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1.
A method to estimate aquifer thickness and hydraulic conductivity has been developed, consisting of multiple pumping tests. The method requires short-duration pumping cycles on an unconfined aquifer with significant seasonal water-table fluctuations. The interpretation of several pumping tests at a site in India under various initial conditions provides information on the change in hydrodynamic parameters in relation to the initial water-table level. The transmissivity linearly decreases compared with the initial water level, suggesting a homogeneous distribution of hydraulic conductivity with depth. The hydraulic conductivity is estimated from the slope of this linear relationship. The extrapolation of the relationship between transmissivity and water level provides an estimate of the aquifer thickness that is in good agreement with geophysical investigations. The hydraulically active part of the aquifer is located in both the shallow weathered and the underlying densely fractured zones of the crystalline basement. However, no significant relationship is found between the aquifer storage coefficient and initial water level. This new method contributes to filling the methodological gap between single pumping tests and hydraulic tomography, in providing information on the variation of the global transmissivity according to depth. It can be applied to any unconfined aquifer experiencing large seasonal water-table fluctuations and short pumping cycles.  相似文献   

2.
Saltwater has invaded the coastal aquifer along the southern Adriatic coast of the Po Plain in Italy. The topography, morphology and land use of the region is complex: rivers, canals, wetlands, lagoons, urban, industrial and agricultural areas and tourist establishments all coexist in a small area. Water table and iso-salinity maps show that in four study areas (Ancona-Bellocchio, Marina Romea, San Vitale Forest, Cervia) out of five, the water tables are below sea level and saltwater has replaced freshwater in the aquifer. The fifth area (Classe Forest) has a relatively pristine freshwater aquifer thanks to an average water-table height of 2 m above sea level, a lower hydraulic conductivity (< 7.7 m/day) and a continuous dune system along the coast. Only in this area is the topography high enough to maintain freshwater heads that can counteract saltwater intrusion according to the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. Furthermore, the climate, with an average yearly precipitation of 606 mm and an average temperature of 14.4°C, allows for little recharge of the aquifer. Ongoing subsidence, encroachment of sea water along rivers and canals, as well as drainage from agricultural land also enhance the salinization process.  相似文献   

3.
Beach slope is an important factor influencing the tide-induced water-table fluctuation in coastal unconfined aquifers. However, research about the effect of beach slope on water-table fluctuation is limited, especially for gentle slopes. To understand the effect of beach slope on beach groundwater dynamics, a numerical model, calibrated with field monitoring data from Donghai Island (China), was built to simulate the observed water-table fluctuation. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the sensitivity of water-table fluctuation to the parameters and conceptualization of the model. The analysis indicated that the water-table fluctuation was especially sensitive to the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield, and the horizontal length of the model domain could affect the amplitude of the water-table fluctuation. Moreover, it is found that the variation of the amplitude is more evident when the beach-slope angle changes in the range from 1.5 to 45°, especially in the range from 1.5 to 5°. Understanding the effect of beach slope on tide-induced water-table dynamics could help modelers deal with the slope better in their beach groundwater flow models.  相似文献   

4.
Drainage of a cylindrical water-filled tank-reservoir has been analysed by different physical models, providing relative discharge-time equations. The process has been simulated (1) in a condition of free-flow discharge, where no energy is lost during the process, and (2) where friction forces and water viscosity take effect. Simulation (1) is considered to be a Torricelli reservoir, characterised by a linear decrease of discharge; (2) is based on Darcy’s law or on Poiseuille’s law, where discharge decreases exponentially with time, giving a straight line in the semilogarithm plot. For the Darcy’s law simulation, the tank tube was filled with sand. The cylindrical water-filled tank-reservoir drainage analysis has been applied to simulation of the actual shape of karst spring hydrographs. It has been determined that the recession coefficient, α, is proportional to a hydraulic constant, c, which represents the hydraulic characteristics during the baseflow recession, and α is inversely proportional to the product of the water-table area with the effective porosity. This product expresses the area of the aquifer filled by free-flowing water along the water table and can vary during the aquifer drainage.  相似文献   

