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利用NCEP再分析资料,对2007年8月25日青藏高原(下称高原)东北部的强暴雨天气过程的影响系统、垂直环流特征、不稳定条件和水汽输送进行了分析和研究。结果表明:(1)强暴雨天气过程发生的主要影响系统是西伸到高原东部的副热带高压、生成于高原中部的热低压及自高原北侧移入的冷温槽。(2)高原东北侧的冷空气移上高原后,呈楔形插入高原南侧西南暖湿气流的下部,高低层之间产生的强风切变和暴雨区上空形成强盛上升气流是暴雨发生的有利环流条件。(3)热低压中的上升气流与冷锋后的下沉气流构成纬向(纬圈方向)闭合环流,经向(经圈方向)闭合环流是由高原热低压中的上升气流与副热带高压中的下沉气流构成的,垂直闭合环流的形成提供了稳定的上升气流和源源不断的暖湿气流,持续的降水造成了暴雨天气。(4)θse线的锋区进入暴雨区,配合强上升运动和高原中部热低压暖中心的加强伸展到高原东部,在暴雨中心区(36°N、102°E)附近上空的中低层之间产生了强的大气层结对流不稳定,是暴雨发生的稳定度条件。(5)由于高原中部热低压逐渐东移,在热低压东部和西伸副热带高压西部之间形成强暖湿气流带,将水汽源源不断地输送到高原东北部,同时冷空气通过祁连山进入高原东北部,在暴雨区上空形成偏南和偏西的强水汽辐合带,暖湿气流交汇造成强暴雨的发生。 相似文献
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2008年7月14-15日,四川盆地西部"5.12"汶川大地震重灾区在非典型热力条件下出现了一次暴雨天气过程.本文利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对其天气形势及温度层结变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明:(1)暴雨发生在副热带高压不断西伸的环流背景下,低层偏南气流及其风速脉动对暴雨产生具有重要作用.(2)暴雨开始于850hPa θse下降及大气层结为弱稳定的非典型热力条件下,但700 hPa θse突增使得700-500 hPa对流性不稳定层建立,从而利于对流运动发展;暴雨过程后期,因850 hPa和700 hPa θse急剧下降和大气层结稳定度增大,对流上升受到明显抑制.(3)低层θse锋区和水汽辐合对强降水具有指示意义,暴雨落区位于850 hPa和700 hPa θse锋区前沿,降水中心位于水汽汇合中心附近. 相似文献
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利用常规观测资料、自动气象站降水资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2013年夏季四川盆地三次特大暴雨过程进行了对比诊断分析。结果表明:三次暴雨过程均发生在阻塞环流背景下,在充分的水汽、较强的上升运动、不稳定的大气层结等条件下产生的。前两次过程低层影响系统是西南低涡、第三次过程是切变线。水汽和能量主要在中低层积聚,水汽的辐合上升区域、不稳定层结区域与降水大值区较吻合。中低层水平湿Z-螺旋度负值区域分布与相应时刻的降水落区和天气系统有较好的对应关系。垂直分布上,暴雨区低层正涡度、水汽辐合旋转上升与高层负涡度、辐散相配合,是触发暴雨的有利动力机制。 相似文献
4.
利用常规气象资料、NCEP再分析资料、地面逐时自动站资料和FY-2C气象卫星资料,对2009年7月25日发生在江西抚州市的区域性暴雨、局部大暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。分析表明;这次暴雨天气在副高突然加强西伸,中低层冷式切变转为静止锋式切变且维持在30°N附近的背景下,由地面辐合线南压触发能量释放而产生;中尺度对流云团不断发展东移并配合地面中尺度辐合线产生暴雨,强降雨中心发生在中尺度辐合线后侧;暴雨落区配合中尺度对流云团,有利降水的增强;大气层结强烈的对流不稳定促使中尺度对流云团强烈发展,造成强降水天气。 相似文献
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利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY2E卫星资料、商洛多普勒雷达资料,从环流背景、水汽、动力条件和不稳定机制等方面对2014年7月28日发生在商洛局地性较强的一次短时暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:这次短时暴雨过程天气的影响系统主要为短波槽、副热带高压与热低压。低层850hPa副高西侧暖湿气流北上为暴雨发生发展提供了有利的水汽条件。对流层中高层涡旋运动增强带动低层上升运动发展加强,为对流天气的进一步发展提供了动力条件。短波槽后西北干冷气流与低层偏南暖湿气流形成不稳定层结,加之中低层对流不稳定层结加强,CAPE值及低层湿度显著增大,抬升凝结高度与自由对流高度降低,因此在较低的抬升条件下,触发了此次对流性天气。卫星云图和雷达图上表现为中尺度系统,生命期短,发生发展速度快。强降水主要发生在对流云团强中心西北侧TBB梯度大值区。 相似文献
7.
