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1.
地震绕射波源于介质非连续性,从地震记录中将绕射波分离出来并进行成像,其结果对研究诸如碳酸盐岩缝洞储层这类复杂非均质储层具有重要意义.对炮集记录进行平面波分解,在地层倾角不大的假设下,反射波和绕射波同相轴在平面波分解剖面上存在较大的倾角差异.基于此,我们提出分步进行绕射波分离的方法:(1)利用局部倾角滤波方法将绕射波的较大倾角信息成分分离出来,此时,余下的部分包含有反射波和残留的低倾角绕射波信息;(2)利用频率-空间域预测反演方法从上述含有反射波和残留的低倾角绕射波信息中分离出残留绕射波成分;(3)将两次分离的绕射波信息相加得到最终的绕射波估计.用该方法能够得到相对完整的绕射波信息,有效地克服了靠单一的倾角差异进行绕射波分离时明显损失低倾角信息,从而影响绕射波成像结果横向分辨率这一问题.理论与实际资料试算验证了该方法的有效性. 相似文献
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《应用地球物理》2017,(3)
常规地震资料处理通常将地震波场当作反射波处理,绕射波的存在会降低处理成果的分辨率,因此将其当做干扰噪音进行压制。然而,绕射波往往包含了非常重要的地质信息(裂缝、溶洞、断层等特殊构造),即使偏移将绕射波归位,因为绕射波能量较弱也会被反射同相轴遮盖。将反射波和绕射波进行分离并单独成像处理,将提高绕射目标构造的成像精度。根据在平面波域反射波拟线性、绕射波拟双曲的形态差异,本文利用平面波预测滤波技术对平面波炮记录进行波场分离。首先,采用平面波解构滤波器估算地震同相轴的局部倾角,利用局部倾角信息预测并提取反射波,然后从全波场中减去反射波,间接分离出绕射波,对绕射波成像可获得高分辨率的绕射目标体成像结果。通过对2D SEG盐丘模型进行波场分离与成像,分析表明:本文采用的平面波预测滤波技术解决了平面波解构滤波的极性反转问题,保持了绕射波原有的相位信息,保证了波场分离后的绕射波场保真度,成像结果表明用平面波预测滤波方法提取的绕射波进行偏移可改善非均质目标体的成像精度。 相似文献
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针对复杂地表地质条件下地震资料覆盖次数不均、部分数据缺失而导致的地震资料品质下降、陡倾角地区成像质量变差等问题,文中采用了叠前三维共反射面叠加技术.共反射面叠加是一种与宏观速度无关且考虑了反射点曲率的地震成像方法.它利用共反射点道集一个邻域内(菲涅尔带)道之间的相关性,并将相干区域内道集的能量相加来增强地震反射信号和绕射波能量,并借助于相邻CMP道集数据形成CRS超道集,使得面元内的覆盖次数更加均匀;同时利用超道集的高覆盖次数来压制噪声,最终得到高信噪比道集数据.实际地震资料处理表明,该方法可大幅度地提高地震资料信噪比和分辨率,增强地震同相轴的连续性,此外还可为叠前偏移成像处理、AVO属性分析、叠前地震反演等提供高质量的输入数据. 相似文献
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《应用地球物理》2020,(1)
碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层所含缝、洞尺度差异大、岩性和速度变化剧烈,造成复杂的绕射响应特征。部分缝洞体尺度小产生的绕射能量较弱,在成像剖面上被连续反射层掩盖,而难以识别。基于此,本文发展了一种倾角域道集的绕射波成像方法,提高对成像剖面上小尺度绕射构造的分辨能力。借助高斯束偏移技术抽取倾角域成像点道集,根据在倾角域道集上绕射同相轴拟线性、反射能量拟抛物的几何形态差异,基于斜率分析方法实现波场分离,并采用汉宁窗函数提高绕射波分离效果,将分离后的绕射波倾角域道集水平叠加得到绕射波成像结果。理论分析和数值模型测试结果表明:在窗函数的基础上,应用基于斜率分析的波场分离方法得到的绕射波倾角域道集能够更好的压制噪声,叠加后的绕射波成像剖面中绕射构造更加清晰。 相似文献
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绕射波携带大量小尺度非均匀地质体信息,对于提高地震勘探分辨率具有重要意义.绕射波能量远小于反射波,在地震记录中常被强反射波掩盖,因此分离并单独成像绕射波,为探测小尺度非均匀地质体的关键问题.传统绕射波分离方法受限于理论模型假设,对陡倾角反射波去除效果不佳,且易对绕射波造成损伤.基于经典编码-解码框架下的U-net网络和注意力机制,本文提出了一种绕射波智能分离方法,通过编码器自动提取地震数据中的绕射波特征,再由解码器恢复绕射波,从而隐性去除反射波.该方法作为端到端的机器学习,训练后的U-net网络可自适应地分离绕射波.本文通过数值模拟数据与实际数据构建训练数据集,利用训练后的U-net网络分离绕射波,并将结果偏移成像.数值模型测试和实际资料应用表明,融合了注意力机制的U-net网络能够有效压制反射波能量,保留绕射波动力学特征,克服了传统绕射波分离方法难以去除陡倾角反射的局限性,其提取的绕射波弱信号特征较为完整,能够进一步提高地震成像分辨率,在小尺度断裂刻画上具有优势. 相似文献
