共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Jeffrey R. Allwardt G. Eric MichaelChuck R. Shearer Philip D. HeppardHongxing Ge 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009
This study demonstrates the utilization of 2D basin models to address overpressure development due to compaction disequilibrium in supra-allochthonous salt mini-basins with very high sedimentation rates in the Gulf of Mexico. By properly selecting 2D line sections with moderate stratigraphic resolution, it is possible to predict timing of overpressure development and approximate present-day overpressure distributions in the mini-basin. This study shows that even low resolution models with approximate information on the net-to-gross (sand:shale ratio) can average ±0.4 ppg with a maximum error of 1.0 ppg relative to pressure measurements in sandstones. The models based on age, depth, approximate lithology and an interpretation of complicated salt movement are adequate to evaluate pressure to address issues around trap containment and may be used for preliminary well planning. This study tested the results of overpressure prediction utilizing different stratigraphic resolutions and shows the sensitivity of overpressure modeling to 2D line selection. Also, three models were built to investigate how the permeability of salt welds affects overpressure development in an adjacent salt mini-basin. These results indicate that even a salt weld permeability reduction of 1.5 log mD results in a pressure difference between neighboring mini-basins. Additionally, these models qualitatively reproduced the seismic velocity volume which is supporting evidence that the salt welds in this mini-basin are at least partially sealing. 相似文献
2.
Salt tectonics at passive margins is currently interpreted as a gravity-driven process but according to two different types of models: i) pure spreading only driven by differential sedimentary loading and ii) dominant gliding primarily due to margin tilt (slope instability). A comparative analysis of pure spreading and pure spreading is made using simple mechanics as well as available laboratory experiments and numerical models that consider salt tectonic processes at the whole basin scale. To be effective, pure spreading driven by sedimentary loading requires large differential overburden thicknesses and therefore significant water depths, high sediment density, low frictional angles of the sediments (high fluid pore pressure) and a seaward free boundary of the salt basin (salt not covered by sediments). Dominant gliding does not require any specific condition to be effective apart from the dip on the upper surface of the salt. It can occur for margin tilt angles lower than 1° for basin widths in the range of 200-600 km and initial sedimentary cover thickness up to 1 km, even in the absence of abnormal fluid pressure. In pure spreading, salt resists and sediments drive whereas in dominant gliding both salt and sediments drive. In pure spreading, extension is located inside the prograding sedimentary wedge and contraction at the tip. Both extension and contraction migrate seaward with the sedimentary progradation. Migration of the deformation can create an extensional inversion of previously contractional structures. In pure spreading, extension is located updip and contraction downdip. Extension migrates downdip and contraction updip. Migration of the deformation leads to a contractional inversion of previously extensional structures (e.g. squeezed diapirs). Mechanical analysis and modelling, either analogue or numerical, and comparison with margin-scale examples, such as the south Atlantic margins or northern Gulf of Mexico, indicate that salt tectonics at passive margins is dominated by dominant gliding down the margin dip. On the contrary, salt tectonics driven only by differential sedimentary loading is a process difficult to reconcile with geological evidence. 相似文献
3.
The structural analysis of regional 3D seismic data shows evidence of long-term tectonic inheritance in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. Main Lower Cretaceous rift structures controlled themselves by strike-slip deformation belts related to Proterozoic orogenic events, have been episodically reactivated during the divergent margin phase of Campos Basin, from the Albian to the Miocene. Balanced cross-sections of major salt structures indicate that such tectonic reactivations have been controlling thin-skinned salt tectonics, triggering pulses of gravitational gliding above the Aptian salt detachment. Additionally, major basin features like the Neogene progradation front and the salt tectonic domains are constrained by the main Proterozoic orogenic trends of the Ribeira Belt (NE–SW) and the Vitória-Colatina Belt (NNW–SSE). As the basement involved structures observed in Campos Basin can be attributed to general geodynamic processes, it is suggested that basement tectonic reactivation can be as relevant as isostatic adjustment and detached thin-skinned tectonics on the structural evolution of divergent margin settings. 相似文献
4.