辽宁2008年3场暴雨对比分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
利用常规气象观测资料、1.0°×1.0°NCEP再分析资料,针对辽宁2008年夏季三次区域性暴雨天气过程,在天气学分析的基础上,对低空急流、水汽场和能量锋相互作用产生暴雨的机制进行探讨。结果表明:低空急流对水汽和能量的输送起非常重要的作用,它一方面为暴雨的产生提供了所需要的大量水汽,另一方面又使得暴雨区低层大气增湿增暖,从而引起对流不稳定加强及垂直上升运动强烈,为暴雨的发生提供大量的不稳定能量。低空急流、纬向剖面上的宽且厚湿柱和能量锋的位置、强度与辽宁强降水的等级和落区关系密切。 相似文献
8.
应用常规观测资料、卫星资料、西安雷达资料和NCEP 1°×1°逐6h再分析资料对2016年7月24日发生在西安的一次暴雨天气过程的特征和成因进行分析。结果表明:此次暴雨过程是在东移短波槽、副热带高压和低层切变共同作用下产生;强降水与对流云团活动密切相关,造成西安地区短时暴雨的β中尺度对流云团具有初生强度大、发生发展迅速等特点;暴雨区水汽通量辐合高值区的形成为暴雨的发生提供了有利的水汽聚积条件;暴雨发生前暴雨区低层暖湿条件增强;暴雨发生前和发生时大气层结维持对流不稳定状态;切变东侧上升气流发展,触发不稳定能量释放,为暴雨的发展提供了有利条件。 相似文献
9.
基于WRF模式的暴雨天气过程的数值模拟及诊断分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用新一代中尺度数值预报模式WRF2.2和1°×1°的NCEP气象再分析资料,对2009年9月17日发生在江苏南部地区覆盖沪宁高速公路的一次大暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟。经AWMS（the automatic weather monitoring system）实测数据验证,此次天气过程的模拟效果较为理想。对模式输出的物理量进行诊断分析后发现：长江中下游地区的β中尺度低涡的发展、移动对暴雨过程中降水的加强和维持起着重要的作用;水汽辐合带在500hPa以下非常显著,在暴雨区形成了深厚的高湿环境,为暴雨的产生、加强和维系提供了重要的水汽条件;暴雨区内前期及降水过程中都存在较为强烈的垂直运动,且涡度场与散度场在垂直结构配置上一致,使得大气层结不稳定能量释放,形成了旺盛的对流天气;对流层中上层大气为中性层结,低层为位势不稳定,所以整层大气有对流发展,有利于暴雨的形成。 相似文献
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Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO 2 concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming. 相似文献
13.
A. Henderson-Sellers 《Climatic change》1993,23(4):337-377
A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks. 相似文献
14.
Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale
(sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation
in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations,
and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to
shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie
Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense,
with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s−1. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation
satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized
model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South
Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains
Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of
the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind
regimes in complex terrain. 相似文献
15.
T. Vrhovec 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1991,46(1-2):91-99
Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures 相似文献
16.
H. E. Eisma J. M. Tomas M. J. B. M. Pourquie G. E. Elsinga H. J. J. Jonker J. Westerweel 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,169(2):185-208
Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL. 相似文献
17.
Jonathan S. Price 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1991,57(4):391-406
Frequent fog severely restricts evaporation from blanket bogs in Newfoundland because it more than halves the radiant energy input, and it eliminates the vapor pressure deficit, resulting in evaporation at the equilibrium rate (average = 0.99 during fog). During these periods, there is no surface resistance to evaporation because the bog has been wetted by fog drip, and although the latent heat flux dominates over sensible heat (average = 0.8), both are small. In contrast, the surface dries during clear periods, increasing the surface resistance to evaporation so that sensible heat becomes more important ( = 1.05). When the mosses are dry, evaporation is below the equilibrium rate ( = 0.87), although the higher available energy ensures that actual evaporation is higher. During clear periods, daily evaporation averaged 2.5 mm, compared to 1.1 and 0.7 mm for fog and rain, respectively. The suppressed evaporation at this site is important in maintaining appropriate hydrological conditions for blanket bog development. 相似文献
18.
