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《应用地球物理》2020,(1)
碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层所含缝、洞尺度差异大、岩性和速度变化剧烈,造成复杂的绕射响应特征。部分缝洞体尺度小产生的绕射能量较弱,在成像剖面上被连续反射层掩盖,而难以识别。基于此,本文发展了一种倾角域道集的绕射波成像方法,提高对成像剖面上小尺度绕射构造的分辨能力。借助高斯束偏移技术抽取倾角域成像点道集,根据在倾角域道集上绕射同相轴拟线性、反射能量拟抛物的几何形态差异,基于斜率分析方法实现波场分离,并采用汉宁窗函数提高绕射波分离效果,将分离后的绕射波倾角域道集水平叠加得到绕射波成像结果。理论分析和数值模型测试结果表明:在窗函数的基础上,应用基于斜率分析的波场分离方法得到的绕射波倾角域道集能够更好的压制噪声,叠加后的绕射波成像剖面中绕射构造更加清晰。 相似文献
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地震绕射波是地下非连续性地质体的地震响应，绕射波成像对地下断层、尖灭和小尺度绕射体的识别具有重要的意义.在倾角域共成像点道集中，反射波同相轴表现为一条下凸曲线，能量主要集中在菲涅耳带内，绕射波能量则比较发散.由于倾角域菲涅耳带随偏移距变化而存在差异，因此本文提出一种在倾角-偏移距域道集中精确估计菲涅耳带的方法，在各偏移距的倾角域共成像点道集中实现菲涅耳带的精确切除，从而压制反射波.在倾角-偏移距域道集中还可以分别实现绕射波增强，绕射波同相轴相位校正，因此能量弱的绕射波可以清晰地成像.在倾角域共成像点道集中，反射波同相轴的最低点对应于菲涅耳带估计所用的倾角，因此本文提出一种在倾角域共成像点道集中直接自动拾取倾角场的方法.理论与实际资料试算验证了本文绕射波成像方法的有效性. 相似文献
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《应用地球物理》2017,(3)
常规地震资料处理通常将地震波场当作反射波处理,绕射波的存在会降低处理成果的分辨率,因此将其当做干扰噪音进行压制。然而,绕射波往往包含了非常重要的地质信息(裂缝、溶洞、断层等特殊构造),即使偏移将绕射波归位,因为绕射波能量较弱也会被反射同相轴遮盖。将反射波和绕射波进行分离并单独成像处理,将提高绕射目标构造的成像精度。根据在平面波域反射波拟线性、绕射波拟双曲的形态差异,本文利用平面波预测滤波技术对平面波炮记录进行波场分离。首先,采用平面波解构滤波器估算地震同相轴的局部倾角,利用局部倾角信息预测并提取反射波,然后从全波场中减去反射波,间接分离出绕射波,对绕射波成像可获得高分辨率的绕射目标体成像结果。通过对2D SEG盐丘模型进行波场分离与成像,分析表明:本文采用的平面波预测滤波技术解决了平面波解构滤波的极性反转问题,保持了绕射波原有的相位信息,保证了波场分离后的绕射波场保真度,成像结果表明用平面波预测滤波方法提取的绕射波进行偏移可改善非均质目标体的成像精度。 相似文献
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地震绕射波源于介质非连续性,从地震记录中将绕射波分离出来并进行成像,其结果对研究诸如碳酸盐岩缝洞储层这类复杂非均质储层具有重要意义.对炮集记录进行平面波分解,在地层倾角不大的假设下,反射波和绕射波同相轴在平面波分解剖面上存在较大的倾角差异.基于此,我们提出分步进行绕射波分离的方法:(1)利用局部倾角滤波方法将绕射波的较大倾角信息成分分离出来,此时,余下的部分包含有反射波和残留的低倾角绕射波信息;(2)利用频率-空间域预测反演方法从上述含有反射波和残留的低倾角绕射波信息中分离出残留绕射波成分;(3)将两次分离的绕射波信息相加得到最终的绕射波估计.用该方法能够得到相对完整的绕射波信息,有效地克服了靠单一的倾角差异进行绕射波分离时明显损失低倾角信息,从而影响绕射波成像结果横向分辨率这一问题.理论与实际资料试算验证了该方法的有效性. 相似文献
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逆时偏移被认为是对地下复杂构造进行成像的精确偏移方法,尤其是能够有效地对回转波、绕射波、多次波等各种波动现象进行成像.近几年来随着并行计算机和存储设备的快速发展,逆时偏移方法备受关注.本文采用伪谱法实现了VSP逆时偏移,该方法不仅实施简便,而且计算效率高,精度好.并运用反周期扩展法来消除伪谱法中特殊的周期性边界效应问题.对VSP绕射点模型进行试算,分析了因覆盖次数不足在近井区产生的假象问题.对地堑模型和半圆隆起模型也获得了较好的VSP逆时偏移成像效果.并分别对VSP全波波场及分离出的上行波场进行了逆时偏移成像,可明显发现直达波在炮点和检波点位置处收敛成像,也产生了很强的成像噪声.最后对某地区实际观测的VSP资料进行了逆时偏移成像,并与Kirchhoff法VSP偏移结果和地面地震偏移结果进行了对比,显示了VSP逆时偏移在近井区成像上的优势. 相似文献
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相比地面地震勘探,垂直地震剖面(VSP)资料信噪比高,从VSP偏移结果中能够准确地识别井旁小的地质构造.在VSP偏移方法中,VSP逆时偏移方法基于双程波动方程,具有成像精确且无倾角限制、适应任意复杂速度模型等诸多优点,受到人们广泛关注.传统的VSP逆时偏移方法会在成像剖面上产生低频噪声,同时井中检波点分布位置附近会产生井轨迹噪声,严重影响了成像剖面的质量.在本文中,我们利用优化时空域频散关系求解差分系数,提高数值模拟精度;采用混合吸收边界条件压制边界反射,减少边界反射对成像的影响;通过Hilbert变换来构建复数波场,利用波场分解成像条件进行VSP逆时偏移成像,来压制低频噪声和井轨迹噪声.数值模型和实际资料测试表明,基于复数波场分解成像方法能够实现高精度的VSP逆时偏移,并且能够有效地压制VSP逆时偏移中的低频成像噪声和井轨迹噪声;相比地面地震逆时偏移,本文方法能够对井旁构造和盐丘下构造取得更清晰的成像结果. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2017,(2)
