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1.
壬基酚、辛基酚、二氯酚和双酚A是水环境中普遍存在的酚类污染物,由于其内分泌干扰活性和致癌性近年来受到广泛的关注.本研究以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为受试生物,研究4种典型酚类污染物暴露对其内脏组织和鳃组织中抗氧化酶包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及解毒酶谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性的影响.研究结果表明:壬基酚低浓度处理组(0.05～0.2 mg/L)3种酶活性无显著变化,高浓度处理组(0.4 mg/L),SOD、CAT和GST 3种酶活性均受到显著抑制,抑制率分别为56.6％,59.0％和35.5％.在实验浓度范围(0.05～0.4 mg/L)内,二氯酚能够显著抑制内脏组织CAT活性,双酚A能够显著抑制鳃组织GST活性.3种酶活性变化对于酚类污染物的响应呈现较好的规律性,因此可以作为生物标志物联合指示水体中的酚类污染.  相似文献   

2.
本文在2018年3、5、8、10月份开展了莱州湾PAHs污染调查和生物监测技术研究。结果表明：莱州湾表层沉积物ΣPAHs范围为197.53～575.73 ng/g d.w.,最低为S4站3月份,最高为S2站10月份;四角蛤蜊软体部为73.43～156.39 ng/g d.w.,最低为S4站3月份,最高为S2站8月份。表层沉积物、四角蛤蜊软体部中PAHs含量均值均呈现S2>S3>S1>S4的变化趋势。通过皮尔逊相关性分析得出鳃丝EROD、SOD、GPx、DNA损伤、LPO和消化盲囊CYP450、EROD、UGT、T-AOC、GPx、DNA损伤、PC、LPO可作为指示莱州湾PAHs污染的现场生物标志物。鳃丝与消化盲囊的IBR分析结果存在差异,鳃丝IBR得分均值呈现S2>S3>S4>S1的趋势,而消化盲囊则为S2>S3>S1>S4。MPI表明S2处于严重污染等级,S3处于轻度污染等级,S1与S4相近处于轻度与良好等级之间,鳃丝、消化盲囊的IBR和MPI结果表现出良好的一致性。其中消化盲囊IBR站点得分均值排序与化学监测结果排序相同,且消化...  相似文献   

3.
苯并[a]芘(Ba P)是一类典型多环芳烃(PAHs)污染物。为了定量评价Ba P对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)的毒性效应,采用水体暴露实验,研究了脊尾白虾肝胰脏、肌肉组织的5种生物标志物(EROD、GST、SOD、CAT、MDA)对Ba P暴露的响应,并应用综合生物标志物响应(IBR)定量评价了Ba P对肝胰脏、肌肉组织的毒性差异。结果显示:肝胰脏、肌肉组织的EROD、GST、SOD、CAT活性整体呈现诱导-抑制的规律性变化,除了0.05μg/L实验组CAT外,其余各实验组肝胰脏组织生物标志物活性在实验结束时均显著高于对照组(P0.05),除了0.45μg/L实验组EROD、CAT外,其余各浓度组肌肉组织生物标志物活性在实验结束时均与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05),MDA含量呈现持续上升的趋势,在实验结束时各实验组均显著高于对照组(P0.05);IBR值存在时间效应和剂量效应。研究结果表明,肝胰脏、肌肉组织对Ba P的暴露响应存在差异性,肝胰脏生物标志物综合应激活性高于肌肉组织。  相似文献   

4.
以褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)细胞色素P4501A四种生物标志物,即鳃丝EROD活性、肝EROD活性、肝CYP1A mRNA和肝CYP1A蛋白为指标,在泉州湾海域选择6个站位(包括1个对照站位),开展了为期两周的野外监测实验,研究了上述生物标志物的变化特征以及它们同表层海水中石油类含量和沉积物物中16种优先监控的PAHs含量之间的相关性,并利用新一代综合生物标志物响应指数法(IBRv2)对监测站位石油类和PAHs污染效应进行了评价.结果显示,不同站位的上述四种生物标志物变化趋势基本一致;生物标志物的变化与相应站位表层水中石油类含量及沉积物中PAHs总含量相吻合;IBRv2分析结果表明,各监测站位IBRv2指数介于1.5~4.2之间,其中2号站环境污染压力最大,4号站最小.在复杂的海洋污染条件下,采用CYP1A多种生物标志物监测技术能够更加全面反映石油类等污染及其生物效应状况.  相似文献   