The predictability of catastrophic earthquakes according to data on time variations in tidal response is discussed. We present
the results of a harmonic analysis of (1) a one-year record of tide-gauge observations with the use of two long-term vertical
seismometers at the MAJO station on Honshu Island near the epicenter of the M
w
= 9 catastrophic earthquake of March 11, 2011, and (2) a 0.5-year record of horizontal pendulum observations at the ERM station
near Hokkaido Island from March 13, 2010, to March 12, 2011, and from April 26, 2010, to August 3, 2010, respectively. The
relative changes in the tidal amplitudes are found to be about 3 and 4%. The identification of distinct prognostic attributes
awaits much more representative spatiotemporal statistics. These results can be adequately and reliably interpreted by analyzing
“background” variations in the tidal amplitudes at these stations and, in particular, their possible seasonal variations.
This requires at least several years of observations. 相似文献
5.
《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2012,38(1):184-194
Brun and Fort (2011) use mechanical analysis, experimental models, and geologic data to suggest that deformation in passive-margin salt basins is dominantly a result of gravity gliding rather than gravity spreading. They claim that only seaward tilt of the salt layer is effective in driving basinward translation of the salt and overburden and that differential loading alone requires extreme conditions that do not occur in nature. In this Discussion, we refute many of their arguments and conclusions. We show that: i) a more thorough mechanical analysis indicates that gravity spreading is effective if the proximal overburden is at least three times thicker than the distal overburden, a common occurrence on passive margins; ii) more realistic analogue models also demonstrate that extreme thickness variations are not necessary for gravity spreading; iii) their analysis of structures or structure associations is sometimes misleading; and iv) there is abundant evidence that gravity spreading is dominant on some margins. In particular, modern data from the northern Gulf of Mexico confirm traditional interpretations that Cenozoic failure was mainly due to downslope movement driven by sedimentary loading, not SW-directed gliding driven by tilt of the deep salt as claimed by Brun and Fort (2011). We conclude that both gravity gliding and gravity spreading are common processes which may vary spatially and temporally in any one salt basin. 相似文献
6.
David G. Roberts 《Marine Geology》1975,18(1):M65-M71
The Aptian salt deposits of the South Atlantic Ocean extend for 250 km offshore and underlie the continental rise off Brazil and Angola in 4000 m water depth. These salt deposits do not occur south of the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise, and apparently lie on oceanic and continental crust. Geological evidence and an Aptian-Middle Barremian reconstruction of the South Atlantic suggests the pre-Aptian South Atlantic was closed at both ends, thus favouring widespread salt deposition on oceanic and continental crust. Three models of halite deposition are discussed briefly. 相似文献
7.
西北太平洋柔鱼丰度的灰色灾变预测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)为短生命周期的头足类,其资源丰度极易受海洋环境变化影响,年间波动较大。根据1995?2017年西北太平洋柔鱼渔业生产统计数据,以单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)作为资源丰度指数,运用灰色灾变预测方法对上、下限灾变年份建立GM(1, 1)模型,预测未来灾变年份。结果显示,以GLM模型标准化CPUE建立的下限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为15.32%,上限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为8.19%,模型精度检验等级均为Ⅰ级。研究认为,下一个资源丰年(CPUE大于2.39 t/(船·a))将出现在2021年,资源歉年(CPUE小于2.13 t/(船·a))将出现在2027年;太平洋年代际涛动与El Ni?o-La Ni?a事件是驱使柔鱼丰度大幅度波动的重要因素。该预测结果可为西北太平洋鱿钓生产企业和管理部门提供参考。 相似文献
8.
