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1.
昆明盆地及周边地区第四纪构造应力场分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
昆明盆地是一个受南北向活动断裂控制的新生代断陷盆地,在昆明盆地及其周边地区地质构造复杂,活动断裂十分发育,且活动性较强.野外地震地质调查和断裂滑动观测表明:区内南北向断裂主要表现为左旋走滑和逆断两种运动方式,北东、北西向断裂以走滑运动为主,左右旋兼而有之.通过对研究区内32个测点的断层擦痕测量,共获得了1527条断层滑动数据,利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法,计算获得了研究区第四纪以来两期主要构造应力作用:第一期为早、中更新世,构造应力作用以近东西向挤压和近南北向拉张为特征;第二期自晚更新世至今,构造应力作用以北北西-南南东向挤压和北东东.南西西向拉张为特征. 相似文献
2.
延怀盆地包括延矾、怀涿两个相互连通的次级盆地.野外地震地质调查和断裂滑动观测表明:延矾盆地NE向活动断裂以右旋走滑为主,兼具正断层分量;怀涿盆地NE向活动断裂以正断为主,兼具右旋走滑分量;盆地内NW向断裂以左旋走滑为主,兼具正断层分量.采用野外观测取得的10个测点337条活断层擦痕数据,利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法,计算获得了研究区现代构造应力场的主要特征:延矾盆地现代构造应力场以NEE-近EW向挤压、NNW向-近SN向拉张为主要特征,应力结构均为走滑型.其最大主压应力(σ1)方向为N74°～88°E,平均倾角18 °;最小主压应力(σ3)方向为近SN,近水平;中间主应力(σ2)倾角较陡,近垂直.怀涿盆地以NNW向拉张为主要特征,应力结构为正断型为主.其最大主压应力(σ1)平均倾角68°,近垂直;中间主应力(σ2)倾角较缓,最大的不超过35°;最小主压应力(σ3)方向为NNW-近SN向,近水平.断层滑动反演的结果与北京及周边地区由震源机制解资料反演分析结果基本一致. 相似文献
3.
基于TM遥感影像的构造地貌解译和野外活动断层滑动矢量的测量和分析 ,阐述了太行山南缘断裂带第四纪左旋走滑活动的构造和地貌标志 ,反演了断裂变形的构造应力场 ,探讨了太行山南缘断裂带左旋走滑活动的区域运动学意义。研究表明 ,第四纪时期太行山南缘断裂带是一条斜张左旋走滑断裂。断层滑动矢量观测显示新近纪以来有 2期引张应力作用 :早期为NE -SW向引张 ,晚期为NNW -SSE向引张 ,这个观测结果与渭河地堑盆地的新近纪—第四纪 2期引张构造应力场一致。根据华北盆地构造资料推断 ,太行山南缘断裂带向东延伸与盆地内的泌阳 -开封 -商丘断陷带相接 ,共同构成了南华北和北华北 2个断陷区的构造边界。指出该断裂带作为南华北块体北缘 ,其新构造时期的斜张左旋走滑活动与南部秦岭断裂系左旋走滑活动一致 ,它们组成了一个宽阔的、向东撒开的、弥散型分布的左旋走滑形变带 ,调节着华南地块相对于华北地块向SEE方向的构造挤出 相似文献
4.
伽师及周围地区现代构造应力场特征研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
对伽师及周围地区内震源机制解、钻孔崩落、断层滑动资料等地应力数据进行统计,分析了区域构造应力场的总体方向特征. 3类地应力数据给出的水平最大主应力方向差异不大,表明该地区构造应力场在水平向上总体呈南北向挤压. 利用137个地震震源机制解数据,对伽师及周围地区现代构造应力场的时空变化特征进行了反演分析. 反演计算结果表明, 伽师周围地区区域现代构造应力场最大主应力sigma;1为北北西-南南东向,方位角为162deg;. 在1997——2003年的伽师巴楚地震前, 伽师震源区最大主应力sigma;1和最小主应力sigma;3的方向,相对于周围区域构造应力场发生了顺时针偏转, 最大主应力sigma;1变为北北东——南南西向,方位角为25deg;. 在这一构造应力场的控制下, 发生了包括1997年伽师强震群在内的一系列地震. 其后,伽师震源区构造应力场可能又一次发生了调整,控制2003年伽师巴楚地震的构造应力场与周围地区区域现代构造应力场相一致. 相似文献
5.
郯庐断裂带(即郯城-庐江断裂带)是纵贯中国东部大陆边缘的一条巨型断裂带,整体为北北东走向。它的形成和演化对中国东部中生代以来的地质演化有明显控制作用,同时又是一条现今地震活动较为活跃的地震带,因此对郯庐断裂带周边构造应力场的研究具有重要的意义。采用野外观测取得的10个测点共206条活断层擦痕数据,利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法,计算获得了研究区现代构造应力场主要特征:郯庐断裂及其周边地区现代构造应力场以北东-东西向挤压、北西-近南北向拉张为特征,其最大主压应力(σ1)方向为64°一106°,平均倾角23%最小主压应力(σ3)方向为332°~14°,平均倾角14°;中间主应力(σ2)倾角较陡,近垂直,应力结构为走滑型。 相似文献
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利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量从而确定出海原、六盘山断裂带至银川断陷的第四纪两期构造应力场 :早更新世末期以前 ,为北东—南西挤压型构造应力场 ,由此造成该地区断裂活动主要以逆断为主 ;早更新世末期至中更新世以后 ,构造应力场发生了调整 ,主压应力方向由早期的北东—南西改变为北东东—南西西 ,应力结构由挤压型转变为走滑型 ,并导致断裂活动由早期的逆断为主变为走滑为主 ,这种应力场格局一直持续至今。研究区现代构造应力场可划分为 :海原断裂带走滑应力区、六盘山逆断 -走滑混合应力区和银川断陷拉张应力区 相似文献
8.