5.
为阐释不同浓度苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]对杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor）的毒性效应,以0.02、0.04和0.08 mg/dm^33个质量浓度的B（a）P对杂色鲍进行水体暴露胁迫,7d后检测肌肉、外套膜、鳃、性腺、肾和肝胰腺的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）活性及还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量.结果显示：0.02 mg/dm^3的B（a）P暴露对杂色鲍抗氧化系统的影响不明显,而0.04、0.08 mg/dm^3的B（a）P则显著抑制了SOD、CAT和GPx酶活性以及GSH含量,同时对GST酶活性具有显著的诱导作用;实验还发现,不同组织抗氧化酶活性对B（a）P胁迫的敏感性响应存在较大差异,其中鳃、肾脏和肝胰腺的敏感性响应明显高于肌肉和外套膜.上述结果表明,苯并（a）芘暴露对杂色鲍抗氧化酶活性的影响具有明显的剂量-效应关系及组织差异性,杂色鲍的鳃、肾脏或者肝胰腺的抗氧化酶响应多环芳香烃胁迫的更敏感,可作为B（a）P污染的生物标志物.  相似文献   

6.
生物标志物是指能够指示或表征暴露于环境化学污染物而引起生物机体发生响应变化的标志物或指标。采用生物标志物指示海洋环境的水质变化及其生态预警作用的研究是当今海洋环境科学研究的热点和前沿,在海洋污染评价领域中应用广泛。本文介绍了生物标志物的定义及分类,综述了国内外基于不同种类的生物标志物的评价方法在海洋溢油污染监测与评价中的应用特点和研究现状,以及多种生物标志物综合应用的典型方法及重要意义,例如生物标志物响应指数(biomarker response index,BRI)和综合生物标志物响应指数法(Integrated biomarker responses index,IBR)。最后,本文总结并指出了今后开展相关溢油污染评价的研究方向,包括针对海洋溢油污染特点筛选特异性强、敏感性高的生物标志物以及建立基于生物标志物的海洋溢油污染预警系统等,从而提供更加精准有效的技术方法和科学保障。  相似文献   

7.
本文以黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)为受试生物,分别研究两者单独及联合暴露21 d后的氧化应激效应,并结合综合生物标志物响应(Integrated Biomarker Response,IBR)评估其毒性。结果表明:PS单独暴露时,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GPX)活性随暴露浓度升高被显著抑制,丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量随暴露浓度增加逐渐上升,而谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)含量仅在97.4μg·L-1暴露下显著上升;BDE-47单独暴露时,CAT、GST和GSH含量均被抑制,MDA和GPX活性仅在较高浓度下被显著诱导,SOD活性在低浓度被诱导,在最高浓度下恢复至空白水平。联合暴露时,CAT和SOD活性随PS投加浓度升高表现出先诱导后抑制的效应,且均显著高于BDE-47单独暴露组,MDA含量随PS投加浓度升高表现出诱导效应。GST和GPX活性与空白水平相近,低浓度PS暴露组中的GSH含量也有相似的变化规律。可见,PS能减缓BDE-47对黑褐新糠虾抗氧化防御系统的氧化胁迫,在低浓度PS联合暴露组中尤其显著。  相似文献   

8.
采用分光光度法研究了在不同温度下(包括最适温度、低于或高于最适温度)南极衣藻ICE-L(Chlamydomonassp.ICE-L)谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、蛋白含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性,同时分析了已适应高温(16℃)的衣藻重新适应低温(8℃)时这些指标的变化,以期阐明谷胱甘肽系统与南极冰藻低温适应性的关系。结果表明,当温度低于对照组(最适温度8℃)时,蛋白含量降低,而GSH含量、GPx、GST和GR活性上升,已适应高温的衣藻重新适应低温时也出现类似的结果。但当温度高于最适温度时,GSH含量、GST和GPx活性下降,而蛋白含量和GR活力有上升的趋势,GR活力增长幅度比低于最适温度时的变化小。由此可见谷胱甘肽系统在南极衣藻低温适应过程中,GSH、GPx、GR、GST与低温适应呈正相关,同时除GR外其他因子与南极衣藻高温适应呈负相关,GSH及其相关酶在南极冰藻低温适应中具有重要作用。  相似文献   