The history of catastrophic events on the Indian coast helps us to understand the frequency and magnitude of the tsunamis that occurred in the Indian Ocean. These catastrophic events have changed the coastal landscape and have left significant records for further studies. These rare events have occurred in the Indian Ocean. There have been megatsunamigenic events in the past due to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Those events due to earthquakes have proved more catastrophic than the volcanic activities. There has been limited official records of the causality and magnitude of palaeo-tsunamigenic events. These have been studied using the various proxies. The rate of sedimentation is a proportional tool to study the magnitude of a tsunami and this has proved to be a successful tool along with foraminiferal assemblages. Causes for a tsunami to occur are by and large, the subduction zone earthquakes of the Indian plate has been the most common source for tsunami in the Indian Ocean. More often the Andaman and Nicobar and the Indonesian islands have been vulnerable to tsunami than the mainland of India and Sri Lanka. In summary, in the last 200 years at least three basin-wide tsunamis have occurred, with several smaller tsunami affecting one or more coastlines in the region. The December 2004 M-9 tsunami seems to have been the largest and most destructive in the last two centuries, suggesting most tsunami are likely to be smaller but still allowing the possibility that even larger tsunami could be generated in propitious circumstances. 相似文献
9.
Disturbance events can regularly impact stream ecosystems; however, large-scale catastrophic disturbances are rare. From September 2010 to September 2011 Christchurch City experienced over 8500 earthquakes including a magnitude 7.1. One consequence was catastrophic additions of silt and sand into waterways throughout the city. Of 161 km of permanent waterways, 102 km (63%) were affected by earthquake siltation. Benthic invertebrates and fish communities were compared across 16 streams with differing siltation. Invertebrate taxonomic richness decreased significantly (mean 17 taxa reduced to 10 taxa) and EPT taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) were removed entirely from streams receiving heavy siltation. Fish richness and density decreased significantly, with fish absent from some heavily silted streams. Many of these urban streams are sourced from springs and their stable flows and low gradient limit their ability to flush sediment. We predict that without human intervention there will be a long-term sediment legacy and it may take many years for these streams to recover from this catastrophic disturbance. 相似文献
10.
Improving observational capabilities in the ocean are revealing a substantial body of evidence that the double-diffusive instability known as salt fingers is widely present and plays a significant role in oceanic mixing. This evidence includes unique fine- and microstructure features in particular regions and distinct patterns in the temperature and salinity variations over large areas. Laboratory experiments have also advanced our understanding of salt fingers. The insights gleaned from both laboratory and ocean are reviewed and related to large-scale ocean structure and climate modeling. 相似文献
11.
A. A. Svitoch 《Oceanology》2007,47(2):282-289
This paper presents a reconsideration of the hypothesis that the Khvalynian transgression of the Caspian Sea resulted from an abundant inflow of meltwaters from Siberian proglacial lakes through the Aral Sea and via the Uzboi channel and may be considered as a prototype of Noah’s Flood. A thorough analysis of the evidence suggested by the proponents of this hypothesis revealed a lack of factual substantiation; there are no facts indicating the existence of the Aral flow-through lake or of the Siberian proglacial water supply to the Caspian Sea. The spatial distribution of the mollusk fauna provides no support for the view that the Khvalynian transgression was essentially influenced by thawing of ice sheets on the Russian Plain. The Khvalynian transgression, though geologically short-term, could not be an analogue of Noah’s catastrophic flood. The sea level rose at a rate of a few centimeters per year for a few thousand years; this interval covered the lifetimes of many generations of the Caspian coast inhabitants. The Khvalynian water overflowing via the Manych Strait into the Pontian basin provided an even smaller influence. It resulted in flooding of the middle part of the Black Sea shelf, in a 30-m sea level rise, and in a water salinity increase by 5‰. 相似文献
12.
李凤林 《海洋学报(英文版)》1987,6(1):116-123
The underground salt water in Huang-Huai-Hai-Liao (Rivers) Plains, just like an underground salt sea, is buried around the Huanghai Sea and Bohai Sea. A lot of data show that the salt water bed and marine bed were formed at the same time, i.e. the salt water was the result of transgression. At present, the concentration of the salt water is not strong and it is getting freshened under the effects of both surface and underground runoff. In view of such development, it would be possible to reconstruct paleogeography on the one hand and to change the salt water into fresh water through the dual actions of man and Nature. 相似文献
13.
