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1.
新元古代的"雪球地球"   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
“雪球地球”假说的提出解释了一些新元古代冰川现象,如低纬度和低海拔冰川沉积、帽碳酸盐岩、负的碳酸盐δ^13C漂移和BIF铁矿等现象。尽管有不同的假说与解释,但“雪球地球”最为流行。“雪球地球”事件被认为起因于地球系统的变化,如Rodinia超大陆的裂解、超级地幔柱的活动及古地磁真极的漂移等。“雪球地球”的极端气候环境变化,促进了生命的演化,造成了寒武纪生物大爆发。  相似文献   

2.
新元古代全球冰川事件对早期生物演化的影响   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
新元古代曾发生过强烈的全球性冰川作用 ,紧随冰川作用之后 ,发生了两次生物大辐射事件。这一时期是地球上早期生命演化的重要时期 ,特别是宏观后生动物的出现标志着生物演化史进入了一个新纪元。全球性冰川作用与早期生命演化这二者之间是否存在着密切的联系呢 ?过去地质学家对于新元古代的冰川沉积物多偏重于地层学、沉积学等方面的研究 ,古生物学家又很少关心前寒武纪的冰期地层 ,“新元古代冰川作用”和“早期生命演化”二者很少放在一起讨论。文章重点讨论了冰川作用对早期生物演化的影响。论述了新元古代晚期全球性冰川作用存在的证据及其特点 ,分析了新元古代冰期前后地球上生物的重大演化特点 ,重点讨论了新元古代全球性冰川作用对地球早期生命演化特别是在真核细胞生物向多细胞动物进化的影响方式和作用机理 ,从而说明新元古代全球性冰川作用对地球早期生命演化起着重要的作用  相似文献   

3.
冯东  陈多福  刘芊 《沉积学报》2006,24(2):235-241
新元古代晚期约635 Ma的地球发育了到达赤道附近的冰川作用,地质记录上表现为代表寒冷气候的冰期沉积杂砾岩,直接被代表温暖环境的碳酸盐岩层(常称盖帽碳酸盐岩)覆盖。由于盖帽碳酸盐岩奇特的岩石学和地球化学特征,引起了对其成因认识的巨大争论,提出了“雪球地球”和“甲烷渗漏”等假说。“雪球地球”假设可以解释一些令人困惑的地学现象,如低纬度和低海拔冰川沉积、盖帽碳酸盐岩、碳酸盐δ13C负漂移和条带状铁矿层等,但许多科学家对此提出了质疑。最近对盖帽碳酸盐岩的δ13C分析结果(最低达-41‰)、盖帽碳酸盐岩发育的类似现代冷泉碳酸盐岩沉积组构等似乎支持“甲烷渗漏”假说。  相似文献   

4.
冰雪地球的研究进展综述   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
胡永云  闻新宇 《地球科学进展》2005,20(11):1226-1233
在大约6~7亿年前的新元古代时期,地球是否曾经被冰雪完全覆盖而成为了一个“冰雪地球”?如果是,什么诱发了这种全球性的冰川期?又是什么导致了它的融化?新元古代时期的极端气候变化对其后的寒武纪生命大爆发有何影响?围绕这些问题,古地质、古生物和古气候学界在最近几年展开了广泛的研究和激烈争论。根据现有的研究结果,地球在新元古代时期确实经历了数次地球历史上最为严重的全球性冰川期,但地球是否被完全冰封还需要更充分的古地质和古生物方面的证据来证明;利用气候模式对各种可能的外部强迫的模拟试验表明“冰雪地球”是很难形成的,并且,如果地球进入完全被冰封的状态,它将是难以被融化的;关于新元古代时期剧烈的气候变化对寒武纪生命大爆发所起的作用存在2种观点,一种认为气候变化导致了原始生命的基因突变并诱发了寒武纪生命爆发,另一种认为这种影响主要是生态方面的。  相似文献   