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近年来新兴的多种地震数据处理和解释技术都需要倾角作为先验信息，传统的倾角估计方法大都依赖成像剖面，这些方法不可避免地会受到成像质量的影响，而且空间倾角的三维估计更是依赖于多条线形成的成像体.二元倾角道集因其椭圆形反射波位置对三维倾角具有指示性的特点，可以用作对倾角的估计，这样不仅能避免低质量成像剖面带来的影响，同时也能够实现仅依赖一条成像线道集的三维倾角估计.然而该方法会消耗大量人力和时间并且其结果也依赖处理人员经验.二元倾角道集在一个工区中数量庞大，可以为数据驱动特征提取的深度学习算法提供样本支持，因此本文在二元倾角道集的基础上引入深度学习算法，提出一种基于改进二元倾角道集和VGG神经网络的倾角提取技术，实现倾角的自动估计，并将倾角应用于菲涅尔带相关孔径的估计中，最后通过某工区实际数据验证对倾角估计的准确性和网络的泛化性能，再将孔径用于稳相偏移来验证倾角在实际数据中应用的有效性. 相似文献
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常规叠加方法假设叠加的地震道集的反射波来自地下同一个反射点,而地表观测到 的反射波场在空间上小于菲涅尔体范围是不可分辨的. 本文根据火山岩体特征,用元弧描述 火山岩的反射界面. 将来自菲涅尔体范围内的反射波沿着元弧界面求和,进而扩大叠加次数 ,达到增加反射信号能量提高地震反射波的叠加成像质量的目的. 文中给出了反射波走时参 数与地下元弧反射界面之间的联系和叠加实现的步骤. 计算结果表明,元弧叠加方法能够提 高剖面的信噪比,增加反射波同相轴的连续性. 相似文献
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由共成像点道集抽取的共偏移距道集可以当成相同地下成像的多次观测.由于偏移误差的影响,在不同共偏移距道集上,同一采样点存在水平和垂直方向上的错位.本文提出一种基于地震图像校准的共成像点道集增强技术,实现了不同偏移距道集在时间和空间上的逐点匹配对齐.在本文中以2D局部归一化互相关来表征共偏移距道集和叠加道集在相同时空位置的相似度,假设在不同水平和垂直移动量时的互相关满足连续凸函数,利用求导方法估计共偏移距道集在该位置处的非整数校正量,最后采用双线性内插方法估计成像振幅.传统道集拉平技术在垂直方向进行校正量消除,本文方法能有效估计共偏移距道集中的水平和垂直校正量,并在亚像素域估计正确的成像振幅.模型数据和实际数据的处理结果表明,本文方法能有效增强共成像点道集中同相轴的一致性,提高叠加结果的分辨率. 相似文献
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尺度目标体的绕射波能量较弱,常被能量较强的反射波淹没,与反射波一起成像难度较大.因而,实现绕射波成像的核心问题之一为绕射波与反射波分离.通常建立反射波模型的方法有Radon变换等域变换类方法,但该类方法在减去反射波能量上存在问题.为更彻底实现压制反射波目的,本文引入自适应滤波方法,该方法较简单的减去法能更好预测反射波能量.实际资料应用效果表明,最小二乘自适应滤波方法能更好突显单炮记录上绕射波特征,得到的叠加剖面中反射波去除更为彻底干净,偏移剖面中小断层、断点、尖灭点等小尺度地质体成像清晰. 相似文献
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We propose a method for imaging small‐scale diffraction objects in complex environments in which Kirchhoff‐based approaches may fail. The proposed method is based on a separation between the specular reflection and diffraction components of the total wavefield in the migrated surface angle domain. Reverse‐time migration was utilized to produce the common image gathers. This approach provides stable and robust results in cases of complex velocity models. The separation is based on the fact that, in surface angle common image gathers, reflection events are focused at positions that correspond to the apparent dip angle of the reflectors, whereas diffracted events are distributed over a wide range of angles. The high‐resolution radon‐based procedure is used to efficiently separate the reflection