共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
A. Perino J. B. Zhu J. C. Li G. Barla J. Zhao 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2010,43(6):799-809
Different methods are presently available for the analysis of wave propagation across jointed rock masses with the consideration of multiple wave reflections between joints. These methods can be divided into two categories. One is based on the displacement discontinuity model for representing rock joints, where the displacements across a joint are discontinuous and the tractions are continuous, and the other is the equivalent medium method. For the first category, there are three methods, i.e., method of characteristics (MC), scattering matrix method (SMM) and virtual wave source method (VWS). MC solves the equation of motion by using the theory of characteristic curves. SMM is based on the definition of the scattering matrix in which the reflection and transmission coefficients of a set of joints are stored. VWS method replaces the joints in the rock mass with a virtual concept. For the second category, equivalent medium model treats the problem in the frame of continuum mechanics and simplifies it from an explicit wave propagation equation. The objective of this paper is to review and compare these theoretical methods. The comparison shows that the four solutions agree very well with each other. Some additional considerations about the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are also given in the paper. 相似文献
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基于弹性波在冻结饱和多孔介质与单相弹性介质中的传播理论,研究了平面P波在饱和冻土介质与单相弹性介质分界面上的透反射问题。利用Helmholtz矢量分解定理,根据分界面上的边界条件,获得了平面P波从单相弹性介质入射到饱和冻土介质分界面上透反射振幅比的理论表达式。通过数值计算,分析了在不同入射频率、胶结参数、孔隙率、饱和度和接触参数下,弹性波的透反射振幅比随入射角变化的关系。研究结果表明：P波从单相弹性介质垂直入射到饱和冻土介质分界面上时只有反射P波和3种透射P波产生,当掠入射时只产生反射而没有透射现象发生。入射频率、胶结参数、孔隙率、饱和度以及接触参数等参数对反射波和透射波的振幅比影响显著。 相似文献
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依据弹性波理论,应力波斜入射线弹性节理时会发生波场分解。根据入射、透射及反射各波形的不同到时,运用离散元软件UDEC模拟应力波在含倾斜节理岩体中的传播并计算其透射、反射系数,并分析其波型转换规律。应力波斜入射单节理时,模拟得到的透射、反射系数随节理刚度、入射角度的变化规律,与已有的理论解是吻合的。应力波斜入射一组平行节理时,随着节理间距的增大,其同类波的透射系数Tpp、Tss先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定值;节理条数越多,Tpp、Tss越小。此外,不同条数的节理,透射系数达到最大值的临界节理间距值基本一致,但趋于稳定时的节理间距值随节理条数的增加而逐渐增大。 相似文献
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The propagation of elastic P-wave in unfavorable geologic structures is a complex process which contains reflex, transmission, and refraction. In this paper, the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method is introduced, and the viscous boundary condition and stress wave input way are applied to enable the DDA method to simulate the seismic dynamic response of underground rock mass. The improved DDA program is used to analyze the propagation laws of elastic P-wave in joints and weak interlayer. The results show that (1) for a range of joint stiffness, the difference of transmission coefficient of joint surface between DDA calculation and theoretical solution is small; (2) the lower the joint stiffness, the more obvious the attenuation of the elastic P-wave is; (3) varied joint spacing and joint number play different roles on the attenuation of elastic P-wave; (4) the DDA calculation result is consistent with the theoretical solution for the transmission coefficient of interface; (5) the thickness and elastic modulus of weak interlayer will affect the interference effect of multiple transmission waves; (6) with the increasing weak interlayer thickness H (or a), the attenuation of the elastic P-wave is more obvious; and (7) the lower the wave impedance ratio of weak interlayer, the more obvious the attenuation of the elastic P-wave is. 相似文献
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Hongyang Cheng Stefan Luding Nicolás Rivas Jens Harting Vanessa Magnanimo 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(5):1115-1139