5.
在新元古代晚期地球上曾发生过全球性的冰川作用,一些学者称之为“雪球”事件。在新元古代“雪球”事件前后,古海水的C、S同位素组成都出现了非常大的变化,在“雪球”之前海水中的碳酸盐非常富集^13C,在“雪球”期间和紧随其之后贫^13C,然后δ^13C值出现了高达10‰的正漂移;在“雪球”开始之前古海水硫酸盐的δ^34S值呈逐渐降低的变化特征,紧随“雪球”之后古海水硫酸盐的δ^34S值出现了超过20‰的正漂移,达到地质史上的最高值,同期形成的硫化物具有异常高的δ^34S值。“雪球”事件前后古海水C、S同位素组成的大幅度变化,是由“雪球”前后全球环境的剧烈变化引起的。“雪球”前后海水C、S同位素的大幅度变化是与“雪球”有关的特殊环境条件作用的结果,也是“雪球”事件存在的有力证据。  相似文献   

6.
"雪球"假说与塔里木板块新元古代冰川事件   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
陈鹏  徐备  郑海飞 《新疆地质》2004,22(1):87-93
近年来.新元古代冰期的奇特地层引发了学们对新元古代冰期环境特征与成因演化的研究热潮.各类假说和模型不断提出,Hooffman等人运用“雪球”假说对冰川沉积的低纬度和低海拔特征、冰室效应和温室效应的相互交替、盖碳酸盐岩的成因、稳定同位素变化的含义、冰期地层中铁矿的成因等均进行了较为合理的解释.近年国内在新疆塔里木展开了对新元古代冰川事件的研究.碳同位素和微量元素比值的研究成果,不仅进一步证明了前人提出的三期冰期的观点.而且从地球化学角度验证了“雪球”假说.  相似文献   

7.
扬子区新元古代"雪球"时期古环境的分子地球化学证据   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
李美俊  王铁冠 《地质学报》2007,81(2):220-229
本文对采自中国南方典型剖面新元古界-下寒武统的43块岩样,包括16块冰期沉积物样品,进行了有机碳、镜质组反射率测定及可溶有机质饱和烃色谱和色谱-质谱等常规有机地球化学分析.结果显示,冰期沉积物有机碳含量比非冰期要低1~2个数量级,表明冰期海洋中仍具有一定的生物产率但严重降低,可能是由于"雪球"时期低的海水温度和冰雪覆盖严重影响了生物生存的原因.江口和南沱冰期沉积物中检测出一定量的来自叶绿素先驱物的姥鲛烷和植烷等类异戊二烯烃系列,表明"雪球"时期,扬子区古海水仍然存在微弱的透光带,局部地区没有完全被冰雪所覆盖,光合生物仍能进行一定的光合作用,在岩石中还发现了丰富的甾萜烷类生物标志化合物,也表明一些生物得以存活下来.与非冰期沉积物相比,冰期沉积物中老鲛烷+植烷绝对含量要低1~2个数量级,表明"雪球"时期的光合作用严重减弱.分子地球化学证据表明,"雪球"时期,扬子区的古海洋并没有完全被冰雪覆盖,局部地区仍存在无冰的水体,一些生物得以存活和演化.这些经受了环境重压熬过漫漫寒冬而存活下来的生物对其后的"寒武纪生物大爆发"具有重要的意义.  相似文献   

8.
新元古代冰期及其年代   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
新元古代在全球范围内出现了几期冰期事件,称之为“雪球地球”事件。这种剧烈的环境变化带来此后地球上生命演化的一次飞跃。“雪球地球”事件的核心是全球冰期的同时性,需要同位素地质年代学的证据。新元古代末期两次主要的冰期事件是Marinoan冰期和Sturtian冰期,其中Marinoan冰期结束于635Ma;Sturtian冰期可能发生在710~720Ma,已发表的年龄数据限定它在670Ma之前结束。Marinoan冰期后的Gaskiers冰期发生在580~590Ma。对华南的古城、铁丝坳、长安组、江口组等进行进一步精确定年,将对限定Sturtian冰期持续时间和Cryogenian、南华系的下限年龄具有重要意义。  相似文献   

9.
中国新元古代疑源类生物地层及其国际对比   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
尹崇玉 《现代地质》1999,13(2):227-228
新元古代是地球演化史中一个非常重要而独特的时期,期间经历了古大陆聚合离散、古气候变迁及重大生命演化事件。长期以来,国内外地质界一直努力建立一个可靠的该时期全球性地层对比框架。近年来,作者在前人研究工作基础上,对中国新元古代地层进行了以生物地层为主的综...  相似文献   