5.
Pollution of the environment due to leakage from waste repositories is a well-known and wide spread problem. Emphasis has therefore been put on design of liners for such repositories, focusing on hydraulic conductivity and its variation with time, liner composition, water content, compaction etc. The paper addresses the hydraulic conductivity of sand/bentonite mixtures, especially the variation of the hydraulic conductivity as a function of bentonite content, compaction and degree of saturation. In order to better understand the variation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sand–bentonite mixture a new parameter k 1 has been proposed. The parameter reflects the amount of bentonite per pore volume and can easily be calculated based on the amount of bentonite and the dry density of the soil mixture. Thereby, the hydraulic conductivity can be predicted as a function of different degres of compaction. This method can be used for engineering purposes to predict the hydraulic conductivity at an early stage of a design to get an idea of the required design and hence, cost.  相似文献   

6.
由压力传感器、温度传感器、流量传感器、单片机和计算机共同组成投入式水位检测系统。在抽水试验过程中,单片机自动化采集各传感器传输来的数据,并根据压力传感器测得的压力数据运用水静力学基本方程式计算出动态水位;利用超声波流量计和热电偶一体化温度变送器测得瞬时流量和水温的变化情况;测试全过程实现了自动化动态采集试验数据,达到无人值守的目的。投入式水位检测系统克服了以往采取的响钟法等方法的操作繁琐、劳动强度大、测量误差大等缺欠,解决了大降深抽水试验水位监测的难题,使得几个人就可完成群井抽水试验,形成水位、流量和水温变化的数据库。现场应用表明,该系统测量精度高,运行状态良好,有一定的发展前景。  相似文献   

7.
In aquifers with variable permeabilities, the water exchanges between high- and low-permeability regions are controlled by the hydraulic head gradient. Past studies have addressed this problem mainly considering steady-state hydraulic conditions. To study such exchanges during water-table fluctuations, a spring in southeastern France was equipped with a water-gate that creates 10-m artificial fluctuations of the water table. The water exchanges are discussed with respect to hydrochemical and pressure measurements in the groundwater. With successive water-table fluctuations the mineralization and pH decrease, but the bicarbonate content increases in response to carbon dioxide dissolution. At this scale of single fractures and surroundings, the hydrochemistry allows water flows from low- or high-permeability discontinuities to be discriminated. During hydraulic head fluctuations, the waters from low- and high-permeability discontinuities become mixed. During water-table rise, the low-permeability matrix contributed to the refilling of the permeable faults and to the mixing of the waters. Dynamic flows in the opposite direction to the hydraulic gradient can expel mineralized water, pushing it towards permeable discontinuities. This mechanism could be the cause of the peak in the mineralization recorded in some karst springs at the start of flood events.  相似文献   

8.
渗透系数是表征裂隙岩体透水性能的一个重要参数,当水压力较小时,岩体的渗透系数变化不明显,但在高水压力条件下,岩体的渗透系数会发生明显变化,这给我们在进行渗流分析时带来了一定的困难,因为多数情况下是将渗透系数当作定值来计算的。在高压水条件下,基于非达西流方程,推导了裂隙岩体的渗透系数与水压力之间的表达式,并给出了常规压水或低水压力、高压压水时水力劈裂前后渗透系数的计算公式。现场压水试验结果表明,当岩体发生水力劈裂后,渗透系数增加明显,此时可以通过压水量和水压力的变化量来计算裂隙岩体的渗透系数。通过几个抽水蓄能电站的高压压水试验结果验证了裂隙岩体水力劈裂前后渗透系数的变化规律,并与实际裂隙岩体的渗透系数进行了比较,其误差在10%左右,表明本文给出的渗透系数表达式的合理性和准确性,为水利水电工程的渗流分析及渗漏量的计算提供了渗透系数选择的依据。  相似文献   

