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《应用地球物理》2017,(3)
常规地震资料处理通常将地震波场当作反射波处理,绕射波的存在会降低处理成果的分辨率,因此将其当做干扰噪音进行压制。然而,绕射波往往包含了非常重要的地质信息(裂缝、溶洞、断层等特殊构造),即使偏移将绕射波归位,因为绕射波能量较弱也会被反射同相轴遮盖。将反射波和绕射波进行分离并单独成像处理,将提高绕射目标构造的成像精度。根据在平面波域反射波拟线性、绕射波拟双曲的形态差异,本文利用平面波预测滤波技术对平面波炮记录进行波场分离。首先,采用平面波解构滤波器估算地震同相轴的局部倾角,利用局部倾角信息预测并提取反射波,然后从全波场中减去反射波,间接分离出绕射波,对绕射波成像可获得高分辨率的绕射目标体成像结果。通过对2D SEG盐丘模型进行波场分离与成像,分析表明:本文采用的平面波预测滤波技术解决了平面波解构滤波的极性反转问题,保持了绕射波原有的相位信息,保证了波场分离后的绕射波场保真度,成像结果表明用平面波预测滤波方法提取的绕射波进行偏移可改善非均质目标体的成像精度。 相似文献
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绕射波携带大量小尺度非均匀地质体信息,对于提高地震勘探分辨率具有重要意义.绕射波能量远小于反射波,在地震记录中常被强反射波掩盖,因此分离并单独成像绕射波,为探测小尺度非均匀地质体的关键问题.传统绕射波分离方法受限于理论模型假设,对陡倾角反射波去除效果不佳,且易对绕射波造成损伤.基于经典编码-解码框架下的U-net网络和注意力机制,本文提出了一种绕射波智能分离方法,通过编码器自动提取地震数据中的绕射波特征,再由解码器恢复绕射波,从而隐性去除反射波.该方法作为端到端的机器学习,训练后的U-net网络可自适应地分离绕射波.本文通过数值模拟数据与实际数据构建训练数据集,利用训练后的U-net网络分离绕射波,并将结果偏移成像.数值模型测试和实际资料应用表明,融合了注意力机制的U-net网络能够有效压制反射波能量,保留绕射波动力学特征,克服了传统绕射波分离方法难以去除陡倾角反射的局限性,其提取的绕射波弱信号特征较为完整,能够进一步提高地震成像分辨率,在小尺度断裂刻画上具有优势. 相似文献
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地震绕射波是地下非连续性地质体的地震响应,绕射波成像对地下断层、尖灭和小尺度绕射体的识别具有重要的意义.在倾角域共成像点道集中,反射波同相轴表现为一条下凸曲线,能量主要集中在菲涅耳带内,绕射波能量则比较发散.由于倾角域菲涅耳带随偏移距变化而存在差异,因此本文提出一种在倾角-偏移距域道集中精确估计菲涅耳带的方法,在各偏移距的倾角域共成像点道集中实现菲涅耳带的精确切除,从而压制反射波.在倾角-偏移距域道集中还可以分别实现绕射波增强,绕射波同相轴相位校正,因此能量弱的绕射波可以清晰地成像.在倾角域共成像点道集中,反射波同相轴的最低点对应于菲涅耳带估计所用的倾角,因此本文提出一种在倾角域共成像点道集中直接自动拾取倾角场的方法.理论与实际资料试算验证了本文绕射波成像方法的有效性. 相似文献
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尺度目标体的绕射波能量较弱,常被能量较强的反射波淹没,与反射波一起成像难度较大.因而,实现绕射波成像的核心问题之一为绕射波与反射波分离.通常建立反射波模型的方法有Radon变换等域变换类方法,但该类方法在减去反射波能量上存在问题.为更彻底实现压制反射波目的,本文引入自适应滤波方法,该方法较简单的减去法能更好预测反射波能量.实际资料应用效果表明,最小二乘自适应滤波方法能更好突显单炮记录上绕射波特征,得到的叠加剖面中反射波去除更为彻底干净,偏移剖面中小断层、断点、尖灭点等小尺度地质体成像清晰. 相似文献
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地震剖面中的绕射点反应地下断层、尖灭、溶洞等不连续体的位置信息,因此绕射波对于实现小尺度构造的精细成像具有重要意义.基于逆时偏移的绕射波成像方案包括乘法成像条件法和倾角域拾取法.乘法成像条件利用正\负倾角构造剖面相乘实现绕射点的定位,倾角域拾取法则根据绕射波能量在角度域的特征进行拾取.其中,通过Hilbert变换和伴随波场的延拓可以实现波场的方向分解,从而实现单一倾向构造的成像并改善倾角道集的质量.本文也对无需方向分解的正\负倾角构造成像公式进行了推导.逆时偏移作为一种全波成像方法,所得剖面本身包含绕射点信息,因此本文通过图像处理方法提取绕射点位置.这一方法具有成本低、扩展性强、可对剖面做局部化处理的特点. 相似文献
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《应用地球物理》2020,(1)
碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层所含缝、洞尺度差异大、岩性和速度变化剧烈,造成复杂的绕射响应特征。部分缝洞体尺度小产生的绕射能量较弱,在成像剖面上被连续反射层掩盖,而难以识别。基于此,本文发展了一种倾角域道集的绕射波成像方法,提高对成像剖面上小尺度绕射构造的分辨能力。借助高斯束偏移技术抽取倾角域成像点道集,根据在倾角域道集上绕射同相轴拟线性、反射能量拟抛物的几何形态差异,基于斜率分析方法实现波场分离,并采用汉宁窗函数提高绕射波分离效果,将分离后的绕射波倾角域道集水平叠加得到绕射波成像结果。理论分析和数值模型测试结果表明:在窗函数的基础上,应用基于斜率分析的波场分离方法得到的绕射波倾角域道集能够更好的压制噪声,叠加后的绕射波成像剖面中绕射构造更加清晰。 相似文献
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文中展示了南黄海中古生代沉积地层的成像结果,显示南黄海隆起区存在较稳定的中古生代沉积地层残留区.南黄海中古生代残留沉积地层的成像问题一直是地震资料处理的难点,主要原因是以海底鸣震为主的层间多次波和与中古生界顶界面相关的长程多次波非常发育,致使有效反射波无法准确识别.本文利用平面波域层间多次波的可预测性,对地震数据平面波分解之后进行预测反褶积,较好地消除了层间多次波.利用速度差异分离长程多次波,在有效波速度无法确定的条件下,先从低速的、可以确认的多次波开始进行分离,逐步确认并分离多次波,同时逐步进行有效波的确认和成像速度的尝试,最终得到合适的成像速度场和多次波被充分分离的数据.成像结果对南黄海残留盆地研究有一定借鉴意义. 相似文献