10.
新元古代冰期地层不同于显生宙冰期地层,近年来,一些学者提出了雪球假说,掀起了关于新元古代冰期环境特征与因演化的研究热潮,成为当前地学前沿的一个热门课题。本轮研究的一个突出特点,是它的高度综合性,涉及岩石圈,水圈,大气圈和生物圈,此外还牵攫到天体运行等学科。研究重点有新元古代冰川作用的低纬和低海拔特征。与Rodinia超大陆裂解的关系,冰室效应和温室效应的矛盾运动,海洋封冻的探索,碳酸盐岩岩帽的成因,碳,硫,锶等同位素的峰谷变化的环境含义,冰期地层中铁矿的成因,新元古代冰期的次数争议,雪球理论的数值模拟和冰期环境特征及其变化与生物演化,特别是与早寒武世生物大辐射的关系等。我国南方已成为研究新元古代冰期地层及其与寒武系生物大辐射关系的重要地区之一。  相似文献   

11.
While cap dolostones are integral to the Snowball Earth hypothesis, the current depositional model does not account for multiple geological observations. Here we propose a model that rationalises palaeomagnetic, sequence‐stratigraphic and sedimentological data and supports rapid deglaciation with protracted cap dolostone precipitation. The Snowball Earth hypothesis posits that a runaway ice‐albedo can explain the climate paradox of Neoproterozoic glacial deposits occurring at low palaeolatitudes. This scenario invokes volcanic degassing to increase atmospheric greenhouse gases to a critical threshold that overcomes the albedo effect and brings the planet back from the ice‐covered state. Once this occurs, Earth should shift rapidly from a snowball to an extreme greenhouse. However, cap dolostone units overlying glacial sediments, typically interpreted as transgressive deposits, exhibit multiple magnetic reversals indicating they accumulated in >105 years. By reviewing modern post‐glacial systems, sequence stratigraphic concepts and principles of sedimentology, we suggest that cap dolostones are not restricted to the transgression but rather represent sediment starvation following a major landward shoreline migration associated with the demise of Snowball Earth. Thus, the duration in which cap dolostone accumulated is not directly coupled to the timescale of the Snowball Earth deglaciation.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT There is much debate regarding the intensity and geographic extent of glaciation during the Neoproterozoic, particularly in response to recent geochemical work suggesting that the Neoproterozoic earth was at times ice covered from equator to poles (the ‘Snowball Earth’ hypothesis). A detailed sedimentological analysis of the Neoproterozoic Smalfjord Formation of northern Norway was conducted in order to determine the extent and intensity of glacial influence on sedimentation. In the Tarmfjorden area, the Smalfjord Formation consists of a stacked succession of diamictites interbedded with fine‐grained laminated mudstones containing rare outsized clasts. Diamictites and interbedded mudstones are interpreted as the product of subaqueous mass flows generated along the basin margin. In the Varangerfjorden area, chaotically interbedded diamictites, conglomerates and sandstones are overlain by a thick succession of stacked sandstone beds; onediamictite unit at Bigganjargga overlies a striated pavement. The Varangerfjorden outcrops appear to record deposition on a subaqueous debris apron. Although diamictites contain rare striated and faceted clasts, suggesting a glacial sediment source, their origin as subaqueous mass flows prevents the interpretation of ice mass form or distribution. Rare lonestones may be associated with floating ice in the basin, which may be of glacial or seasonal origin. Glacial ice may have contributed poorly sorted glacial debris to the basin margin, either directly or through fluvioglacial systems, but there is no evidence of direct deposition by ice at Varangerfjorden or Tarmfjorden. The overall fining‐upward trend identified in the Smalfjord Formation and overlying Nyborg Formation is consistent with depositional models of rift basin settings. This fining‐upward trend, the predominance of mass flow facies including breccias associated with scarps and the evidence for extensional tectonic activity in the region suggest that tectonic activity may have played an important role in the development of this Neoproterozoic succession. The Smalfjord Formation at Tarmfjorden and Varangerfjorden does not exhibit sedimentological characteristics consistent with severe glacial conditions suggested by the snowball Earth hypothesis.  相似文献   