地质雷达技术是用于研究水文、环境与气候变化等重大科学问题最有效的地球物理技术之一,并广泛应用于检测道路和建筑内部结构,探测冻土层、沙漠沙丘演化特征,进行地质灾害和考古探测等.具有探测速度快、分辨率高和探测结果直观成像的优势.但由于受到介质横向速度变化,孤立块体的绕射波和倾斜界面复杂反射波的影响等,在雷达探测剖面上经常难以真实地反映地下目标体的空间位置和形态.偏移处理技术可以提高成像的真实性.逆时偏移能有效地利用回转波、多次波成像,使反射波准确归位,绕射波完全收敛,是一种受横向变化影响小,倾斜界面成像精度高的偏移方法.本文推导出基于麦克斯韦方程组TM波方程的有限差分格式、稳定性条件和PML边界条件,并编程实现有限差分零偏移距逆时偏移算法.两层模型和空洞模型的逆时偏移剖面与对应的原速度模型完全相同,有效地验证了有限差分零偏移距逆时偏移算法的准确性.相比于两层模型和空洞模型的Kirchhoff偏移剖面,逆时偏移剖面能更有效地提高垂直界面和空洞底界面的成像分辨率,更真实地反映两层模型和空洞模型的空间形态和内部结构信息. 相似文献
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尽管叠前逆时偏移成像精度高,但仅针对单一纵波的成像也可能形成地下介质成像盲区,由于基于弹性波方程的逆时偏移成像可形成多波模式的成像数据,因此弹性波逆时偏移成像可提供更为丰富的地下构造信息.本文依据各向同性介质的一阶速度-应力方程组构建震源和检波点矢量波场,再利用Helmholtz分解提取纯纵波和纯横波波场,使用震源归一化的互相关成像条件获得纯波成像,避免了直接使用坐标分量成像而引起的纵横波串扰问题.针对转换波成像的极性反转问题,文中提出一种共炮域极性校正方法.为有效节约存储成本,也提出一种适用于弹性波逆时偏移的震源波场逆时重建方法,在震源波场正传过程中,仅保存PML边界内若干层的速度分量波场,进而逆时重建出所有分量的震源波场.本文分别对地堑模型和Marmousi2模型进行了弹性波逆时偏移成像测试,结果表明:所提出的共炮域极性校正方法正确有效,基于波场分离的弹性波逆时偏移成像的纯波数据能够对复杂地下构造准确成像. 相似文献
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随着多分量采集技术的发展,弹性波逆时偏移技术在三维各向异性介质复杂地质构造成像中得到了广泛的应用.然而耦合的P波场和S波场,会在传播过程中产生串扰噪声,降低弹性波逆时偏移的成像精度.为了解决这一问题,本研究针对具有倾斜各向异性对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Transverse Isotropy, TI)介质,提出了一种矢量弹性波场快速解耦方法,可以有效提高偏移剖面的成像质量.该方法首先通过坐标转换,将观测系统坐标系的垂直轴旋转到TI介质的对称轴方向,在新坐标系下,根据具有垂直对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Vertical Transverse Isotropy, VTI)介质中的分解算子,推导出三维TI介质解耦算子表达式.接着引入一种在空间域快速计算分解波场的方法,来实现空间域矢量P波场和S波场分离,极大地提高了计算效率.最后,通过点积成像条件,将提出的P/S波分解方法引入到三维TI介质弹性波逆时偏移中,得到高精度的PP和PS成像.与以往的波场分解方法相比,本文方法具有数值稳定和计算效率高的特点.数值算例表明,应用上述三维TI分解算子得到的偏移剖面有效压制了噪声,提高了成像质量. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(3)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2014,(4)
正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and 相似文献
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Richard D. Hey 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1979,4(1):59-72
Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape. 相似文献
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Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored. 相似文献
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《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)
Abstract The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl?, SO4 2?, HCO3 ?, NO3 ?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region. 相似文献
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K.-G. Malle 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1992,20(4):196-204
Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m3 zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m3. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters. 相似文献