Biot theory predicts wave velocities in a saturated granular medium using the pore geometry, viscosity, densities, and elastic moduli of the solid skeleton and pore fluid, neglecting the interaction between constituent particles and local flow, which becomes essential as the wavelength decreases. Here, a hydro-micromechanical model, for direct numerical simulations of wave propagation in saturated granular media, is implemented by two-way coupling the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the discrete element method (DEM), which resolve the pore-scale hydrodynamics and intergranular behavior, respectively. The coupling scheme is benchmarked with the terminal velocity of a single sphere settling in a fluid. In order to mimic a small amplitude pressure wave entering a saturated granular medium, an oscillating pressure boundary on the fluid is implemented and benchmarked with the one-dimensional wave equation. The effects of input waveforms and frequencies on the dispersion relations in 3D saturated poroelastic media are investigated with granular face-centered-cubic crystals. Finally, the pressure and shear wave velocities predicted by the numerical model at various effective confining pressures are found to be in excellent agreement with Biot analytical solutions, including his prediction for slow compressional waves. 相似文献
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This paper evaluates the existing equivalent medium methods for jointed rock mass and further develops the equivalent viscoelastic medium method proposed by the authors. The advantages and limitations of different equivalences to the discontinuous rock mass are discussed. Theoretical derivation of stress wave propagation through the equivalent viscoelastic medium is carried out by adopting the Fourier transformation method, and the parameters of the equivalent viscoelastic medium method are determined analytically. The frequency dependence and the wave attenuation phenomenon can be properly described when the imaginary terms of the complex moduli of the rock mass are included. The results show that the equivalent viscoelastic medium method is able to predict the effective velocity and the stress wave transmission coefficient in a rock mass more accurately than the conventional effective elastic moduli methods. An example of the stress wave propagation through rock mass with parallel joints shows that the equivalent viscoelastic medium method is promising and worthy to be further explored for application in practical rock engineering problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Stochastic seismic wave interaction with a slippery rock fault is studied, based on the principle of conservation of momentum
at the wave fronts along the fault. By using the displacement discontinuity method, the wave propagation equations are derived
for incident longitudinal-(P-) and shear-(S-) waves, respectively. This is an extension of the study by Li and Ma (2010) for
blast-induced wave propagation across a linear rock joint. Stochastic seismic waves are generated from a frequency spectrum
and used to analyze the seismic wave interaction with a rock fault having a Coulomb-slip behavior. Parametric studies are
carried out to investigate the effect of the intensity and impinging angle of the incident seismic waves on wave propagation
across a slippery rock fault. Results show that the transmission of the incident P-wave is almost not affected by the fault,
on the contrary, this is not the case for an incident S-wave, due to the occurrence of a relative slip which is related to
the impinging angle of the incident S-wave. A quantitative study is presented which is of help in understanding the propagation
and attenuation laws of seismic waves in discontinuous rock masses. 相似文献
9.
Analysis of Blast Wave Interaction with a Rock Joint 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
The interaction between rock joints and blast waves is crucial in rock engineering when rock mass is suffered from artificial or accidental explosions, bursts or weapon attacks. Based on the conservation of momentum at the wave fronts and the displacement discontinuity method, quantitative analysis for the interaction between obliquely incident P- or S-blast wave and a linear elastic rock joint is carried out in the present study, so as to deduce a wave propagation equation. For some special cases, such as normal or tangential incidence, rigid or weak joint, the analytical solution of the stress wave interaction with a rock joint is obtained by simplifying the wave propagation equation. By verification, it is found that the transmission and reflection coefficients from the wave propagation equation agree very well with the existing results. Parametric studies are then conducted to evaluate the effects of the joint stiffness and incident waves on wave transmission and reflection. The wave propagation equation derived in the present study can be straightforwardly extended for different incident waveforms and nonlinear rock joints to calculate the transmitted and reflected waves without mathematical methods such as the Fourier and inverse Fourier transforms. 相似文献
10.