9.
刘洋  王喆  闫鸿翔 《岩土力学》2013,34(Z2):407-412
基于太沙基一维固结理论,采用有限差分法对室内固结试验进行了数值分析,编制了室内固结试验的C++数值程序和自动求解固结系数的Matlab拟合程序,该程序能够模拟不同尺寸（排水高度）软土试样的固结过程。讨论了试样尺寸、渗透系数和初始固结应力对模拟结果的影响。数值结果显示随着排水高度和渗透系数的增加,由时间平方根法和时间对数法求解的固结系数比不断减小,且排水高度较小时固结系数比变化较快。土体初始应力越小,主固结完成所需的时间越长。与日本广岛重塑土大尺寸试样固结试验结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明所采用的数值方法能够较好地模拟软土的固结试验过程,可以进行一定条件下大尺寸软土试样的固结特性研究,研究成果对于揭示软土的固结变形发展有一定的理论价值和实际意义。  相似文献   

10.
The self-potential (SP) method is a passive geophysical method based on the natural occurrence of electrical fields on the Earth's surface. Combined with other geophysical methods, SP surveys are especially useful for localizing and quantifying groundwater flows and pollutant plume spreading, and estimating pertinent hydraulic properties of aquifers (water table, hydraulic conductivity). Laboratory experiments have shown that the involved coupling coefficients mainly depend on the fluid chemistry, conductivity and pH, and on the soil or rock properties. The interpretation of SP observations can be done qualitatively, for instance, by correlation of SP gradients with water fluxes (through electrokinetics) or salt fluxes (through electro-diffusion). In recent years, the interpretation has been improved with the help of modelling or/and inversion of the Poisson equation and endeavours to estimate hydraulic parameters by means of the intensity of electric current sources caused by underground flows.  相似文献   

11.
Soil consolidation has been widely analyzed using the poroelastic theory. As soil consolidation proceeds, porosity variation leads to the changes in hydraulic conductivity, Young’s modulus, and body force. However, the combined deformation effect of porosity variation on soil consolidation is rarely examined. In this study, a poroelastic consolidation model used to simultaneously consider the changes in hydraulic conductivity, Young’s modulus, and body force was developed to investigate the combined deformation effect of porosity variation on soil consolidation caused by groundwater table decline. The results indicate that the deformation effect of porosity variation on soil consolidation is negligible when the body force number is <0.01. For body force numbers >0.01, soil displacement could be overestimated or underestimated if the combined deformation effect of porosity variation is not completely considered. The misestimation of soil displacement increases as the body force number increases. In addition, the combined deformation effect of porosity variation also affects the transmission of pore water pressure. Therefore, it could be concluded that a reliable analysis of soil consolidation must simultaneously account for the variations in hydraulic conductivity, Young’s modulus, and body force.  相似文献   

12.
在Rowe和Fleming提出的用以计算淤堵时间简化模型的基础上,针对填埋场排水层淤堵时空分布特征,合理地作了进一步假设和推导,得到了可以反映淤堵发展的简化模型,推导出了排水层渗透系数的变化规律。采用水量平衡的单元分析方法,建立了淤堵条件下最高水位计算模型,获得了排水层最高水位深度的计算方法,并与稳态、瞬态方法进行比较。结果表明,无淤堵时得到的结果与瞬态结果一致,且都趋于稳态结果;淤堵较严重时水位受到显著影响,必须考虑淤堵。通过参数分析发现,前期渗透系数越小（后期越大）、排水距离越长、入渗速度越快、离子浓度越高,则淤堵对水位的影响越严重,同时提出考虑淤堵条件下改进排水系统的设计建议。  相似文献   