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We propose a method for imaging small‐scale diffraction objects in complex environments in which Kirchhoff‐based approaches may fail. The proposed method is based on a separation between the specular reflection and diffraction components of the total wavefield in the migrated surface angle domain. Reverse‐time migration was utilized to produce the common image gathers. This approach provides stable and robust results in cases of complex velocity models. The separation is based on the fact that, in surface angle common image gathers, reflection events are focused at positions that correspond to the apparent dip angle of the reflectors, whereas diffracted events are distributed over a wide range of angles. The high‐resolution radon‐based procedure is used to efficiently separate the reflection and diffraction wavefields. In this study, we consider poststack diffraction imaging. The advantages of working in the poststack domain are its numerical efficiency and the reduced computational time. The numerical results show that the proposed method is able to image diffraction objects in complex environments. The application of the method to a real seismic dataset illustrates the capability of the approach to extract diffractions. 相似文献
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Prestack image volumes may be decomposed into specular and non‐specular parts by filters defined in the dip‐angle domain. For space‐shift extended image volumes, the dip‐angle decomposition is derived via local Radon transform in depth and midpoint coordinates, followed by an averaging over space‐shifts. We propose to employ prestack space‐shift extended reverse‐time migration and dip‐angle decomposition for imaging small‐scale structural elements, considered as seismic diffractors, in models with arbitrary complexity. A suitable design of a specularity filter in the dip‐angle domain rejects the dominant reflectors and enhances diffractors and other non‐specular image content. The filter exploits a clear discrimination in dip between specular reflections and diffractions. The former are stationary at the specular dip, whereas the latter are non‐stationary without a preferred dip direction. While the filtered image volume features other than the diffractor images (for example, noise and truncation artefacts are also present), synthetic and field data examples suggest that diffractors tend to dominate and are readily recognisable. Averaging over space‐shifts in the filter construction makes the reflectors? rejection robust against migration velocity errors. Another consequence of the space‐shift extension and its angle‐domain transforms is the possibility of exploring the image in a multiple set of common‐image gathers. The filtered diffractions may be analysed simultaneously in space‐shift, scattering‐angle, and dip‐angle image gathers by means of a single migration job. The deliverables of our method obviously enrich the processed material on the interpreter's desk. We expect them to further supplement our understanding of the Earth's interior. 相似文献
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As an ideal carrier of high-resolution information, seismic diffraction can be used to clarify and locate small-scale discontinuities or inhomogeneities in the subsurface. However, a diffraction is weak and thus be suppressed by the specular reflection. Furthermore, a diffraction would be destroyed by the conventional imaging method due to the polarity reversal of diffraction. In this paper, we analyse the behaviour of diffraction and reflection. For the image point