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1.
气溶胶对热带气旋强度及电过程影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
将详细的气溶胶活化方案和非感应起电参数化方案耦合到WRF模式的Morrison微物理方案中,在此基础上模拟了理想的热带气旋个例,讨论了气溶胶对热带气旋强度及电活动的影响。研究发现气溶胶对热带气旋强度和电活动的影响在不同发展阶段是不同的。在热带气旋发展阶段,气溶胶增加使云内的云滴数浓度增加,云滴尺度降低,抑制了暖雨过程,未降落的小云滴粒子上升到冻结层之上,冻结形成了更多的冰相粒子,冻结过程释放潜热,激发云系对流发展,使热带气旋强度增强,电活动更为剧烈。而在热带气旋成熟阶段,污染个例中的冰相粒子降落,形成更多的降水,降水粒子在下落过程中对上升气流产生拖曳作用,抑制对流强度。降水粒子在海平面蒸发吸收了大量潜热,使该区域温度降低,这也阻碍了外部暖湿能量向内输送,抑制了对流发展,从而使热带气旋强度降低。而由于污染个例中的冰粒子较少,参与起电过程的冰粒子减少,热带气旋的电活动强度降低。 相似文献
2.
The latest version of sea spray flux parameterization scheme developed by Andreas is coupled
with the PSU/NCAR model MM5 in this paper. A western Pacific tropical cyclone named Nabi in 2005 is
simulated using this coupled air-sea spray modeling system to study the impacts of sea spray evaporation
on the evolution of tropical cyclones. The results demonstrate that sea spray can lead to a significant
increase of heat fluxes in the air-sea interface, especially the latent heat flux, the maximum of which can
increase by up to about 35% - 80% The latent heat flux seems to be more important than the sensible heat
flux for the evolution of tropical cyclones. Regardless of whether sea spray fluxes have been considered,
the model can always simulate the track of Nabi well, which seems to indicate that sea spray has little
impact on the movement of tropical cyclones. However, with sea spray fluxes taken into account in the
model, the intensity of a simulated tropical cyclone can have significant increase. Due to the enhancement
of water vapor and heat from the sea surface to the air caused by sea spray, the warm core structure is
better-defined, the minimum sea level pressure decreases and the vertical speed is stronger around the eye
in the experiments, which is propitious to the development and evolution of tropical cyclones. 相似文献
3.
台湾岛地形诱生次级环流系统对热带气旋异常运动的影响机制 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
对经过中国台湾岛和海南岛、吕宋岛、日本诸岛以及朝鲜半岛的热带气旋在过岛前后的运动、结构和强度的时空变化进行了统计诊断分析。研究结果表明,台湾岛附近热带气旋运动左偏（定义为偏于以前路径的左侧）机率最大,且台湾岛周围是产生诱生低压的高频区。采用理想东、西风环境场作为数值模拟背景场,数值研究了岛屿地形强迫与台湾附近的环境流场的相互作用及其对热带气旋运动偏转的影响,提出了岛屿地形强迫、背景场和热带气旋涡旋三者相互作用对热带气旋路径突然转折影响的观点,即台湾地形有利于环境场中诱生出一对偏差偶极涡,这对诱生偏差偶极涡将导致逼近岛屿的热带气旋产生运动方向的突然偏折,且在不同基本气流条件下,岛屿地形对热带气旋运动可能产生显著不同的影响。 相似文献
4.
登陆热带气旋研究的进展 总被引：120，自引：12，他引：120
随着大气探测技术的发展 ,登陆热带气旋研究已经成为热带气旋研究中一个新的领域。新的探测技术能初步揭示出热带气旋登陆过程中发生的多种改变。近年来 ,国内外科学家实施了一系列外场科学试验 (Fieldscientificexperi ments) ,对登陆热带气旋进行探测和研究 ,旨在提高预报的准确率。登陆热带气旋研究内容包括 :海岸和内陆山脉地形影响 ,结构和强度变化 ,登陆热带气旋的暴雨强度和分布 ,大风强度和分布 ,风暴潮强度和范围 ,登陆热带气旋在陆上的维持机制 ,陆地涡旋的路径和入海加强 ,边界层结构 ,陆面过程和能量交换 ,变性过程等。研究采用外场科学试验与数值模拟相结合的方法。模拟或预报模式中使用同化资料尤其是卫星同化资料来构造初值场 ,取得较好结果。登陆热带气旋的研究目前正在展开 ,并取得了一些重要结果。研究表明 ,潜热释放和斜压位能释放是近海或登陆热带气旋加强或维持的两种主要能源。这两种能量可分别从水汽输送和热带气旋与中纬度环流的相互作用中获得。另外 ,陆面饱和湿地或水面的潜热输送、热带气旋与中尺度涡旋或热带云团的合并以及高空流出气流强辐散也对其加强和维持有利。世界气象组织的热带气象研究计划 (TMRP)正在组织对这一领域的总结和下一步的研究计划。这项研究将对预报和 相似文献
5.