9.
以我国近海重要经济贝类菲律宾蛤仔(Venerupis philippinarum)为对象,探讨了不同加标浓度Hg2+(2.5、5、7.5、10μg/L)胁迫下菲律宾蛤仔鳃组织的富集效应,测定了鳃和血细胞两个组织中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx),细胞色素P450(CYP414A1),硫氧还蛋白(Trx)、金属硫蛋白(MT)、热休克蛋白(HSP70)以及溶菌酶(Lysozyme)8个基因的剂量和时序表达变化,筛选了指示汞污染的生物标记物。研究结果表明:蛤仔鳃组织对汞富集随时间延长和Hg2+浓度增加均呈现逐渐上升趋势,在10μg/L Hg2+剂量暴露48 h时达到(0.308±0.037)μg/g的最高富集量,为对照组的21倍(P0.01)。基因表达分析结果显示,鳃CYP414A1和GPx基因分别在24 h和48 h的2.5μg/L暴露组表达显著上调。鳃Lysozyme在24 h的7.5μg/L处理组中表达显著上调,鳃HSP70基因在48 h的7.5μg/L处理组中呈现显著下调趋势(P0.01)。鳃和血细胞中HSP70基因表达量在10μg/L处理组中均极显著高于对照组和其它处理组(P0.01)。鳃CYP414A1和GPx基因、鳃Lysozyme和鳃HSP70、鳃和血细胞HSP70的表达结果可分别作为指示不同浓度汞污染的生物标记物,其它基因的表达结果不符合生物标记物的筛选原则。研究结果表明组合型生物标记物可较有效地反映海洋环境汞污染状况,为利用生物标记物进行重金属Hg污染早期监测方法体系的建立提供了基础的研究资料。  相似文献   

10.
近年来北部湾沿岸产业的快速发展对海湾特别是潮间带的生态环境造成一定的污染压力。双壳类动物对重金属有极强的富集能力,其体内的重金属含量是海洋污染监测的重要指标。根据2011年春季北部湾潮间带的波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)软组织中7种重金属(Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、As)的测定结果,分析该区域蛤体内重金属的空间分布特征。通过计算单因子标准指数(Pi)、金属污染指数(MPI)、生物-沉积物积累因子(BSAF)、重金属周最大理论摄入量(TMWI),评价波纹巴非蛤对沉积物中重金属的积累特征、生物质量及食用风险。研究表明,波纹巴非蛤体软组织中重金属污染总体水平不高,但站位间差异明显;该生物对沉积物中不同种类重金属的积累能力不同,对Cd、Hg、Zn的积累能力高于Pb、Cr、Cu、As;计算得到的各种重金属周最大理论摄入量(TMWI)均远低于食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)规定的相应限值,造成食用风险的可能性较低。  相似文献   

11.
A population of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting a creosote-polluted inlet of the Elizabeth River demonstrates tolerance to the acute toxic effects exerted by contaminated sediments on reference site killifish. Previous data have suggested that upregulated antioxidant defenses contribute to short-term tolerance in killifish exposed to Elizabeth River sediments. This study investigated population differences in antioxidant defenses from wild caught Elizabeth River and reference population killifish in different seasons, and after being held in the laboratory. Parameters measured in the killifish were total glutathione concentrations (GSH(T)), activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), all in adult hepatic tissues. The Elizabeth River population exhibited greater GSH(T), higher GPx activities, and increased LPO as compared to the reference population. Sex specific population differences were also observed in GSH(T) and GPx. Both populations displayed decreased GSH(T) and increased GR from early to late summer, as well as after being held in the laboratory. This study indicates that there are many factors that may contribute to differences in levels of antioxidant defenses in addition to exposure to contaminants, including reproductive status and environmental conditions.  相似文献   

12.
The oysters ( Saccostrea cuculiata ) were collected from four stations around Xiamen Island (Lundu Port, Xinglin Bay, Tong" an Bay, Huangcuo). The relation between the level of petroleum hydrocarbon in whole tissue and the contents of glutathione (GSH), the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in digestive gland and gill were investigated. The results showed: (1) The contents of petroleum hydrocarbon in oyster collected from four stations (Lundu Port, Xinglin Bay, Tong'an Bay, Huangcuo) were 380.68, 112.34, 27.31, 20.37μg/g wet weight, respectively; (2) the activity of Se-GPx and GST in digestive gland was lower than that in gill, and the content of GSH seemed reversibly; (3) among the four stations, both Se-GPx and GST activity of digestive gland and gill in Saccostrea cuculiata sampled from the four stations showed a good correlation with whole tissue petroleum hydrocarbon, could be as biomarkers of sea oil pollution.  相似文献   