A methodology is developed in SPH framework to analyze the behavior of preexisting multiple intersecting discontinuities or joints in rock material. The procedure does not require any additional unknowns to represent discontinuities and to capture velocity jump across them. Instead, a discontinuity is represented by a set of joint particles placed along the discontinuity plane, in which relative velocity and traction vector is evaluated, obeying the Mohr–Coulomb friction law with zero tension constrain. For failure of continuous rock material, the Drucker–Prager yield criterion with tensile cracking is employed in the elastic‐plastic constitutive model. Free‐sip, no‐slip, and symmetric boundary conditions are also implemented in SPH framework for proper representation of physical system. The paper analyzes behavior of a rock sample having a discontinuity plane under uniaxial loading and compares velocity and stress with a theoretical solution derived considering effective vertical stiffness of the joint planes. The efficacy of the proposed method is successfully demonstrated by solving another two problems of jointed rock mass under uniaxial and gravitational loading conditions.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
Rock slope failure is a complex process that usually involves both opening/sliding along pre‐existing discontinuities as well as fracturing of intact rock bridges. Discontinuity persistence is an important factor governing rock slope instabilities. However, traditional slope failure analysis assumes persistent discontinuities, and rock slope fails along a predefined persistent continuous potential failure surface because of the limitations of the analysis tools. This paper proposes the numerical manifold method (NMM) incorporated with a Mohr–Coulomb criterion‐based fracturing algorithm to simulate the progressive failure of rock slopes with non‐persistent joints. Detailed fracturing algorithm is first presented. Then, the NMM enabling fracturing is calibrated through simulating an edge‐cracked plate and the Brazilian test. Lastly, the developed code is applied to investigate the failure process of rock slopes involving non‐persistent joints. Numerical results indicate that the proposed method can capture the opening/sliding along existing discontinuities, the fracturing in intact rock bridges and the final kinematic release. Progressive slope failure is well exhibited. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
The occurrence of foliated rock masses is common in mining environment. Methods employing continuum approximation in describing the deformation of such rock masses possess a clear advantage over methods where each rock layer and each inter‐layer interface (joint) is explicitly modelled. In devising such a continuum model it is imperative that moment (couple) stresses and internal rotations associated with the bending of the rock layers be properly incorporated in the model formulation. Such an approach will lead to a Cosserat‐type theory. In the present model, the behaviour of the intact rock layer is assumed to be linearly elastic and the joints are assumed to be elastic–perfectly plastic. Condition of slip at the interfaces are determined by a Mohr–Coulomb criterion with tension cut off at zero normal stress. The theory is valid for large deformations. The model is incorporated into the finite element program AFENA and validated against an analytical solution of elementary buckling problems of a layered medium under gravity loading. A design chart suitable for assessing the stability of slopes in foliated rock masses against flexural buckling failure has been developed. The design chart is easy to use and provides a quick estimate of critical loading factors for slopes in foliated rock masses. It is shown that the model based on Euler's buckling theory as proposed by Cavers (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1981; 14 :87–104) substantially overestimates the critical heights for a vertical slope and underestimates the same for sub‐vertical slopes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Hatem Gasmi Essaïeb Hamdi Nejla Bouden Romdhane 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(4):1393-1409