To examine effects of sea spray evaporation and dissipative heating on structure and intensity of a real tropical cyclone,the sea spray flux parameterization scheme was incorporated into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model(MM5).Sensitivity tests were performed with varying the spray source function intensities and with and without dissipation heating.The numerical results indicate that sea spray evaporation increases the interfacial sensible heat flux,which is increased by 16% for the moderate spray and 47% for the heavy spray,but has little effect on the interfacial latent heat flux.The net effect of sea spray evaporation is to decrease the total sensible heat flux and to increase the total latent heat flux.The total enthalpy flux is increased by 1% and 12% with moderate and strong spray amounts,respectively.Consistent with these results,the intensity of the tropical cyclone is increased by 5% and 16% in maximum 10-m wind speed,respectively,due to sea spray evaporation.Sea spray evaporation and dissipative heating modify the tropical cyclone structure in important but complex ways.The effect of sea spray on the near-surface temperature and moisture depends on the spray amounts and its location within the tropical cyclone.Within the high-wind region of a tropical cyclone,the lower atmosphere becomes cooler and moister due to the evaporation of sea spray.However,the dissipative heating offsets the cooling due to sea spray evaporation,which makes the lower atmosphere warmer. 相似文献
6.
This paper comprehensively analyzes the characteristics and cause of the inshore intensification of super typhoon "Hato", the 13 th super typhoon in 2017. The aspects of typhoon structure, evolution of large-scale circulation and physical quantity field are analyzed using observation data from the Guangdong Automatic Station, Shenzhen Doppler Radar data, NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data, NCEP 0.25°×0.25° sea surface temperature(SST) data, etc.Additionally, in order to investigate the influence of SST change on the intensity of "Hato", the WRF model and ECMWF 0.125°×0.125° reanalysis data are combined to conduct 3 sensitivity tests on"Hato". The results show that the favorable conditions for inshore intensification of "Hato"included the strengthening and westward extension of the subtropical high, continuous increase of low level moisture transport, an anomalous warm SST area north of 20°N in the South China Sea, an extreme divergence value in the northern South China Sea exceeding 6 ×10-5 s-1, and vertical environmental wind shear between 1.1 m/s-4.8 m/s. The intensity of"Hato"was very sensitive to changes in SST. When the SST rose or dropped by 2℃, the minimum central pressure of the typhoon changed by about 13 hPa or 11 hPa,respectively. SST indirectly influenced the intensity of the typhoon through affecting latent heat transport and sensible heat transport. 相似文献
7.
The impact is studied of small land areas on the configuration and structure of the tropical cyclone as well as on the variations
of different characteristics of hurricanes (wind field, kinetic energy, and vorticity) during their passage over islands.
The results of computations based on the regional numerical atmospheric ETA model for the hurricanes of the Caribbean Sea
and typhoons of the Northwestern Pacific revealed that the disturbance of the symmetric circulation in the vortex accompanied
by significant kinetic energy losses takes place when crossing the archipelagos or separate islands. It is demonstrated that
the vortex intensity depends not on the energy loss due to the underlying surface roughness only but on the heat flux from
it as well. The kinetic energy generation in the hurricane sharply decreases as a result of the decrease in the pressure gradient
over the land that is caused, in turn, by the tropical cyclone moving away from the oceanic heat source. At the recurring
appearance of the cyclone over the warm ocean waters, its deepening and intensification recommence. 相似文献
8.
探究台风“灿都”经过吕宋海峡附近时的海洋变化过程及其对黑潮入侵吕宋海峡的影响。基于涡尺度海洋再分析资料和中国气象局台风最佳路径数据,研究台风“灿都”经过吕宋海峡附近时海洋热力和动力结构的变化,及吕宋海峡输运对台风的响应。台风“灿都”经过菲律宾东部海域的次表层暖涡维持其强度并发展至巅峰阶段,沿途造成海温降低、海表高度降低、混合层加深等。台风位于吕宋海峡中线附近时,其右侧的暖涡与其发生相互作用,暖涡整体结构被打破。台风到达台湾岛东侧时,遇到其东侧的冷涡并使其加强,强化的负反馈机制使台风强度迅速减弱。在吕宋海峡附近,台风增强了从南海的输出流,抑制了黑潮向南海的入侵流。海峡剖面热能输送的变化与水体输运的变化较一致,而热含量的变化主要受到台风引起的输运异常的间接影响。中尺度涡旋在台风“灿都”发展过程中发挥着重要的作用,台风与暖涡的作用可能打破暖涡结构,与冷涡相遇则会使其加强。台风改变吕宋海峡输运结构主要是抑制中部入侵流和促进南侧输出流,激发出的海峡剖面上的输运异常波动在深层领先于浅层。 相似文献
9.