13.
The karstic upper Floridan aquifer in north-central Florida (USA) is recharged by both diffuse and allogenic recharge. To understand how recharged water moves within the aquifer, water levels and specific conductivities were monitored and slug tests were conducted in wells installed in the aquifer surrounding the Santa Fe River Sink and Rise. Results indicate that diffuse recharge does not mix rapidly within the aquifer but instead flows horizontally. Stratification may be aided by the high matrix porosity of the eogenetic karst aquifer. Purging wells for sample collection perturbed conductivity for several days, reflecting mixing of the stratified water and rendering collection of representative samples difficult. Interpretive numerical simulations suggest that diffuse recharge impacts the intrusion of allogenic water from the conduit by increasing hydraulic head in the surrounding aquifer and thereby reducing influx to the aquifer from the conduit. In turn, the increase of head within the conduits affects flow paths of diffuse recharge by moving newly recharged water vertically as the water table rises and falls. This movement may result in a broad vertical zone of dissolution at the water table above the conduit system, with thinner and more focused water-table dissolution at greater distance from the conduit.  相似文献   

14.
地下水流数值模拟过程中,水文地质参数的不确定性对模拟结果影响很大。以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市某水源地为例,利用拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)方法获得了含水层渗透参数的随机组合,进行地下水流随机模拟。通过对观测资料与计算水位的绝对值平均(MAE)误差和误差均方根(RMSE)的统计分析,获得了模型较为稳定的随机模拟次数是243次。利用该随机模型对水源地设计开采量进行水位预测,并给出允许降深的风险性分布图。结果表明,预测水位和标准差分布符合实际情况,水位降深大于35 m的风险性最大达到75%。  相似文献   

15.
针对煤层顶板承压含水层涌水模式不清的问题,从煤层回采过程中顶板含水层涌水的时空变化特征入手,提出顶板含水层涌水量由静态储存量和动态补给量构成,认为静态储存量主要受来压步距、顶板垮落和导水裂隙(合称冒裂)影响区含水层厚度、含水层给水度控制,动态补给量主要受冒裂影响区外围含水层厚度、渗透性流场中水力梯度和过水断面面积控制;根据导水裂隙波及含水层情况,将顶板含水层涌水模式划分为井底进水的触及井涌水、井壁及井底进水的非完整井涌水和井壁进水的完整井涌水3种模式,并基于地下水渗流理论给出不同涌水模式下动态补给水量计算公式;针对以往疏放水钻孔数量多及疏放水量大的问题,以实现工作面顶板含水层静态储存量疏放后动态补给量可控为目的,提出冒裂区高度控制钻孔深度、单孔水位影响半径控制钻孔布置间距、钻孔疏放水量稳定时间控制超前疏放时间的疏放水钻孔优化设计理念,对疏放水及疏放钻孔布置进行优化,形成系统的顶板含水层水疏放体系。研究结果丰富了煤层顶板含水层涌水量计算和控制方法,对顶板水害防控具有实际的指导意义。   相似文献   

16.
Management of groundwater resources can be improved by using groundwater models to perform risk analyses and to improve development strategies, but a lack of extensive basic data often limits the implementation of sophisticated models. Dar es Salaam in Tanzania is an example of a city where increasing groundwater use in a Pleistocene aquifer is causing groundwater-related problems such as saline intrusion along the coastline, lowering of water-table levels, and contamination of pumping wells. The lack of a water-level monitoring network introduces a problem for basic data collection and model calibration and validation. As a replacement, local water-supply wells were used for measuring groundwater depth, and well-top heights were estimated from a regional digital elevation model to recalculate water depths to hydraulic heads. These were used to draw a regional piezometric map. Hydraulic parameters were estimated from short-time pumping tests in the local wells, but variation in hydraulic conductivity was attributed to uncertainty in well characteristics (information often unavailable) and not to aquifer heterogeneity. A MODFLOW model was calibrated with a homogeneous hydraulic conductivity field and a sensitivity analysis between the conductivity and aquifer recharge showed that average annual recharge will likely be in the range 80–100 mm/year.  相似文献   