搜集了四川地震台网的波形资料,采用全波形反演2017年8月8日九寨沟M7.0地震序列震源机制解.反演结果显示,九寨沟主震矩震级为MW6.36,震源深度为22 km,节面I走向为150°,倾角为80°,滑动角为-20°;节面Ⅱ走向为244°,倾角为70°,滑动角为-169°.余震主要分布在14~22 km深度范围内,震源机制以走滑型为主,其中正断型地震2个,逆冲型地震2个,走滑型地震24个,混合型地震8个.断层面优势方向为SSE向,与塔藏断裂和虎牙断裂走向基本一致,但与塔藏断裂最南段存在明显差异.倾角变化集中在60°~80°,滑动角主要分布在0°附近,表明九寨沟地震序列主要受SSE走向、近似直立的左旋走滑断层控制.P轴优势方位为SEE向,仰角主要分布在30°以内,与区域应力场基本一致.震源区的机制类型和应力状态均存在空间分段差异.本文推测此次九寨沟M7.0地震序列可能发生在虎牙断裂向北延伸的隐伏断裂上,但不排除地震引起了塔藏断裂南段和虎牙断裂以北隐伏断裂同时破裂的可能. 相似文献
9.
贺兰-川滇南北向构造带是划分中国大陆东西的地幔陡变带,其南段川滇南北向构造带是由几个性质不同的构造系统叠加组成的复杂构造带.研究发现,位于扬子地块西缘的川滇南北向构造带发育由雁行状左行走滑断裂为骨架的走滑构造带.走滑构造带经历了两期构造叠加,早期变形为北东-南西挤压应力场形成的一系列北西-南东走向的逆冲断裂,晚期北西-南东挤压应力场环境下沿先前的逆冲断层形成一系列左行走滑断裂.在这些左行走滑断裂之间,发育一些中生代盆地,盆地沉积相和古流向研究显示,这些盆地的形成受走滑断裂控制.因此,依据盆地内最老地层限定,扬子西缘走滑构造带形成于早中生代.作者认为,这个走滑构造带的形成,很可能与晚三叠世-侏罗纪时期扬子地块顺时针旋转并持续向北俯冲-碰撞有关,川滇南北向构造带在早中生代中国大陆的主体碰撞拼贴过程中就已经开始形成. 相似文献
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京西北盆岭构造区包括延矾、怀涿、蔚广、阳原、灵丘、怀安及张家口多个活动断陷盆地.通过对该区大量活动断层擦痕的测量,利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的计算方法,获得研究区24个测点的构造应力张量数据;同时利用格点尝试法对研究区两个不同应力分区的中小地震震源机制解进行了分析.依据断层滑动与震源机制解两类资料的分析计算结果,初步给出了研究区现代构造应力场的非均匀特征：延矾盆地区域（B区）断层滑动反演的构造应力张量与震源机制解类型均表现为走滑型,表明该区受控于NEE-SWW向挤压、NNW-SSE向拉张的区域构造应力作用.怀涿、蔚广等盆地所在的山西断陷带北部尾端区域（A区）断层滑动反演的构造应力张量与震源机制解类型以正断型为主,表明怀涿、蔚广等盆地所在的山西断陷带北部尾端区域（A区）受近NNW-SSE向拉张的局部构造作用相对于延矾盆地更为显著.现代构造应力场的非均匀分布反映了京西北盆岭构造的差异特征. 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,(4)
正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and 相似文献
15.
O. Martins 《水文研究》1988,2(1):19-29
Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO3 > SO4 > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals. 相似文献
16.
Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong. 相似文献
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Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hitoshi Hasegawa Hisao Ando Noriko Hasebe Niiden Ichinnorov Tohru Ohta Takashi Hasegawa Masanobu Yamamoto Gang Li Bat‐Orshikh Erdenetsogt Ulrich Heimhofer Takayuki Murata Hironori Shinya G. Enerel G. Oyunjargal O. Munkhtsetseg Noriyuki Suzuki Tomohisa Irino Koshi Yamamoto 《Island Arc》2018,27(3)
Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia. 相似文献
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A. C. LIAKOPOULOS Dr. Eng. 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):69-110
ABSTRACT The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content. Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data. Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme. Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate. 相似文献
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Church repair swarms and earthquakes in Rhodes Island, Greece 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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GHODRAT TORABI 《Island Arc》2012,21(3):215-229
Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO 2 (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al 2 O 3 (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na 2 O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K 2 O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area. 相似文献