THE ROLE OF COLD AIR AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER VAPOR IN BOTH TCS NANMADOL (0428) AND IRMA (7427) MAKING LANDFALL
ON CHINA IN WINTERTIME 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to investigate the role of cold air and moisture
characteristics during the evolution of two cases of tropical cyclones (Nanmadol and Irma) which made
landfall on China in wintertime. The results are shown as follows. (1) The East Asia trough steered the
cold air into the tropical ocean in early winter. The tropical cyclones moved in opposite directions with a
high moving out to sea and the enhancement of the pressure gradient at the periphery played a role in
maintaining and strengthening the intensity of the storms. The intrusion of weak cold air into the low
levels of the tropical cyclones strengthened them by improving the cyclonic disturbance when they were
still over the warm sea surface. When the cold air was strong enough and intruded into the eyes, the warm
cores were damaged and stuffed before dissipation. (2) The tropical cyclones were formed in a convergence
zone of moisture flux and their development could enhance the disturbance of water vapor convergence,
thus strengthening the moisture convergence zone. However, when they were outside the moisture zone,
the storms could not gain sufficient water vapor and became weak. There were no belts of strong moisture
transportation during the wintertime tropical cyclone processes. 相似文献
10.
热带气旋强度变化研究进展 总被引：78，自引：10，他引：68
自20世纪90年代后期以来,热带气旋强度变化研究越来越受到人们的重视,随着研究的不断深入,热带气旋强度变化研究取得了可喜的进展,文中总结近年来热带气旋强度变化的主要研究成果,主要包括(1)热带气旋的发生、发展和最大可能强度的研究;(2)行星涡度梯度、环境均匀流、环境流场垂直切变以及热带气旋外流与环境流的相互作用对热带气旋强度的影响及物理机制;(3)热带气旋结构与强度的变化关系,着重总结环境流场导致的非对称结构变化而引起的热带气旋强度变化以及对涡旋倾斜发展理论验证,分析了涡旋Rossby波的最新研究;(4)海洋热状况变化以及海洋飞沫对热带气旋强度的影响研究成果。分析指出,今后进一步开展用现代化卫星探测资料研究热带气旋强度变化外,还应加强热带气旋外流与环境流场的相互作用,海-气交界面的参数化问题,热带气旋结构变化与TC强度变化关系以及这种关系的物理本质的研究,通过深入研究,认识热带气旋强度变化的物理机制,提高热带气旋强度变化的预报能力。 相似文献
11.
运用美国NOAA-15极轨气象卫星高分辨率的AMSU探测资料, 结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和GMS-5气象卫星红外云顶亮温(TBB)资料, 对2004年Chaba(0417)台风(TC)变性前后的热力结构特征进行分析。发现变性前TC暖核结构呈对称分布, 在高空存在一强暖心; 变性后原TC对称暖心结构消失, 存在于温带气旋上空的相对暖区呈现出倾斜的非对称分布, 在高、低层各形成一弱的暖区中心, 锋面的斜压特性显著。通过热力结构对比, 进一步揭示出TC在向高纬度方向移动时, 与中纬度系统相互作用发生变性, 实质上是两个相继过程, 即热带气旋的消亡和温带气旋的生成发展。TC西侧高空干冷空气的入侵下沉, 破坏了其发展所需的水汽条件, 造成TC对称暖核结构的削弱和损毁。与此同时, 在TC残留区域, 由于空气较暖且存在气旋式环流, 暖空气在东侧呈气旋式上升, 与西侧高空入侵下沉的干冷空气形成偶极, TC暖气团与冷空气相交发展形成斜压的结果, 则为温带气旋的生成和发展创造了有利条件。 相似文献
12.