The evolution of an allochthonous salt sheet underlying the Mississippi fan is quantified using the two-dimensional LOCACE balanced section program. A first set of tests shows that the shape of the principal normal fault associated with the salt sheet is inconsistent with a roll-over geometry when using flexural slip or simple 120° linear shear criteria with a fixed footwall geometry. The next test with corrected fault geometry allows coherent restoration at the early Lower Miocene using the flexural slip criterion. In two-dimensional reconstructions, the area of salt cannot be balanced, i.e. the area available for salt is considerably wider than the actual salt area shown on the initial section. Thus either salt was dissolved or, perhaps more likely, salt moved outside the plane of section calling for a three-dimensional volumetric reconstruction procedure. The final interpretation is geometrically consistent and suggests that since early Lower Miocene time a large amount of salt moved out of the plane of section forming the allochthonous salt masses. An attempt to approximately balance salt volumes in three dimensions suggests that the amount of salt escaping the system is at least 18%. 相似文献
14.
15.
《Ocean Modelling》1999,1(2-4):111-118
The derivation of surface boundary conditions for salt and freshwater budgets, in the presence of an imbalance of evaporation and precipitation, is revisited in order to: (i) clarify the physical concepts involved and (ii) derive consistent approximations. Proper surface boundary conditions can be obtained by assuming that the air–sea interface is a material surface for the salt continuum. This requires all the mass exchange at the air–sea interface to be fulfilled by the freshwater continuum. The need of diffusive fluxes is crucial for this assumption to hold. If the air–sea interface varies in time (either by seawater advection, an imbalance of evaporation minus precipitation, or a combination of both) there must be a corresponding salt flux, in order for the transport across such moving surface to be nil. Here it is essential to distinguish the flux vector of a property from its transport across a (possibly moving) surface. Only in a motionless ocean surface approximation, which includes the classical rigid lid approximation, the advective and diffusive salt fluxes perpendicular to the surface cancel out exactly. 相似文献
16.
Jia He 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2017,35(3):441-445
Salt in soil can cause cementation effect and increase the shear strength and stiffness of soil during the drying process. In this paper, an experimental study is presented to explore the strength, stiffness, and particle level structure of a salt-cemented sand at the dry state. Unconfined compression tests were carried out on sands with various amounts of precipitated dry salt. Scanning electron microscopic and elemental analysis were also conducted. The study shows that the strength and stiffness of sand can increase significantly with salt content. The strength versus salt content curve displays a convex shape, instead of a concave shape as found in cemented or biocemented sands. This implies that the effect of dry salt on soil strength is strong at low levels of salt content. The microscopic and elemental analysis evidences that salt tends to precipitate at particle contacts and form bridges between particles at relatively low salt content. The results presented in the paper may explain why even small amount of salt can lead to an overestimation of soil strength. 相似文献
17.
The mixing behaviour of iron, manganese, phosphate and humic acid in a Delaware salt marsh creek was studied using field data, laboratory mixing experiments, and geochemical mass balance equations. Property-salinity diagrams for field data indicated that the removal of iron is 56–70% in the 0–10‰ salinity range. A proposed mechanism of removal is the flocculation of colloidal iron, perhaps with humic acid. Phosphate, however, undergoes 195% addition in the same low salinity region, which may be due to release of phosphate from resuspended sediments. Dissolved manganese is conserved, as is humic acid throughout the salt marsh mixing zone. Within the uncertainty of the data the maximum possible removal of humic acid is 23%.Laboratory mixing experiments that simulated salt marsh mixing along the same salinity gradient as observed in the field (5–25‰) showed only small-scale additions and removals compared to the field results. Such small-scale changes occurred largely at salinities >10‰ in the laboratory experiments, whereas most removals and additions occurred at salinities <10‰ in the field. Mixing studies also showed little difference between prefiltered and unfiltered mixes. The studies suggest that simple mixing of salt marsh waters, with or without suspended material, does not strongly influence the observed behaviour of dissolved constituents in salt marshes, and that other processes (e.g. sediment or intertidal exchange) must dominate their behaviour. 相似文献
18.