17.
锦屏普斯罗沟坝址右岸地下水连通试验   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
连通试验证明普斯罗沟溪水与PD07、PD47、PD01、PD29及其邻近泉存在水力联系。地下水涌水点的分布受T2-3z^2(4)层和NW向张性裂隙带控制。涌水点水的电导率曲线具双峰特征，揭示右岸地下水系统具岩溶管道与岩溶裂隙双重并联型特征。右岸坝肩内地下水水力坡度较大，且裂隙及岩溶裂隙通道较为发育。普斯罗沟沟水是右岸坝肩地下水的重要补给源，但并非右岸坝肩地下水的唯一补给源，可能还存在其他补给源，锦屏山断裂属于区域性的导水带，通过该导水带有一定量的地下水从其南侧的解放沟方向越过普斯罗沟潜入了右岩坝肩。  相似文献   

18.
北塘水库库底地层渗透系数的随机特性分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
为研究渗透系数的随机分布特征,以滨海平原水库也是南水北调调节及事故备用水库的北塘水库库底地层为研究对象,通过野外取样、室内达西渗透实验和颗粒分析实验等手段,获取了库底地层渗透系数的两组数据及其空间分布,借助于SPSS软件的P—P图以及单样本K-S检验,对渗透系数的空间随机分布进行了分析。结果表明,与正态分布相比较,北塘水库库底地层渗透系数更接近对数正态分布,这为库区渗漏量计算的可靠性分析、库底沉积物渗透系数的空间变异特征分析等奠定了基础。  相似文献   

19.
This paper discusses in situ permeability testing performed at two sites in bore holes drilled in an extensive hydrogeological exploration program in Kuwait. The testing program, comprising packer, falling and rising head tests, was carried out in calcareous and variedly textured cemented sand formed during post-depositional diagenetic processes with the colloquial name ‘Gatch’. The program was undertaken to assist in the design and construction of a pilot drainage scheme aimed at lowering of the groundwater table in Kuwait City and suburbs.

The results indicated that ‘Gatch’ is an almost impermeable soil. However, the hydraulic conductivity of the subsoils at the investigated sites is significantly influenced by the distribution and volume of macropores. These permeable zones act as preferential pathways for the movement of water bypassing the fine matrix and, thereby, improve markedly the overall drainage characteristics of the sites.

Various in situ test methods, including packer, compare results satisfactorily, to give the sites a variable hydraulic conductivity rating that straddles between very low and medium. The packer device, by faring well against other routine in situ tests, shows promises for use as a tool in the assessment of drainage parameters of cemented soils. Laboratory tests, performed in parallel, proved inadequate to characterize the permeability properties of the subsoils in Kuwait.  相似文献   


20.
Drainage schemes for salinity management are aimed at lowering the shallow groundwater to help increase production and reduce ecological risks. Once the groundwater levels are lowered to desired agro-ecological thresholds, the drainage scheme’s operation needs to be optimised according to the spatio–temporal variation in groundwater dynamics. Groundwater systems can be modelled if their behaviour is fully known and understood but a key difficulty in optimisation is dealing with non-linear and non-unique spatio-temporal problems. Such problems can be optimised using genetic algorithms (GA) aimed at finding near optimal solutions to highly non-linear optimisation problems. The major advantages of GAs are their broad applicability, flexibility and their ability to find solutions with relatively modest computational requirements. A surface water/groundwater interaction model has been developed in conjunction with GA based spatio-temporal optimisation of pumping operation of a subsurface drainage scheme. The aim has been to achieve a similar or better than on-going level of service both in space and time domains. The Wakool Tullakool Subsurface Drainage Scheme in the Murray Irrigation Area, Australia is discussed to illustrate the modelling process. The model results are being used to plan the cost-effective operation of the tubewells to control water logging and salinisation.  相似文献   

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