初始涡旋结构对热带气旋强度变化影响的数值研究 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
本文利用中尺度WRF模式,通过构造3个位于不同高度上强度相同的初始涡旋暖心中心(分别称为Low试验、Mid试验和High试验),认识暖心垂直结构对热带气旋发展的影响。理想数值试验发现,在积分6 h后在Low试验和Mid试验中最大风速半径开始收缩,眼墙内对流发展,高层暖心发展明显比High试验强,强度增加明显快于High试验,达到快速增强的标准。进一步诊断发现,暖心偏低的试验中初始CAPE值较大,低层风垂直切变较强,有利于眼墙内对流发展,非绝热加热在高层暖心形成过程中起重要作用,最大风速半径收缩比High试验快,热带气旋强度快速增加。本研究清楚表明,数值预报模式中构造初始涡旋的暖心高度对模拟热带气旋的强度发展有重要影响。 相似文献
13.
Three experiments for the simulation of typhoon Sinlaku (2002) over the western North Pacific are performed in this study by using the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) atmospheric model. The objective of these simulations is to investigate the air-sea interaction during extreme weather conditions, and to determine the sensitivity of the typhoon evolution to the sea surface temperature (SST)cooling induced by the typhoon. It is shown from the three experiments that the surface heat fluxes have a substantial influence on the slow-moving cyclone over its lifetime. When the SST in the East China coastal ocean becomes 1℃ cooler in the simulation, less latent heat and sensible heat fluxes from the underlying ocean to the cyclone tend to reduce the typhoon intensity. The cyclone is weakened by 7 hPa at the time of its peak intensity. The SST cooling also has impacts on the vertical structure of the typhoon by weakening the warm core and drying the eye wall. With a finer horizontal resolution of (1/6)°×(1/6)°, the model produces higher surface wind, and therefore more surface heat fluxes are emitted from the ocean surface to the cyclone, in the finer-resolution MC2 grid compared with the relatively lower resolution of 0.25°×0.25°MC2 grid. 相似文献
14.
利用联合台风预警中心(Joint Typhoon Warning Center,JTWC)最佳路径资料、逐小时降水资料和ERA5再分析资料,研究2017年5月26—31日孟加拉湾风暴与高原低涡共同影响下青藏高原一次强降水过程,结果表明:风暴和南支槽共同作用下建立的孟加拉湾至青藏高原的水汽输送带为高原低涡-切变线区域的降水提供水汽。南支槽后冷气流在青藏高原南部陡坡下沉形成冷垫,孟加拉湾偏南暖湿气流首先沿冷垫向北抬升,爬上青藏高原后向北在高原切变线附近再次抬升,增加降水区地表至对流层高层大气中的可降水量。风暴偏南风暖湿气流与青藏高原北部干冷空气交汇产生锋生,大气湿斜压性显著增长,湿等熵线密集陡立导致垂直涡度剧烈发展,有利于高原低涡加强。风暴北上过程中其高层反气旋式出流加强青藏高原槽前西南风高空急流,辐散增强有利于低层切变线发展和高原低涡东移,产生大范围强降水。高原低涡切变线与风暴水汽输送的正反馈作用,为降水区提供持续视热源和视水汽汇,有利于青藏高原降水系统的维持和发展。 相似文献
15.
利用NCEP GDAS/FNL再分析数据,根据TFP(Thermal Front Parameter)参数和锋生函数,对1909号热带气旋“利奇马”生命史中各主要阶段暖心特征和变性过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:“利奇马”强度为热带风暴时,其暖心结构较为松散,500 hPa以上和600 hPa以下分别存在一个最强中心,在强度减弱阶段上下层暖心均偏离气旋中心;当其强度升至强热带风暴及以上级别时,低层暖心消失,高层暖心显著增强,结构变得紧凑,气旋中心上空暖区呈棒槌状分布。高层暖心强度与“利奇马”强度呈正相关,当“利奇马”维持超强台风时,其暖心可达10~14℃。“利奇马”与中纬度西风槽接触后,冷空气开始自对流层中低层进入其环流,低层冷空气入侵的程度比中层更明显;低层暖心被冷空气侵蚀而消失,高层暖心则逐渐减弱,结构亦变得松散。TFP参数和锋生函数计算结果表明受冷空气影响,“利奇马”斜压性逐渐增强,其中心西北侧形成一支暖锋,逐渐变性为温带气旋,但冷锋未见发展。变性过程中“利奇马”高层暖心强度虽减弱但仍然维持,但低层暖区被冷空气完全填塞,导致其变性后较快消亡。 相似文献
16.
