched in a variety of trace elements, except for As, Be, Co, Y, REE, Sr, and Pb. The Obolus phosphorites show enrichment of As, Bi, Hg, Mo, La, Y, Pb, and Sr and depletion of Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hf, Ni, Sc, Sn, U, V, Zn, and Zr relative to the world average phosphorite composition. The average trace element composition of the Dictyonema shales is close to the mean shale composition, except for higher contents of Mo, Hg, Pb, Se, Ta, Te, Th, V, and U and lower contents of Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Re, Sr, and Zn. The results suggest that the change from phosphate sedimentation in aerated environments to anoxic carbonaceous sedimentation was accompanied by changes in the composition and concentration of trace elements in the sediment. Both facies show similar trends of trace element distribution indicative of the stability of the composition of seawater and terrigenous sediment input.  相似文献   

12.
High-K mafic alkalic lavas (5.4 to 3.2 wt% K2O) from Deep Springs Valley, California define good correlations of increasing incompatible element (e.g., Sr, Zr, Ba, LREE) and compatible element contents (e.g., Ni, Cr) with increasing MgO. Strontium and Nd isotope compositions are also correlated with MgO; 87Sr/86Sr ratios decrease and ɛNd values increase with decreasing MgO. The Sr and Nd isotope compositions of these lavas are extreme compared to most other continental and oceanic rocks; 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.7121 to 0.7105 and ɛNd values range from −16.9 to −15.4. Lead isotope ratios are relatively constant, 206Pb/204Pb ∼17.2, 207Pb/204Pb ∼15.5, and 208Pb/204Pb ∼38.6. Depleted mantle model ages calculated using Sr and Nd isotopes imply that the reservoir these lavas were derived from has been distinct from the depleted mantle reservoir since the early Proterozoic. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotope variations of the Deep Springs Valley lavas are unique because they do not plot along either the EM I or EM II arrays. For example, most basalts that have low ɛNd values and unradiogenic 206Pb/204Pb ratios have relatively low 87Sr/86Sr ratios (the EM I array), whereas basalts with low ɛNd values and high 87Sr/86Sr ratios have radiogenic 206Pb/204Pb ratios (the EM II array). High-K lavas from Deep Springs Valley have EM II-like Sr and Nd isotope compositions, but EM I-like Pb isotope compositions. A simple method for producing the range of isotopic and major- and trace-element variations in the Deep Springs Valley lavas is by two-component mixing between this unusual K-rich mantle source and a more typical depleted mantle basalt. We favor passage of MORB-like magmas that partially fused and were contaminated by potassic magmas derived from melting high-K mantle veins that were stored in the lithospheric mantle. The origin of the anomalously high 87Sr/86Sr and 208Pb/204Pb ratios and low ɛNd values and 206Pb/204Pb ratios requires addition of an old component with high Rb/Sr and Th/Pb ratios but low Sm/Nd and U/Pb ratios into the mantle source region from which these basalts were derived. This old component may be sediments that were introduced into the mantle, either during Proterozoic subduction, or by foundering of Proterozoic age crust into the mantle at some time prior to eruption of the lavas. Received: 28 February 1997 / Accepted: 9 July 1998  相似文献   

13.
《Applied Geochemistry》1988,3(2):173-176
The87Sr/86Sr ratios of 10 formation waters in petroleum and natural gas reservoirs along the western coast of northeastern Honshu, Japan, ranged from 0.7052 to 0.7084, and are distinctly lower than the ratio in seawater. This forms a marked contrast to oil-field brines from the U.S.A. which have higher87Sr/86Sr ratios. Taking into consideration that petroleum and natural gas in Japan accumulate in volcanic rocks derived from intense submarine volcanism in the Middle Miocene, the87Sr/86Sr ratios of the water samples are explained in terms of the isotope exchange between waters containing seawater Sr and reservoir rocks with lower ratios.  相似文献   

14.
The Band-e-Hezarchah granitoids (BHG) is located in the northern margin of the central Iran, where the very old continental crust of Iran is found. The BHG mainly include granodiorite, granite and leucogranite. Small meta-gabbroic stocks and dykes are associated with BHG. U–Pb zircon dating of the BHG granites and metabasites yield 238U/206Pb crystallization ages of ca. 553.6 and 533.5 Ma respectively (Ediacaran–early Cambrian). The metabasites have calc-alkaline signature and their magmas seem to have originated from a mantle wedge above a subduction zone. These rocks are thought to be formed in a continental back-arc setting, related to the oblique subduction of Proto-Tethys oceanic lithosphere beneath the northern margin of Gondwanan supercontinent during Ediacaran–Cambrian time. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and ɛNd (t) values for metabasites are change from 0.705 to 0.706 and −3.5 to −3.6 respectively. Sr–Nd isotope composition of metabasites indicates that these rocks were derived from a subcontinental lithospheric mantle source. The BHG and associated metabasites are coeval with other similar aged metagranites and gneisses from Iranian basements exposed in central Iran, Sanandaj-Sirjan and Alborz zones. These rocks were formed due to continental arc magmatism of Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian, bordering the northern active margin of Gondwana.  相似文献   