13.
Investigations on seasonal variation in oxidative stress biomarkers were carried out on the natural population of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis collected from Bambolim beach area of Goa. Oxidative stress indices such as lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASA) were measured in gills and digestive gland of P. viridis during February, May, August and November. The present study reveals two important aspects regarding the antioxidant defence status of tissues of P. viridis. Firstly, antioxidant capacity of tissues of P. viridis exhibits seasonal variation. Secondly, various components of antioxidant capacity such as oxidative stress markers, levels of antioxidant enzymes and small antioxidant molecules vary differently in tissues with respect to different seasons. Although the oxidative stress status of gills and digestive gland of P. viridis expressed in terms of LPX and H2O2 was the lowest in February, its level was maximal in gills and digestive gland during May and November, respectively. While activities of SOD and GPX of tissues of P. viridis were found to be low in August, activities of CAT and GR were recorded to be low in February. GST activity in gills although remained high in February, in digestive gland elevated values were recorded in August and November. A seasonal variation in the levels of small antioxidant molecules was also noticed. Among non enzymatic antioxidants ASA content of tissues was maximal in May and August in comparison to February and November, but GSH remained high in November. It therefore appears that environmental factors may play a crucial role in regulating the oxidative stress capacity of tissues of P. viridis.  相似文献   

14.
The clam Meretrix meretrix was used as a biomonitor to implement an environmental monitoring program along the coast of Beibu Gulf in October 2011. This program not only analyzed biomarkers including acetylcholinesterase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, total glutathione content and lipid peroxidation level in M. meretrix but also adopted a multi-biomarker approach – integrated biomarker response (IBR) to assess the environmental quality in this ecosystem. In addition, the metal (Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) content in the surface sediment at the study area were also measured. The results showed that IBR index was able to distinguish a space trend between sampling sites with different degrees of anthropogenic environmental stress. Integrated contamination degree were displayed in the form of star plots and compared to IBR plots. There was a visual consistency between the pollution level and IBR variation. Based on the results, it was proved that the IBR method coupled with chemical analysis was quite useful for the assessment of environmental pollution in the coastal system.  相似文献   

15.
Metals are known to influence lipid peroxidation and oxidative status of marine organisms. Hydrothermal vent mussels Bathymodiolus azoricus live in deep-sea environments with anomalous conditions, including high metal concentrations. Although B. azoricus are aerobic organisms they possess abundant methano and thioautotrophic symbiotic bacteria in the gills. The enzymatic defences (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total glutathione peroxidase (Total GPx) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se–GPx)) and lipid peroxidation were determined in the gills of B. azoricus exposed to Cd (0.9 μM), Cu (0.4 μM) and Hg (0.1 μM) with different times of exposure. The experiments were performed in pressurized containers at 9 ± 1 °C and 85 bars.Results show that vent mussels possess antioxidant enzymatic protection in the gills. Cd and Cu had an inhibitory effect in the enzymatic defence system, contrarily to Hg. These enzymatic systems are not completely understood in the B. azoricus, since reactive oxygen species might be produced through other processes than natural redox cycling, due to hydrogen sulphide and oxygen content present. Also the symbiotic bacteria may play an important contribution in the antioxidant protection of the gills.  相似文献   

16.
Metals are known to influence lipid peroxidation and oxidative status of marine organisms. Hydrothermal vent mussels Bathymodiolus azoricus live in deep-sea environments with anomalous conditions, including high metal concentrations. Although B. azoricus are aerobic organisms they possess abundant methano and thioautotrophic symbiotic bacteria in the gills. The enzymatic defences (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total glutathione peroxidase (Total GPx) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx)) and lipid peroxidation were determined in the gills of B. azoricus exposed to Cd (0.9 microM), Cu (0.4 microM) and Hg (0.1 microM) with different times of exposure. The experiments were performed in pressurized containers at 9+/-1 degrees C and 85 bars. Results show that vent mussels possess antioxidant enzymatic protection in the gills. Cd and Cu had an inhibitory effect in the enzymatic defence system, contrarily to Hg. These enzymatic systems are not completely understood in the B. azoricus, since reactive oxygen species might be produced through other processes than natural redox cycling, due to hydrogen sulphide and oxygen content present. Also the symbiotic bacteria may play an important contribution in the antioxidant protection of the gills.  相似文献   

17.
1-phenylethanol (1-PEA) is a flavor extensively used in the production of cosmetics, beverages, and food. The release of 1-PEA into coastal environments has aroused great concern. However, its potential effects on marine organisms are still unknown. In order to provide a better understanding of the ecological risks of 1-PEA in marine environments, this study determined the toxic effects of 1-PEA on two marine diatoms (Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum). The diatoms were grown in culture medium containing different concentrations of 1-PEA for 96 h. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were measured at the end of the exposure period. 1-PEA was shown to significantly inhibit the growth of diatoms, with 96-h EC50 values of 257.14 mg/Land 126.46 mg/L in P. tricornutum and S. costatum, respectively. In P. tricornutum, the levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, and MDA were stimulated only when 1-PEA concentrations were close to or greater than the 96-h EC50 value. However, in S. costatum, the activities of SOD and CAT, and the syntheses of two chlorophylls were inhibited even at an exposure concentration below the 96-h EC50 value. Taken together, these findings indicate a potential ecological risk by discharging 1-PEA into coastal areas and its species-specific toxic effects on marine organisms.  相似文献   