登陆台风Winnie(1997)的数值模拟研究Ⅱ:结构演变特征分析 总被引：26，自引：14，他引：26
利用“登陆台风Winnie(1997)的数值模拟研究Ⅰ”的数值模拟结果 ,讨论了Winnie(1997)台风在登陆后变性阶段和重新加强阶段的环流、动力和热力结构特征以及演变过程。在结构上 ,变性阶段主要完成了从基本对称的垂直分布到斜压非对称分布的转换。在变性阶段的初期 ,热力和动力以及环流结构上都还留有一些热带气旋的影子 ,但是在强度和空间分布上已经发生了明显的变化 ,同时也反映了台风登陆后由于下垫面的变化 ,使来自海面的暖湿水汽输送呈明显的不对称分布 ,导致热力结构上的不对称分布。到变性阶段的后期 ,无论从环流结构还是动力结构上 ,都形成了和冷暖锋相对应的倾斜分布特征 ,并且和冷空气对应的锋区在低层侵入到气旋中心 ,使热带气旋经过变性阶段最终演变为锋面气旋。在重新发展阶段 ,通过与西风带低槽的结合 ,变性后的气旋获得了重新发展的机会。并且在此过程中得到了一次来自附近洋面的高暖湿能量的输送 ,也为发展提供了有利的条件 ,使变性后的气旋进一步加强为成熟的温带气旋。 相似文献
17.
采用美国联合台风警报中心（JTWC）提供的北印度洋1977-2008年热带气旋资料、NOAA提供的1982-2008年高分辨率合成资料和NCEP提供的1982-2008年全球再分析资料,对北印度洋上167个热带气旋个例进行了统计分析,结果表明：1）北印度洋热带气旋通常发生在阿拉伯海东部和孟加拉湾中部,阿拉伯海上活动的热... 相似文献
18.
Based on 6-hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and circulation data from the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), the initial developing process of tropical cyclone Mindulle (1005) in 2010 has been diagnosed to reveal the impact of air-sea interaction over the South China Sea (SCS) on the genesis of its incipient vortex. The results show that the incipient vortex first occurred east of the Luzon Island on 0000 UTC 20 August, suggesting that the topographic forcing of the Luzon Island for easterly winds over the western Pacific might be one of the factors responsible for the formation of the incipient vortex. During the formation stage of the incipient vortex, strong southeasterlies over the SCS caused warm water of the middle and eastern SCS to flow toward the Luzon Island due to Ekman transport resulting from wind stress, leading to an increase of the sea surface temperature and sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Although the anomalous sensible heating favored surface pressure to reduce, it was not conducive to the increase of local vorticity associated with the vortex above the heating area because, according to the atmospheric thermal adaptation theory, the anticyclonic vorticity would be created in the lower troposphere due to the decreased vertical gradient of the sensible heating. However, the ascending motions occurred over the eastern area of the anomalous sensible heating due to the augmentation of the vorticity advection with increasing height, causing water vapor to condense in the middle and upper troposphere. In turn, cyclonic vorticity was generated in the lower troposphere due to the increased vertical gradient of the condensation latent heating, resulting in the formation and further growth of the incipient vortex. Therefore, the vorticity creation due to the condensation heating played a dominant role during the subsequent enhancing stage of the incipient vortex. 相似文献
19.
1. IntroductionMuch attention has been paid to the role playedby diabatic heating in the genesis and intensificationof tropical cyclone (TC). Based on a two-dimensionalprimitive equation model, Li (1984) proposed that theevolution of TC should be different if the maximumheating appears at different height. Yang et al. (1995)found that abrupt intensification of TC at the mid-latitudes is closely related to the vertical structure ofconvective heating. May and Holland (1998) suggestedthat the… 相似文献
20.
近30年影响我国东南沿海的热带气旋降水强度变化特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用中国地面台站逐日降水资料和中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的热带气旋最佳路径资料研究了1978～2007年影响我国热带气旋降水强度的变化及其对我国东南沿海盛夏降水变化的影响.近30年影响我国东南沿海盛夏的热带气旋降水增加是导致我国东南沿海盛夏降水显著增加的主要原因.仅从热带气旋降水来看,东南沿海和内陆(包括江西、湖南东部和湖北南部)热带气旋降水强度显著增加,而影响热带气旋降水频次略有增加.通过对雨量站与引起降水热带气旋的中心距离的变化分析发现:内陆地区影响热带气旋距离显著下降,近距离热带气旋引起降水的增加,是该区域热带气旋降水强度增加的主要来源;而东南沿海地区近距离热带气旋降水增加不明显,热带气旋降水强度的增加主要由于同距离热带气旋降水强度的增加.热带气旋经过频次的空间的变化结果证实,近30年经过中国沿海的TC个数变化不大,仅福建沿海一带略有增加,而内陆地区则增加明显,且经过该区域时热带气旋移动速度变慢,这均与该区域近距离热带气旋降水的增加一致. 相似文献