Homogenization in fractured rock analyses is essentially based on the calculation of equivalent elastic parameters. In this paper, a new numerical homogenization method that was programmed by means of a MATLAB code, called HLA-Dissim, is presented. The developed approach simulates a discontinuity network of real rock masses based on the International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM) scanline field mapping methodology. Then, it evaluates a series of classic joint parameters to characterize density (RQD, specific length of discontinuities). A pulse wave, characterized by its amplitude, central frequency, and duration, is propagated from a source point to a receiver point of the simulated jointed rock mass using a complex recursive method for evaluating the transmission and reflection coefficient for each simulated discontinuity. The seismic parameters, such as delay, velocity, and attenuation, are then calculated. Finally, the equivalent medium model parameters of the rock mass are computed numerically while taking into account the natural discontinuity distribution. This methodology was applied to 17 bench fronts from six aggregate quarries located in Tunisia, Spain, Austria, and Sweden. It allowed characterizing the rock mass discontinuity network, the resulting seismic performance, and the equivalent medium stiffness. The relationship between the equivalent Young’s modulus and rock discontinuity parameters was also analyzed. For these different bench fronts, the proposed numerical approach was also compared to several empirical formulas, based on RQD and fracture density values, published in previous research studies, showing its usefulness and efficiency in estimating rapidly the Young’s modulus of equivalent medium for wave propagation analysis. 相似文献
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TTI介质弹性波频率-空间域有限差分数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
由周期性薄互层引起的VTI介质是研究比较广泛的一类各向异性介质。当VTI介质对称轴偏离垂向,本构坐标系与观测坐标系不重合时,会形成观测坐标系下的TTI介质。引入25点优化差分算子,推导出二维TTI介质频率域弹性波动方程;为压制边界反射,采用完全匹配层法吸收边界条件,并计算出优化差分系数;最后采用集中力源,模拟了弹性波在TTI介质中的传播过程。从波场快照和地面共炮记录可以看出,笔者采用的数值模拟算法能有效压制数值频散。TTI介质中的波场传播比较复杂,纵波传播相对稳定,横波波前的三分叉现象比较明显,并存在振幅奇异性。当VTI介质的对称轴偏转后,还会增加地面地震记录的复杂性。 相似文献
17.
Experimental Study of Ultrasonic Waves Propagating Through a Rock Mass with a Single Joint and Multiple Parallel Joints 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Xiaolin Huang Shengwen Qi Songfeng Guo Wanli Dong 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(2):549-559
Experiments were conducted to study the relationship between the transmission ratio (TR) and normal stress, joint roughness, joint number and frequency of incident waves, respectively, when ultrasonic waves pass across a rock mass with one joint and multiple parallel joints oriented normally. The ultrasonic waves were generated and received by pairs of piezoelectric transducers and recorded by an ultrasonic detector. The specimens were subjected to normal stress by a hydraulic jack and loading frame. The jointed rock mass was produced by superposing rock blocks in the study. Rough joints were produced by grooving notches on the planar joints formed by sawing directly. In the case of multiple parallel joints, the overall thickness of specimens was maintained while the joint number changed. Three pairs of P-wave transducers and one pair of S-wave transducers with different frequencies were, respectively, applied and all transducers emitted signals perpendicular to the joints in the experiment. The results indicate that TR increases with increasing normal stress while the increment rate decreases gradually. This is particularly so when the normal stress is high enough that TR will approximate 1 even if the rock mass has many joints. In addition, the experiments indicate that the higher the wave’s frequency, the lower its TR, and this phenomenon is gradually reduced as the normal stress increases. In response to S-waves, TR increases with increase in joint roughness; however, in response to P-waves, TR decreases gradually with increase in joint roughness. For multiple parallel joints in a fixed thickness rock mass with normally incident P-waves, TR does not always decrease with increase in the number of joints, and there is a threshold joint spacing for a certain incident wave: when the joint spacing is smaller than the threshold value, TR will increase with a decrease in joint spacing. The experimental results support similar conclusions based on analytical results drawn by Cai and Zhao (Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37(4):661–682, 2000), Zhao et al. (Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 43(5):776–788, 2006b) and Zhu et al. (J Appl Geophys 73:283–288, 2011a). 相似文献