on a horizontal or oblique reflector, the zone on both sides of the stationary point has the same energy after using a cosine weight function. Based on the behaviour, we propose the adaptive phase filter to adjust the polarity of the energy on both sides, and calculate it through the illumination angle and the reflector dip angle. This method avoids the calculation of the Fresnel zones and can further suppress residual reflection that disturb the diffraction images. Synthetic and field data applications show that the desired imaging results can be obtained by the proposed method. The test results demonstrate that the method is efficient in detecting small-scale discontinuities or inhomogeneities in the subsurface and can provide high-resolution information for seismic interpretation. 相似文献
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Common reflection surface stack using dip decomposition for rugged surface topography 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We present an extension of the Common Reflection Surface （CRS） stack that provides support for an arbitrary top surface topography. CRS stacking can be applied to the original prestack data without the need for any elevation statics. The CRS-stacked zero- offset section can be corrected （redatumed） to a given planar level by kinematic wave field attributes. The seismic processing results indicate that the CRS stacked section for rugged surface topography is better than the conventional stacked section for S/N ratio and better continuity of reflection events. Considering the multiple paths of zero-offset rays, the method deals with reflection information coming from different dips and performs the stack using the method of dip decomposition, which improves the kinematic and dynamic character of CRS stacked sections. 相似文献
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Diffraction imaging in depth 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
High resolution imaging is of great value to an interpreter, for instance to enable identification of small scale faults, and to locate formation pinch-out positions. Standard approaches to obtain high-resolution information, such as coherency analysis and structure-oriented filters, derive attributes from stacked, migrated images. Since they are image-driven, these techniques are sensitive to artifacts due to an inadequate migration velocity; in fact the attribute derivation is not based on the physics of wave propagation. Diffracted waves on the other hand have been recognized as physically reliable carriers of high- or even super-resolution structural information. However, high-resolution information, encoded in diffractions, is generally lost during the conventional processing sequence, indeed migration kernels in current migration algorithms are biased against diffractions. We propose here methods for a diffraction-based, data-oriented approach to image resolution. We also demonstrate the different behaviour of diffractions compared to specular reflections and how this can be leveraged to assess characteristics of subsurface features. In this way a rough surface such as a fault plane or unconformity may be distinguishable on a diffraction image and not on a traditional reflection image.