and diffraction wavefields. In this study, we consider poststack diffraction imaging. The advantages of working in the poststack domain are its numerical efficiency and the reduced computational time. The numerical results show that the proposed method is able to image diffraction objects in complex environments. The application of the method to a real seismic dataset illustrates the capability of the approach to extract diffractions. 相似文献
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在克希霍夫叠前时间偏移处理中,地震波走时的计算方法是决定大偏移距地震资料成像品质的重要因素.在常规的三维转换波各向异性叠前时间偏移公式中,走时的计算是基于等效单层各向异性介质的非双曲线方法.用这种方法处理的成像道集,在偏移/深度比超过一定阈值后,成像道集中的反射同相轴将出现过偏现象,这种偏移不平的同相轴将影响偏移叠加的最佳响应,使得偏移成像波组呈低频化特征,最终降低三维转换波偏移成像质量.我们采用层状介质的走时计算方法代替常规算法,并且利用了常规方法的转换波各向异性偏移速度模型.基于层状介质的算法能够提高大偏移距转换波走时计算精度,克服中浅地层大偏移距远道成像道集中反射同相轴逐渐上翘的问题.两个地区的三维转换波资料处理结果证实,基于层状各向异性介质的转换波克希霍夫叠前时间偏移方法,明显改善了反射成像剖面的连续性和分辨率,提高成像剖面构造的可解释性. 相似文献
13.
Diffraction imaging in depth 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
High resolution imaging is of great value to an interpreter, for instance to enable identification of small scale faults, and to locate formation pinch-out positions. Standard approaches to obtain high-resolution information, such as coherency analysis and structure-oriented filters, derive attributes from stacked, migrated images. Since they are image-driven, these techniques are sensitive to artifacts due to an inadequate migration velocity; in fact the attribute derivation is not based on the physics of wave propagation. Diffracted waves on the other hand have been recognized as physically reliable carriers of high- or even super-resolution structural information. However, high-resolution information, encoded in diffractions, is generally lost during the conventional processing sequence, indeed migration kernels in current migration algorithms are biased against diffractions. We propose here methods for a diffraction-based, data-oriented approach to image resolution. We also demonstrate the different behaviour of diffractions compared to specular reflections and how this can be leveraged to assess characteristics of subsurface features. In this way a rough surface such as a fault plane or unconformity may be distinguishable on a diffraction image and not on a traditional reflection image.