13.
新元古代重大地质事件及其与生物演化的耦合关系   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
新元古代的地球表层系统经历了超大陆裂解与重组、大规模冰期、古海洋氧化、埃迪卡拉生物群辐射与灭绝、后生动物兴起等一系列重大变革,这些地质事件与生物演化在时空上的耦合关系长期受多学科交叉研究领域的广泛关注。Rodinia超大陆的裂解伴随有超级地幔柱活动、古地磁真极移等复杂响应,裂解过程影响了大气圈和水圈中氧气和二氧化碳的循环,并可能直接导致了新元古代极端的气候条件。构造格局的变动对生物的影响主要体现在物质来源和生存环境的改变上,强上升洋流和强地表径流区域的富营养化促使生物大量繁盛。“雪球地球”期间巨大的选择压力为生物的多样化演变提供了可能,而其后冰川的快速消融则促进了生产力的爆发式增长及多种沉积矿产的形成。与此同时,大气-海洋氧气含量的增加和海水化学结构的改变使得多项元素及同位素指标发生了地质历史上最大幅度的波动,这种特殊的地质背景可能最终对生物演化产生了极为深刻的影响。  相似文献   

14.
新元古代为距今约1 000~540 Ma的地质历史时期,当时地球处于Rodinia超大陆汇聚和裂解期,板块运动和岩浆作用强烈,且伴随全球性气温下降以及大范围的几期冰期作用,形成覆盖整个地球的冰雪,形成雪球地球(Snowball Earth)。就华南板块而言,在新元古代时期存在有几期冰期冰碛物残留,学者们对其的定年工作成果也相当丰富,但对雪球地球的形成和消融因素方面还存在的一定争议,包括形成与消融时间、方式、影响因素等。通过总结前人研究成果,从而提出关于华南板块新元古代“雪球地球”形成与消融因素,即在当时古地理环境下雪球地球的形成与消融是多因素综合性作用的结果,包括地史早期微生物作用、超大陆裂解以及超级地幔柱、甲烷渗漏、冰期岩浆热液作用。从新元古代以来,随着Rodinia超大陆的裂解以及在超级地幔柱作用下,海岸线不断增加,大量微生物以及小壳动物繁殖,呈现峰值增加,CO2等温室气体含量迅速下降,从而破坏温室平衡。后期由于冰期岩浆热液作用以及海底温室气体CH4排放,导致温室效应重新加剧,恢复原始地球形貌。  相似文献   

15.
Models on Snowball Earth and Cambrian explosion: A synopsis   总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0  
During the late Proterozoic from 1000 to 542 Ma, the Earth is thought to have been frozen at least during two times: in the Sturtian (715–680 Ma) and in the Marinoan (680–635 Ma) global glaciations. Following the Marinoan Snowball Earth, large multi-cellular animals of the Ediacara fauna flourished as a prelude to the Phanerozoic world. Here we summarize the most popular models on the cause and cessation of Snowball Earth. Episodic decrease of greenhouse gas occurs through the effect of erosion and weathering promoted by either mountain building or by an increase in the coastlines during the break-up of supercontinents. Effects on the globe caused by true polar wander, eruption of voluminous flood basalts, or dramatic reduction in planetary obliquity can also lead to ice ages and mass extinction. A radically revised concept based on Earth's magnetic intensity has also been proposed, which explains the true polar wander through a quasi-polar dynamo model. The ‘switch-on’ and ‘switch-off’ of the Earth's strong dynamo can lead to the onset and disappearance of the Snowball Earth. The galactic model infers that gamma ray burst associated with starburst creates huge amounts of clouds which would cut off sun rays and freeze the Earth.The Snowball Earth event is considered to have exerted a significant control on the subsequent revolutionary changes in the evolution of life forms. Although according to the biological clock, extensive re-organisation of genome is thought to have been completed by around 900 Ma, the evolution of modern life in Cambrian occurred only after the geochemical bridge was in place with elevated oxygen and nutrient levels in lakes that developed within continental rifts where the hydrothermal system in the granitic basement created the chemical environment enriched in Ca2+, Fe2+, V, Mo, HCO3, phosphate and other elements required for building the skeleton and bone of the first modern animals. With cosmic radiation exerting a significant control on the mutation, the Neoproterozoic Earth history illustrates the possible link from Galaxy to the genome level.  相似文献   