18.
The vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus is the dominant member of the Northern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) hydrothermal megafauna, and lives in an environment characterized by temporal and spatial variations in the levels of heavy metals, methane and hydrogen sulphide, substances which are known to increase reactive oxygen species levels in the tissues of exposed organisms. To evaluate the effects of two contrasting hydrothermal environments on the antioxidant defence system of this vent mussel species, a 2‐week transplant experiment was carried out involving mussels collected from the relatively deep (2300 m), and chemical rich, Rainbow vent field. These were transplanted to the shallower (1700 m), and relatively less toxic, Lucky Strike vent field. To achieve this objective, levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), total glutathione peroxidase (GPx), selenium‐dependent glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured in the gills and mantle tissues of resident and transplant mussels before and after the transplant experiment. With the exception of CAT, the gills of the transplanted mussels had significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activity compared with the basal levels in the donor (Rainbow) and recipient (Lucky Strike) populations; whereas the antioxidant enzyme levels in the mantle tissues of the transplants reflected the baseline levels of activity in the native Lucky Strike mussels after 2 weeks. In contrast, LPO levels were significantly higher in both tissue types in the transplants than in either the source or the recipient populations, which suggested a response to hydrostatic pressure change (note, the transplant animals were brought to the surface for transportation between the two vent fields). The fact that the Rainbow mussels survived the transplant experience indicates that B. azoricus has a very robust constitution, which enables it to cope behaviourally, physiologically and genetically with the extreme conditions found in its naturally contaminated deep‐sea environment.  相似文献   

19.
王文婷  王朝晖  刘磊  康伟 《海洋通报》2019,38(6):690-697
分别于2016年11月、2018年4月、2016年7月、2014年11月采集了福建东山湾、福宁湾、浙江象山港以及江苏大丰港52个表层沉积物样品,分析了表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、生物硅(BSi)、有机质(OM)及含水率(MC)的含量。TOC、TN、TP、BSi、OM及MC含量分别为:0.35%～1.52%,0.08%～0.32%,0.020%～0.074%,0.28%～1.89%,1.86%～9.53%,19.55%～52.55%。福宁湾TN和BSi含量较高,东山湾TP含量较高,而象山港TOC含量较高。从元素之间的摩尔比来看,本研究中各港湾沉积物中的TOC均主要来自浮游植物等水生生物,而TOC的分解和再生速率应远高于BSi的溶解速率。根据主要生源要素污染评价标准,东山湾海域污染较严重,TN、TP、TOC均达到Ⅱ级污染标准。福宁湾及象山港TN、TOC均为Ⅱ级污染。而大丰湾海域总体污染较轻,只有TN超过Ⅱ级标准。  相似文献   

20.
Sediment contamination and toxicity were monitored at 14 sites in San Francisco Bay between 1991 and 1996. Sediment contamination patterns were different in the major reaches of the Bay, and at each site. Several contaminants were consistently above concentrations previously associated with toxicity at most sites. Bulk sediment bioassays using the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius and sediment elutriate bioassays using larval bivalves (Mytilus spp., Crassostrea gigas) also indicated different patterns of sediment toxicity in space and time. Sediments were most toxic to the amphipods at Redwood Creek (90% of the tests), and were toxic in at least half the tests conducted at five other sites. Sediment elutriates severely reduced normal bivalve larval development at the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers in all samples, but toxicity occurred in less than a third of the tests in the Central and South Bays. Toxicity could not be statistically related to seasonal freshwater flow or rainfall in the Bay, but seasonal variation in contaminant concentrations and toxicity was observed. Amphipod toxicity was inversely and significantly related to the mean effects range-median quotient, suggesting that cumulative concentrations of several contaminants were related to toxicity. Further analysis identified suites of specific contaminants at each site that were variably related to amphipod toxicity at each site. Chlordanes, cadmium, and silver were significantly related to amphipod survival in the North Bay. Seasonal patterns in low, and high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were related to toxicity at Alameda, and metals and PAHs were related to toxicity at Castro Cove. Larval bivalve toxicity was associated with metals in bulk sediments, but elutriate chemistry was not measured, and relationships with toxicity could not be examined. Hypotheses about effective concentrations of several individual contaminants and mixtures of contaminants were posed.  相似文献   

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