We outline some characteristic properties of diffractions and diffraction imaging, and present two novel approaches to diffraction imaging in the depth domain. The first technique is based on reflection focusing in the depth domain and subsequent filtering of reflections from prestack data. The second technique modifies the migration kernel and consists of a reverse application of stationary-phase migration to suppress contributions from specular reflections to the diffraction image. Both techniques are proposed as a complement to conventional full-wave pre-stack depth migration, and both assume the existence of an accurate migration velocity. 相似文献
We outline some characteristic properties of diffractions and diffraction imaging, and present two novel approaches to diffraction imaging in the depth domain. The first technique is based on reflection focusing in the depth domain and subsequent filtering of reflections from prestack data. The second technique modifies the migration kernel and consists of a reverse application of stationary-phase migration to suppress contributions from specular reflections to the diffraction image. Both techniques are proposed as a complement to conventional full-wave pre-stack depth migration, and both assume the existence of an accurate migration velocity. 相似文献
14.
Conventional seismic data processing methods based on post‐stack time migration have been playing an important role in coal exploration for decades. However, post‐stack time migration processing often results in low‐quality images in complex geological environments. In order to obtain high‐quality images, we present a strategy that applies the Kirchhoff prestack time migration (PSTM) method to coal seismic data. In this paper, we describe the implementation of Kirchhoff PSTM to a 3D coal seam. Meanwhile we derive the workflow of 3D Kirchhoff PSTM processing based on coal seismic data. The processing sequence of 3D Kirchhoff PSTM includes two major steps: 1) the estimation of the 3D root‐mean‐square (RMS) velocity field; 2) Kirchhoff prestack time migration processing. During the construction of a 3D velocity model, dip moveout velocity is served as an initial migration velocity field. We combine 3D Kirchhoff PSTM with the continuous adjustment of a 3D RMS velocity field by the criteria of flattened common reflection point gathers. In comparison with post‐stack time migration, the application of 3D Kirchhoff PSTM to coal seismic data produces better images of the coal seam reflections. 相似文献
15.
Kai Yang Bao‐shu Chen Xiao‐jiang Wang Xiao‐chun Yang Jun‐rong Liu 《Geophysical Prospecting》2012,60(2):255-269
In the application of a conventional common‐reflection‐surface (CRS) stack, it is well‐known that only one optimum stacking operator is determined for each zero‐offset sample to be simulated. As a result, the conflicting dip situations are not taken into account and only the most prominent event contributes to any a particular stack sample. In this paper, we name this phenomenon caused by conflicting dip problems as ‘dip discrimination phenomenon’. This phenomenon is not welcome because it not only leads to the loss of weak reflections and tips of diffractions in the final zero‐offset‐CRS stacked section but also to a deteriorated quality in subsequent migration. The common‐reflection‐surface stack with the output imaging scheme (CRS‐OIS) is a novel technique to implement a CRS stack based on a unified Kirchhoff imaging approach. As far as dealing with conflicting dip problems is concerned, the CRS‐OIS is a better option than a conventional CRS stack. However, we think the CRS‐OIS can do more in this aspect. In this paper, we propose a workflow to handle the dip discrimination phenomenon based on a cascaded implementation of prestack time migration, CRS‐OIS and prestack time demigration. Firstly, a common offset prestack time migration is implemented. Then, a CRS‐OIS is applied to the time‐migrated common offset gather. Afterwards, a prestack time demigration is performed to reconstruct each unmigrated common offset gather with its reflections being greatly enhanced and diffractions being well preserved. Compared with existing techniques dealing with conflicting dip problems, the technique presented in this paper preserves most of the diffractions and accounts for reflections from all possible dips properly. More importantly, both the post‐stacked data set and prestacked data set can be of much better quality after the implementation of the presented scheme. It serves as a promising alternative to other techniques except that it cannot provide the typical CRS wavefield attributes. The numerical tests on a synthetic Marmousi data set and a real 2D marine data set demonstrated its effectiveness and robustness. 相似文献
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Prestack image volumes may be decomposed into specular and non‐specular parts by filters defined in the dip‐angle domain. For space‐shift extended image volumes, the dip‐angle decomposition is derived via local Radon transform in depth and midpoint coordinates, followed by an averaging over space‐shifts. We propose to employ prestack space‐shift extended reverse‐time migration and dip‐angle decomposition for imaging small‐scale structural elements, considered as seismic diffractors, in models with arbitrary complexity. A suitable design of a specularity filter in the dip‐angle domain rejects the dominant reflectors and enhances diffractors and other non‐specular image content. The filter exploits a clear discrimination in dip between specular reflections and diffractions. The former are stationary at the specular dip, whereas the latter are non‐stationary without a preferred dip direction. While the filtered image volume features other than the diffractor images (for example, noise and truncation artefacts are also present), synthetic and field data examples suggest that diffractors tend to dominate and are readily recognisable. Averaging over space‐shifts in the filter construction makes the reflectors? rejection robust against migration velocity errors. Another consequence of the space‐shift extension and its angle‐domain transforms is the possibility of exploring the image in a multiple set of common‐image gathers. The filtered diffractions may be analysed simultaneously in space‐shift, scattering‐angle, and dip‐angle image gathers by means of a single migration job. The deliverables of our method obviously enrich the processed material on the interpreter's desk. We expect them to further supplement our understanding of the Earth's interior. 相似文献
17.