We outline some characteristic properties of diffractions and diffraction imaging, and present two novel approaches to diffraction imaging in the depth domain. The first technique is based on reflection focusing in the depth domain and subsequent filtering of reflections from prestack data. The second technique modifies the migration kernel and consists of a reverse application of stationary-phase migration to suppress contributions from specular reflections to the diffraction image. Both techniques are proposed as a complement to conventional full-wave pre-stack depth migration, and both assume the existence of an accurate migration velocity. 相似文献
We outline some characteristic properties of diffractions and diffraction imaging, and present two novel approaches to diffraction imaging in the depth domain. The first technique is based on reflection focusing in the depth domain and subsequent filtering of reflections from prestack data. The second technique modifies the migration kernel and consists of a reverse application of stationary-phase migration to suppress contributions from specular reflections to the diffraction image. Both techniques are proposed as a complement to conventional full-wave pre-stack depth migration, and both assume the existence of an accurate migration velocity. 相似文献
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THE CRUSTAL SHALLOW STRUCTURES AND FAULT ACTIVITY DETECTION IN XINYI SECTION OF TAN-LU FAULT ZONE 
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下载免费PDF全文 GU Qin-ping XU Han-gang YAN Yun-xiang ZHAO Qi-guang LI Li-mei MENG Ke YANG Hao WANG Jin-yan JIANG Xin MA Dong-wei 《地震地质》1979,42(4):825-843
The Tan-Lu fault zone is the largest active tectonic zone in eastern China, with a complex history of formation and evolution, and it has a very important control effect on the regional structure, magmatic activity, the formation and distribution of mineral resources and modern seismic activity in eastern China. Xinyi City has a very important position as a segmental node in the Shandong and Suwan sections of the Tan-Lu fault zone. Predecessors have conducted research on the spatial distribution, occurrence and activity characteristics of the shallow crustal faults in the Suqian section of the Tan-Lu belt, and have obtained some new scientific understandings and results. However, due to different research objectives or limitations of research methods, previous researches have either focused on the deep crustal structure, or targeted on the Suqian section or other regions. However, the structural style and deep-shallow structural association characteristics of Xinyi section of Tan-Lu belt have not been well illustrated, nor its activity and spatial distribution have been systematically studied. In order to investigate the shallow crustal structure features, the fault activities, the spatial distribution and the relationship between deep and shallow structures of the Xinyi section of the Tan-Lu Fault, we used a method combining mid-deep/shallow seismic reflection exploration and first-break wave imaging. Firstly, a mid-deep seismic reflection profile with a length of 33km and a coverage number greater than 30 was completed in the south of Xinyi City. At the same time, using the first arrival wave on the common shot record, the tomographic study of the shallow crust structure was carried out. Secondly, three shallow seismic reflection profiles and one refraction tomography profile with high resolution across faults were presented. The results show that the Xinyi section of Tan-Lu fault zone is a fault zone composed of five concealed main faults, with a structural pattern of “two grabens sandwiched by a barrier”. The five main faults reveal more clearly the structural style of “one base between two cuts” of the Tan-Lu fault zone. From west to east, the distribution is as follows: on the west side, there are two high-angle faults, F4 and F3, with a slot-shaped fault block falling in the middle, forming the western graben. In the middle, F3 and F2, two normal faults with opposite dip directions, are bounded and the middle discontinuity disk rises relatively to form a barrier. On the east side, F2 and F1, two conjugate high-angle faults, constitute the eastern graben. The mid-deep and shallow seismic reflection profiles indicate that the main faults of the Xinyi section of Tan-Lu fault zone have a consistent upper-lower relationship and obvious Quaternary activities, which play a significant role in controlling the characteristics of graben-barrier structure and thickness of Cenozoic strata. The shape of the reflective interface of the stratum and the characteristics of the shallow part of the fault revealed by shallow seismic reflection profiles are clear. The Mohe-Lingcheng Fault, Xinyi-Xindian Fault, Malingshan-Chonggangshan Fault and Shanzuokou-Sihong Fault not only broke the top surface of the bedrock, but also are hidden active faults since Quaternary, especially the Malingshan-Chonggangshan Fault which shows strong activity characteristics of Holocene. The results of this paper provide a seismological basis for an in-depth understanding of the deep dynamics process of Xinyi City and its surrounding areas, and for studying the deep-shallow tectonic association and its activity in the the Xinyi section of the Tan-Lu Fault. 相似文献
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大地震的震源机制及地震矩、应力降等参数,不(又对认识地震的破裂过程,而且对预报强地面运动都是非常重要的。一些文章对板内地震应力降的特点、地震矩与高频源谱的关系及区域特征的讨论,使我们可直接由长周期体波或面波得出的地震矩M0估计出不同地区中大地震的高频源谱,以供强地面运动预报参考。 由于对发生在中国板内的1976年11月6日盐源地震（Ms=6.5）和1976年11月15日宁河地震（Ms=6.3）的震源参数还没有详尽的报道;另外,对1973年7月14日 相似文献