《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2012,38(1):195-208
Rowan et al. (2012) vehemently argue that salt tectonics is entirely driven by differential sedimentary loading and refute all the results of our work (Brun and Fort, 2011) showing that salt tectonics on passive margins is dominated by gliding, which we referred to in our paper as “dominant gliding”; in other words the deformation is controlled by salt flowing down the regional dip of these margins. We point out that “pure spreading” would be driven by differential sedimentary loading only if margins could remain strictly horizontal (i.e. not tilted), whereas “dominant gliding”, which combines spreading and gliding, affects sedimentary successions above salt layers on passive margins as soon as these are titled. Our work shows that the fundamental dynamic difference between the two processes is that in “pure spreading” salt resists deformation whereas in “dominant gliding” salt drives deformation. In “dominant gliding”, even in absence of sediments, salt flows down dip with a component of spreading, demonstrating that differential sedimentary loading is not a necessary condition of salt tectonics and that spreading – i.e. layer parallel stretching- does not require sedimentation to occur. Rowan et al. (2012) put forward arguments, related to thrust mechanics and deduced from some “pure spreading” sand and silicon box models, to backup their claims about “pure spreading” but none of them is applicable to salt basins at margin-scale. The objections made by Rowan et al. (2012) about shelf break migration and slope deformation in the Gulf of Mexico are not substantiated nor justified by verifiable and validated data. Using an adequately scaled laboratory sand-silicone box experiment, in which sedimentary progradation is oblique to silicone (salt) flow, we show that transfer zones develop with directions close to silicone (salt) flow and define patterns directly comparable to those observed in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This paper documents the results of a review of all the arguments and statements contradicting the results of our work put forward in Rowan et al. (2012), and suggests that none of them is valid. 相似文献
19.
长江口、钱塘江口和珠江口是受咸潮影响较为严重的区域。本文利用全国沿海海平面变化影响调查、沿海水文观测等数据,分析了近十年长江口、珠江口和钱塘江口咸潮入侵的变化特征及影响。分析结果表明:(1) 2009-2018年,长江口咸潮入侵次数和持续时间均呈减少趋势,该时段长江口共监测到约48次咸潮入侵过程,发生时间集中在9-10月至翌年5月,其中3月和11月入侵次数较多,分别为12次和7次。(2)钱塘江口咸潮入侵过程受沿海季节性海平面影响显著,12月至翌年3月为钱塘江口季节性低海平面期,4-7月上旬径流量较大,上述两个时期钱塘江口受咸潮入侵的影响均较小,7月下旬至11月上旬,钱塘江口处于季节性高海平面期,是咸潮影响的集中时段。(3) 2009-2018年,珠江口共监测到约57次咸潮入侵过程,发生时间集中在9-10月至翌年3-4月,其中1月、2月和10月咸潮入侵次数较多,均超过10次,2015年至今咸潮持续时间明显增加。(4)咸潮入侵次数和持续时间与基础海面和径流量等密切相关,咸潮入侵影响三大河口沿线水厂供水以及工农业生产取水,给沿岸城市的居民生活、工农业生产和渔业养殖等造成一定不利影响。 相似文献
20.
利用三维高分辨率有限体积的近海海域模型FVCOM来分析2001年秋季期间风作用对坦帕湾区域盐度平衡的影响。为了区分风的影响,分别设计了两个实验：一个由潮汐和河流作为驱动,另一个由潮汐、河流以及风场共同驱动。结论如下：首先,风作用会使盐度产生变化,能够明显地使坦帕湾内的盐度增加,并导致水平和垂直方向上盐度梯度的减少;随后,本文分析了坦帕湾区域内的盐度平衡,主要的盐度平衡来自于全部（水平和垂直方向上）平流的盐度流量分歧以及除去海峡底部的垂直方向上盐度流量分歧;最后,对由风引起的盐度变化进一步进行分析,结果表明风作用不能改变盐度平衡地位的相对重要性,由风引起的盐度平衡改变高度依靠于特殊的地形,除此之外,全部平流盐度流量分歧和垂直散布盐度通量分歧能够抵消,并且两者都远大于水平散步盐度流量分歧。 相似文献