15.
Weng'an phosphorites are located at the east of Central Guizhou oldland and are important constituent of Hubei-Hunan-Guizhou phosphorite belt. Among them,the Datang ore block developed intact Early Ediacaran stratigraphic sequence,and the phosphorite occurred in the Doushantuo Formation which are divided into the lower layer of dolomite, layer A, the upper layer of dolomite, and layer B. Geochemistry showed that the P2O5 concentration of phosphorites in the layer A was higher than that of layer B,while the Sr and Mg/Ca were opposite. These characteristics indicate the degree of aridity and torridity increased from layer A to layer B. δ13C,δ18O,and Z value in layer A are -4.30‰-2.03‰, -11.30‰-7.53‰, and 112119,respectively,and those of layer B are -1.16‰1.49‰, -8.41‰-2.26‰, and 123129,respectively,indicating that the salinity increased from layer A to layer B. Ceanom of the layer A are greater than -0.1, whereas those of the layer B are less than -0.1, suggesting the redox conditions changing from anoxic to oxic. The NASC-normalized REE distribution patterns of the layer A show “left-inclining”,indicating the input of hydrothermal fluids. Furthermore,the Si,Al,and Ti content in the phosphorite and the periodical change of δ13C indicate the input of terrigenous weathering and deep seawater. The “left-inclining”REE plots,high psephicity,and intraclast and blocky textures of phosphate from the layer A collectively suggest the phosphorite formed via mechanical power of seawater. The “hat-shaped”REE plots and microbial debris of phosphate from the layer B indicate the phosphorite formed via microbially mediated accretionary growth.  相似文献   

16.
瓮安磷矿为鄂—湘—黔成矿带的重要组成部分,位于黔中古陆的东侧,其中,大塘矿段位于发育完整的下震旦统陡山沱组中,该组地层自下而上为下白云岩段、A矿层、上白云岩段和B矿层。元素地球化学特征表明: A矿层P2O5高于B矿层,而Sr含量、Mg/Ca值却相反,表明从A矿层到B矿层,气候干旱炎热程度升高。碳酸盐C、O同位素表明: δ13C、δ18O和Z值在A矿层分别为-4.30‰~-2.03‰、-11.30‰~-7.53‰、112~119,B矿层分别为-1.16‰~1.49‰、-8.41‰~-2.26‰、123~129,表明A矿层的盐度较低,B矿层的盐度较高。Ceanom在A矿层均大于-0.1,在B矿层均小于-0.1,另外,Mo、U、V元素在A矿层高于B矿层,表明氧化还原条件从A矿层的还原转变为B矿层的氧化条件。A矿层稀土元素呈“左倾型”配分曲线和热水元素的富集,指示海相热水输入;Si、Al、Ti含量占一定比例,指示了陆源风化物质输入;δ13C阶段性变化指示了上升洋流带来的深海海水,因此,陡山沱组磷块岩成矿物质可能有多个来源。A矿层“左倾型”稀土配分曲线以及磷酸盐球状、团块状结构和较高磨圆度,表明其成矿作用机制主要为海水机械动力;B矿层稀土元素呈“帽型”配分模式和大量微生物碎屑发育,表明其成矿机制主要为微生物生长成矿作用,伴随海水机械动力。  相似文献   

17.
Based on detailed petrological, geochemical, and isotope-geochemical study, fragments of fresh pillow lavas with chilled glass margins dredged at the Sierra-Leone test site in the axial MAR rift zone between 5° and 7°N correspond to MORB tholeiites, which are not primitive mantle melts but were differentiated in intermediate magmatic (intrusive) chambers. Small-scale geochemical and Sr-Nd isotope heterogeneities were established for the first time in the basalts and their glasses. It was shown that some samples show significant nonsystematic differences in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio between the basalts and their chilled glasses and less significant difference in ?Nd; higher Sr ratios can be observed both in the glasses and basalts of the same lava fragments. No significant correlation is observed between the isotope characteristics of the samples and their geochemistry; it was also shown that seawater did not affect the Sr and Nd isotope composition of the chilled glasses of the studied pillow lavas. It is suggested that such differences in isotope ratios are related to a small-scale heterogeneity of the melts owing to incomplete homogenization during their rapid ascent to the surface. The heterogeneity of the basaltic melts is explained by their partial contamination by the older plutonic rocks (especially gabbroids) of the lower oceanic crust, through which they ascended to the ocean floor surface. The wider scatter of the Sr isotopic ratios relative to Nd is related to the presence of xenocrysts of calcic plagioclase; correspondingly, the absence of a Nd mineral carrier in the rocks results in less distinct Nd isotope variations. It was shown that all of the studied basalts define a single trend along the mantle correlation array in the Sr-Nd isotope diagram. The causes of this phenomenon remain unclear.  相似文献   