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Seismic and hydrologic observations of the Nankai accretionary wedge décollement, Japan, show that overpressures at depths greater than ～2 km beneath the seafloor could have increased to near lithostatic values due to sediment compaction and diagenesis, clay dehydration, and shearing. The resultant high overpressures are hypothesized then to have migrated in rapid surges or pulses called ‘porosity waves’ up the dip of the décollement. Such high velocities—much higher than expected Darcy fluxes—are possible for porosity waves if the porous media through which the waves travel are deformable enough for porosity and permeability to increase strongly with increasing fluid pressure. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that porosity waves can travel at rates (kilometers per day) fast enough to cause aseismic slip in the Nankai décollement. The hypothesis was tested using a one-dimensional numerical solution to the fluid mass conservation equation for elastic porous media. Results show that porosity waves generated at depths of ～2 km from overpressures in excess of lithostatic pressure can propagate at rates sufficient to account for aseismic slip along the décollement over a wide range of hydrogeological conditions. Sensitivity analysis showed porosity wave velocity to be strongly dependent on specific storage, fluid viscosity, and the permeability–depth gradient. Overpressure slightly less than lithostatic pressure could also produce porosity waves capable of traveling at velocities sufficient to cause aseismic slip, provided that hydrogeologic properties of the décollement are near the limits of their geologically reasonable ranges. 相似文献
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在反射波地震勘探中,能观测到输入大地中的地震波在介质的分界面上的反射,这些反射组成的时间序列就是地震记录,而记录上所显示的反射序列可以看作是地下介质的脉冲响应。TEM电磁波场源同样存在二次波和透射波,从电磁波和弹性波在介质中传播的相似性角度认识,存在二次场拟地震解释的条件。其中,对它们的反射系数函数的对比分析,是认识两者有机地联系的关键。本文就是基于上述理论,运用解释地震资料的方法解释电磁法资料。 相似文献
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A laboratory experiment to monitor the contact state of a fault by transmission waves 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We performed a series of laboratory experiments in which elastic waves were transmitted across a simulated fault. Two types of experiments were carried out: (1) Normal Stress Holding Test (NSHT): normal stress was kept constant for about 3 h without shear stress and transmission waves were observed. (2) Shear Stress Increasing Test (SSIT): shear stress was gradually increased until a stick-slip event occurred. Transmission waves were continuously observed throughout the process of stress accumulation. We focused on the change in transmission waves during the application of shear stress and especially during precursory slips.It was found in NSHT that the amplitude of transmission waves linearly increased with the logarithm of stationary contact time. The increase amounted to a few percent after about 3 h. Creep at asperity contacts is responsible for this phenomenon. From a theoretical consideration, it was concluded that the real contact area increased with the logarithm of stationary contact time.We observed in SSIT a significant increase in wave amplitude with shear stress application. This phenomenon cannot be attributed to the time effect observed in NSHT. Instead, it can be explained by the mechanism of “junction growth” proposed by Tabor. Junction growth yields an increase in real contact area. It is required for junction growth to occur that the material in contact is already plastic under a purely normal loading condition. A computer simulation confirmed that this requirement was satisfied in our experiments. We also found that the rate at which the amplitude increased was slightly reduced prior to a stick-slip event. The onset time of the reduction well coincides with the onset of precursory slip. The cause of the reduction is attributed to the reset of stationary contact time due to displacement. This interpretation is supported by the result of NSHT. Taking the time of stationary contact in SSIT into account, we may expect the change in wave amplitude to be, at most, only a few percent. The observed slight reduction in increasing rate is, in this sense, reasonable. The static stiffness of the fault also decreases with precursory slip. It was also found that low frequency waves are a better indicator of precursory slip than high frequency waves. This might suggest that low frequency waves with longer wavelength are a better indicator of average behavior of faults. The problem, however, merits a further investigation. The shifts in phase were also found to be a good indicator of the change in contact state of the fault. The changes in both amplitude and phase of transmission waves are unifyingly understood through the theory of transmission coefficient presented by Pyrak-Nolte et al. Rough surfaces have a tendency to give larger stick-slips than smooth surfaces. The amount of precursory slip is larger for rough surfaces than for smooth surfaces. Although it was confirmed by a computer simulation that rough surfaces have larger contact diameters than smooth surfaces, the rigorous relationship between the surface roughness (contact diameter) and the amount of precursory slips was not established. 相似文献