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RESEARCH ON NEOGENE-QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHIC STRUCTURE AND SHALLOW TECTONIC FEATURES IN THE NORTH SECTION OF DAXING FAULT ZONE BASED ON SHALLOW SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILING 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 HE Fu-bing XU Xi-wei HE Zhen-jun ZHANG Xiao-liang LIU Li-yan ZHANG Wei WEI Bo NI Jing-bo 《地震地质》1979,42(4):893-908
The Daxing Fault is an important buried fault in the Beijing sub-plain, which is also the boundary fault of the structural unit between Langgu sub-sag and Daxing sub-uplift. So far, there is a lack of data on the shallow tectonic features of the Daxing Fault, especially for the key structural part of its northern section where it joins with the Xiadian Fault. In this paper, the fine stratigraphic classifications and shallow tectonic features of the northern section in the main Daxing Fault are explored by using three NW-trending shallow seismic reflection profiles. These profiles pass through the Daxing earthquake(M6¾)area in 1057AD and the northern section of the main Daxing Fault. The results show that seven strong reflection layers(T01—T03, TQ and T11—T13)are recognized in the strata of Neogene and Quaternary beneath the investigated area. The largest depth of strong reflection layer(T13)is about 550~850ms, which is interpreted as an important surface of unconformity between Neogene and Paleogene or basement rock. The remaining reflection layers, such as T01 and TQ, are interpreted as internal interfaces in Neogene to Quaternary strata. There are different rupture surfaces and slip as well as obviously different structural features of the Daxing Fault revealed in three shallow seismic reflection profiles. The two profiles(2-7 and 2-8)show obvious rupture surfaces, which are the expression of Daxing Fault in shallow strata. Along the profile(2-6), which is located at the end of the Daxing fault structure, a triangle deformation zone or bending fracture can be identified, implying that the Daxing Fault is manifested as bending deformation instead of rupture surfaces at its end section. This unique structural feature can be explained by a shearing motion at the end of extensional normal fault. Therefore, the Daxing Fault exhibits obviously different tectonic features of deformation or displacement at different structural locations. The attitude and displacement of the fault at the shallow part are also different to some extent. From the southwest section to the northeast section of the fault, the dip angle gradually becomes gentler(80°~60°), the upper breakpoint becomes deeper(160~600m), and the fault displacement in Neogene to Quaternary strata decreases(80~0m). Three shallow seismic reflection profiles also reveal that the Daxing Fault is a normal fault during Neogene to early Quaternary, and the deformation or displacement caused by the activity of the fault reaches the reflection layer T02. This depth is equivalent to the sedimentary strata of late Early-Pleistocene. Therefore, the geometry and morphology of the Daxing Fault also reveal that the early normal fault activity has continued into the Early Pleistocene, but the evidence of activity is not obvious since the late Pleistocene. The earthquakes occurring along the Daxing Fault, such as Daxing earthquake(M6¾)in 1057AD, may not have much relation with this extensional normal fault, but with another new strike-slip fault. A series of focal mechanism solutions of modern earthquakes reveal that the seismic activity is closely related to the strike-slip fault. The Daxing Fault extends also downwards into the lower crust, and may be cut by the steeply dipping new Xiadian Fault on deep seismic reflection profile. The northern section of the Daxing Fault strikes NNE, with a length of about 23km, arranged in a right step pattern with the Xiadian Fault. Transrotational basins have been developed in the junction between the northern Daxing Fault and the southern Xiadian Fault. Such combined tectonic features of the Daxing Fault and Xiadian Fault evolute independently under the extensional structure background and control the development of the Langgu sub-sag and Dachang sub-sag, respectively. 相似文献
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DEKORP 2-S is the first profile carried out in the German continental reflection seismic programme. Besides numerous reflections in the lower crust, the seismic section is characterized by strongly curved events that are interpreted as diffractions. These diffractions occur as clusters, mainly in two areas of the profile: the Dinkelsbühl and the Spessart area. This paper deals with the Dinkelsbühl diffractions where three-dimensional control is available. The control is provided by two additional profiles P-1 and Q-40 which run parallel and perpendicular to the main line, DEKORP 2-S. The type and the location of the diffractors are determined by traveltime-modelling using crustal velocity functions derived from in-line wide-angle observations. A model with inclined line diffractors provides the best fit to the data for all three profiles. Projections of these line diffractors to the surface show that they are aligned parallel to the strike direction of the Variscides. This suggests that the diffractions are associated with the suture zone between the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian geological provinces. 相似文献