16.
1 Introduction As a linkage between the biosphere and the geosphere, organic geochemistry, especially molecular markers, has become a powerful tool for investigating important geological events and the evolutionary history of ancient life on Earth (Kvenvo…  相似文献   

17.
The Snowball Earth hypothesis postulates that the whole earth was covered by ice sheets for millions of years in the Neoproterozoic. In Tarim Basin, there are four intervals of glacial deposits recorded in the Quruqtagh area during the Neoproterozoic. In chronological order, they are Bayisi, Altungol, Tereeken, and Hankalchough glaciations. In this study, we analyzed carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes; whole-rock geochemistry; and acid-insoluble residua of the ~5-m-thick Altungol cap dolostone (ten samples) in Quruqtagh unit of the Tarim basin. The geochemical data of whole rock are used to explain the ocean environmental changes, while the geochemical data of acid-insoluble residua reflect the changes of the continental environment. The δ13CPDB of cap dolostone varies from ?2.5 to ?1 ‰, which is likely due to the influence of organics. From the bottom to the top of the Altungol cap dolostones, the chemical index of alteration of acid-insoluble residua rises from 72 to 77, but the index of chemical variation drops from ~3 to ~1. Ni, Zn, Cu, and Y contents of acid-insoluble residua are enriched in 2.5 m. The values of iron maintain at a high level in all of the whole-rock samples (>5.15 %), but in the samples of acid-insoluble residua, the values of iron are higher than in the whole rock (19~60 %) below 1.5 m. The variations in chemical composition were probably associated with the changes of continental weathering. The geochemistry suggests that ocean and continent environmental variations had taken place after the Altungol glaciation, including the destruction of ocean stratification and the changes of chemical weathering. During this period, the source of this area had changed. At first, the weathering residues of the parent rocks were exhausted by meltwater. Then, the vigorous weathering of freshly exposed continental crust provided a new source.  相似文献   

18.
华南地区成冰系大塘坡组锰矿近年来在找矿勘探方面取得了突破性进展,同时,由于该套锰矿在时空分布及成矿背景上的特殊性,长期以来都受到研究者关注,累积了大量研究成果。在系统性总结大塘坡组锰矿研究成果的基础上,结合新元古代全球大地构造、古气候演变、古海洋环境变化及微生物演化等重大地质事件的最新研究进展,综合分析了华南成冰纪大规模锰沉积成矿作用与这些重大地质事件之间的联系。从新元古代中期开始,罗迪尼亚(Rodinia)超大陆的裂解在全球范围内形成了广泛分布的裂谷盆地系统,以中国南方南华盆地为代表的成锰盆地即是在裂谷盆地基础上发展而来的。裂谷盆地系统为锰矿沉积提供了必须的容矿空间,决定了其展布规律,并且盆地底部的热液系统为锰质输入盆地提供了必要途径。新元古代冰期(“雪球地球”)事件中覆盖全球的冰川系统切断或阻碍了地球各子圈层的物质与能量交换,可能导致冰期海洋缺氧状态的广泛出现。而冰期—间冰期的古气候变化使冰盖消失,海—气循环与海水圈层循环重新启动,随之而来的是古海水氧化还原条件的改变。针对南华盆地而言,表层海水的氧化及可能存在的含氧底流为锰矿沉淀提供了所需的氧化环境。此外,新近的证据表明间冰期微生物复苏背景下的锰微生物成矿作用可能是锰矿形成的重要机制。以上这些重大地质事件之间具有复杂的相互联系,同时它们也为“大塘坡式”锰矿沉积成矿作用提供了必不可少的成矿控制条件。因此, 华南成冰纪“大塘坡式”锰矿沉积成矿作用与新元古代重大地质事件间存在耦合关系。  相似文献   

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