W. König 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1993,52(3-4):153-167
Summary An eddy effect of tropical deep convection on the large-scale momentum, resp vorticity budget is investigated. The process is specified by a simple parameterization approach which is based on a concept of rotating clouds exerting a momentum on the large-scale flow. The cloud rotation is associated with the thermal properties of a cloud ensemble by the principle of conservation of potential vorticity. A decomposition of cloud classes is applied in consistency with the thermodynamical parameterization scheme of Arakawa and Schubert (1974).The parameterization is tested with observations of GATE74, Phase III. The data are processed on a B/C-scale grid (55km) in a region within 9N and 16N, and between 21W and 27W, and with a vertical resolution of 41 levels. The parameterization results correspond to the observed patterns, especially in situations with strong large-scale wind shear. The findings suggest that certain large-scalle flow regimes provoke convective scale momentum generation rather than redistributing large-scale momentum by convective circulations.With 10 Figures 相似文献
19.
Spatial structure of a jet flow at a river mouth 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The present work concentrates on the latest data measured in the Jordan river flow in lake Kinneret. Spectral characteristics of fluctuating velocity components have been obtained and processed. The three-dimensional structure of turbulence along the flow has been described. The main features of the jet flow turbulence in the river mouth are: a) The supply of turbulent energy changes due to different mechanisms along the flow. b) The structure of turbulence formed in the river decays rapidly along the flow, and c) In the sand area and beyond it, a significant generation of turbulent energy occurs. Quantitative estimations of the above effects were carried out. 相似文献
20.
Flow over a two-dimensional obstacle and dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas near the obstacle were studied. Two species, one representing air and the other representing the heavier-than-air gas were treated. Equations for mass and momentum were cast in mass-averaged form, with turbulent Reynolds stresses and mass fluxes modeled using eddy-viscosity and diffusivity hypotheses. A two-equation k- turbulence model was used to determine the effective turbulent viscosity. Streamline curvature and buoyancy corrections were added to the basic turbulence formulation. The model equations were solved using finite difference techniques. An alternating-direction-implicit (ADI) technique was used to solve the parabolic transport equations and a direct matrix solver was used to solve the elliptic pressure equation.Mesh sensitivities were investigated to determine the optimum mesh requirements for the final calculations. It was concluded that at least 10 grid spaces were required across the obstacle width and 15 across the obstacle height to obtain valid solutions. A non-uniform mesh was used to concentrate the grid points at the top of the obstacle.Experimental measurements were made with air flow over a 7.6 by 7.6 cm obstacle in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. Smoke visualization revealed a low-frequency oscillation of the bubble downstream of the obstacle. Hot-wire anemometer data are presented for the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy at the mid-plane of the obstacle and the mid-plane of the downstream recirculation bubble. A single hot-wire probe was found to be suitable for determining mean streamwise velocities with an accuracy of 11 %. The downstream recirculation bubble was unsteady and had a length range from 3 to 8 obstacle lengths.The experimental results for flow over the obstacle were compared with numerical calculations to validate the numerical solution procedure. A sensitivity study on the effect of curvature correction and variation of turbulence model constants on the numerical solution was conducted. Calculations that included the curvature correction model gave a downstream recirculation bubble length of 5.9 obstacle lengths while excluding the correction reduced this length to 4.4.In the second part of the study, numerical calculations were performed for the dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas in the vicinity of the two-dimensional obstacle. Characteristics of an adiabatic boundary layer were used in these calculations. The densities of the contaminant gases were 0, 25 and 50% greater than the air density. Calculations were performed with the contaminant injection source upstream and downstream of the obstacle.Use of the pressure gradient model reduced the size of the dense gas cloud by as much as 12%. The curvature correction model also affected the cloud expanse by reducing the effective turbulent viscosity in the downstream recirculation bubble. The location of the injection source had the largest impact on the cloud size. The area of the cloud within the 5 % contour was three times larger for downstream injection than for upstream injection. 相似文献