State‐of‐the‐art 3D seismic acquisition geometries have poor sampling along at least one dimension. This results in coherent migration noise that always contaminates pre‐stack migrated data, including high‐fold surveys, if prior‐to‐migration interpolation was not applied. We present a method for effective noise suppression in migrated gathers, competing with data interpolation before pre‐stack migration. The proposed technique is based on a dip decomposition of common‐offset volumes and a semblance‐type measure computation via offset for all constant‐dip gathers. Thus the processing engages six dimensions: offset, inline, crossline, depth, inline dip, and crossline dip. To reduce computational costs, we apply a two‐pass (4D in each pass) noise suppression: inline processing and then crossline processing (or vice versa). Synthetic and real‐data examples verify that the technique preserves signal amplitudes, including amplitude‐versus‐offset dependence, and that faults are not smeared. 相似文献
18.
Florencia Balestrini Deyan Draganov Alireza Malehmir Paul Marsden Ranajit Ghose 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(1):200-213
In mineral exploration, new methods to improve the delineation of ore deposits at depth are in demand. For this purpose, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio through suitable data processing is an important requirement. Seismic reflection methods have proven to be useful to image mineral deposits. However, in most hard rock environments, surface waves constitute the most undesirable source-generated or ambient noise in the data that, especially given their typical broadband nature, often mask the events of interest like body-wave reflections and diffractions. In this study, we show the efficacy of a two-step procedure to suppress surface waves in an active-source reflection seismic dataset acquired in the Ludvika mining area of Sweden. First, we use seismic interferometry to estimate the surface-wave energy between receivers, given that they are the most energetic arrivals in the dataset. Second, we adaptively subtract the retrieved surface waves from the original shot gathers, checking the quality of the unveiled reflections. We see that several reflections, judged to be from the mineralization zone, are enhanced and better visualized after this two-step procedure. Our comparison with results from frequency-wavenumber filtering verifies the effectiveness of our scheme, since the presence of linear artefacts is reduced. The results are encouraging, as they open up new possibilities for denoising hard rock seismic data and, in particular, for imaging of deep mineral deposits using seismic reflections. This approach is purely data driven and does not require significant judgment on the dip and frequency content of present surface waves, which often vary from place to place. 相似文献
19.
As an ideal carrier of high-resolution information, seismic diffraction can be used to clarify and locate small-scale discontinuities or inhomogeneities in the subsurface. However, a diffraction is weak and thus be suppressed by the specular reflection. Furthermore, a diffraction would be destroyed by the conventional imaging method due to the polarity reversal of diffraction. In this paper, we analyse the behaviour of diffraction and reflection. For the image point on a horizontal or oblique reflector, the zone on both sides of the stationary point has the same energy after using a cosine weight function. Based on the behaviour, we propose the adaptive phase filter to adjust the polarity of the energy on both sides, and calculate it through the illumination angle and the reflector dip angle. This method avoids the calculation of the Fresnel zones and can further suppress residual reflection that disturb the diffraction images. Synthetic and field data applications show that the desired imaging results can be obtained by the proposed method. The test results demonstrate that the method is efficient in detecting small-scale discontinuities or inhomogeneities in the subsurface and can provide high-resolution information for seismic interpretation. 相似文献