18.
Nd and Sr isotope analyses are presented for gangue mineral samples from the giant carbonate-hosted Navan Zn–Pb deposit, Ireland, and for rocks from which Navan metals may have been derived. Analysis of gangue minerals spanning the Navan paragenetic sequence reveals systematic evolution in the composition of the mineralising fluid. Early fluid represented by replacive dolomite exhibits the lowest initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7083–0.7086), closest to that of the host limestone and to Lower Carboniferous seawater, and the highest 143Nd/144Nd ratio (0.51161–0.51176). Later generations of dolomite, barite and calcite, which encompass sulphide precipitation, have higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (maximum 0.7105) and lower initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios (minimum 0.51157). All samples have initial Nd isotope ratios that are too low to have been acquired only from the host limestone. Drill core samples of presumed Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary rocks from beneath the Navan orebody have 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratios at the time of mineralisation of 0.51184–0.51217 and 0.7086–0.7138, respectively. The data are interpreted to indicate mixing of sulphide-rich, limestone-buffered brine, with a metal-bearing hydrothermal fluid, which had passed through sub-Carboniferous rocks, consistent with published fluid inclusion and S isotope data. The 143Nd/144Nd ratio of this basement-derived fluid is too low to have been imparted by flow through the Devonian Old Red Sandstone, as required in models of regional fluid flow in response to Hercynian uplift. Irrespective of whether such regional fluid flow occurred, the hydrothermal Nd must have been derived from sub-Devonian rocks. These conclusions broadly support the hydrothermal convection cell model in which brines, ultimately of surface origin, penetrated to a depth of several kilometres, leaching metals from the rocks through which they passed. The data also support increasing depth of penetration of convection cells with time. Metals were subsequently precipitated in carbonate rocks at sites of mixing with cooler, sulphide-rich fluids. However, comparison of the Navan hydrothermal gangue Nd–Sr isotope data with data from Lower Palaeozoic rocks strongly suggests that the latter cannot alone account for the “basement” signature. As the Navan deposit lies immediately north of the Iapetus Suture, this suggests that the Laurentian margin includes Precambrian basement.  相似文献   

19.
The Nd and Sr isotopic ratios on a suite of continental alkali basalts from Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, define a change in the source over the range of K/Ar dates between 1 and 28 m.y. ago. The 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios (0.7026 to 0.7031) are unusually low for continental alkali basalts, although the corresponding 143Nd/144Nd ratios (0.51283 to 0.51299) are similar to previously reported values. On a 87Sr/86Sr vs. 143Nd/144Nd diagram, they define a trend on the low 87Sr/86Sr side of the “mantle array”, which has a slope steeper than the mantle array. An explanation for the light rare earth elements (LREE) enrichment of the alkali basalts, with high 143Nd/144Nd ratios and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios, is suggested by a model which modifies the source region with a mantle-derived, CO2-enriched metasomatic fluid.  相似文献   

20.
湘西渣滓溪钨锑矿床白钨矿的Sm-Nd和Sr同位素地球化学   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
彭建堂 《地质学报》2008,82(11):1514-1521
渣滓溪钨锑矿床位于湘西雪峰山弧形构造带的中段,是我国典型的脉状充填型锑矿床。本文对渣滓溪矿区不同产状产出的白钨矿进行了Sm-Nd和Sr同位素研究。研究表明,渣滓溪矿区白钨矿Sm/Nd变化范围相对较宽（0.36~0.63）,143Nd/144Nd为0.51211~0.51288;在147Sm/144Nd-143Nd/144Nd图解中,该矿白钨矿样品没有明显的线性分布趋势,无法厘定出该矿的准确成矿时间。该矿白钨矿的Nd(t)明显可分为两组（-10.2~-14.7和-3.79~+0.01）,其成矿流体中的Nd主要有两个来源,一部分可能来自晚元古代地层或下伏陆壳基底的碎屑岩,另一部分很可能与冷家溪群的基性、超基性岩有关。与Nd同位素不同,渣滓溪成矿流体中Sr同位素组成均一化程度较高,该矿白钨矿87Sr/86Sr为0.7304~0.7329;该矿这种明显富放射成因87Sr的成矿热液,排除了成矿流体来自海水和赋矿围岩作为唯一矿源层的可能性,下伏陆壳的结晶基底很可能是这种高放射成因Sr的提供者。沃溪和渣滓溪矿区白钨矿Sr-Nd同位素组成的对比研究表明,两矿区的成矿物质来源有所不同,前者应来自一种更古老、更成熟、更富放射成因Sr的下伏陆壳基底。  相似文献   

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