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1.
Building a 3D geological model from field and subsurface data is a typical task in geological studies involving natural resource
evaluation and hazard assessment. However, there is quite often a gap between research papers presenting case studies or specific
innovations in 3D modeling and the objectives of a typical class in 3D structural modeling, as more and more is implemented
at universities. In this paper, we present general procedures and guidelines to effectively build a structural model made
of faults and horizons from typical sparse data. Then we describe a typical 3D structural modeling workflow based on triangulated
surfaces. Our goal is not to replace software user guides, but to provide key concepts, principles, and procedures to be applied
during geomodeling tasks, with a specific focus on quality control. 相似文献
2.
在深部找矿过程中,三维地质建模技术起着不可或缺的作用。本次研究以相山矿田横涧-岗上英矿区为例,依托成矿理论、成矿预测理论和矿产资源勘查与评价理论,分析总结横涧-岗上英矿区的成矿地质条件,利用三维地质建模软件GoCAD建立研究区的地形、地层、构造、岩体、矿体和钻探模型,进一步结合勘查开采经验,建立矿区的地质找矿模型,并且采用找矿信息量法圈定成矿有利区段3处。结果表明,横涧-岗上英矿区深部仍有较大的找矿潜力。 相似文献
3.
起伏地形对可控源音频大地电磁(CSAMT)响应具有强烈的影响,因此在CSAMT数据处理解释时需要考虑地形。同时,实际的地下地质情况和地表的地形情况通常比较复杂,地质结构和地形大部分情况下都是三维的。在水平地表三维有限差分CSAMT数值模拟算法的基础上,推导了利用地下交错网格采样点处的总磁场计算起伏地形下空气-地下介质分界面处的总电场和总磁场的表达式,从而实现了起伏地形下三维CSAMT数值模拟算法。在算法实现过程中,采用伪δ函数代替麦克斯韦方程中的场源项和直接计算总场的策略,避免了原有的将总场分离成背景场和二次场的策略在复杂地质条件下难以选择合适背景电阻率的问题。为了直接模拟总场,起伏地形下三维CSAMT数值模拟算法给出了新的三维正演方程的边界条件。将模拟水平地表三维异常体和三维山峰地形两个理论模型得到的响应结果与前人算法的计算结果进行对比,验证了所实现算法的正确性和有效性。 相似文献
4.
In this paper, we study newly developed methods for linear elasticity on polyhedral meshes. Our emphasis is on applications of the methods to geological models. Models of subsurface, and in particular sedimentary rocks, naturally lead to general polyhedral meshes. Numerical methods which can directly handle such representation are highly desirable. Many of the numerical challenges in simulation of subsurface applications come from the lack of robustness and accuracy of numerical methods in the case of highly distorted grids. In this paper, we investigate and compare the Multi-Point Stress Approximation (MPSA) and the Virtual Element Method (VEM) with regard to grid features that are frequently seen in geological models and likely to lead to a lack of accuracy of the methods. In particular, we look at how the methods perform near the incompressible limit. This work shows that both methods are promising for flexible modeling of subsurface mechanics. 相似文献
5.
针对成矿带三维地质建模面临的实际问题,以GOCAD软件作为三维建模工具,阐述了基于剖面的三维地质建模流程与方法.为了充分揭示本溪地区深部地质情况及隐伏铁矿的发育情况,采用基于剖面的三维地质建模方法构建了本溪地区907km2的三维地质模型,获取了本溪地区地下三维地质结构,显示出该地区盖层发育宽缓褶皱,断裂切割作用强烈,基底最大埋深可达4200 m,在变质基底埋深较浅的地区,具有很大的铁矿资源勘探潜力.实际应用情况表明,基于剖面的三维地质建模方法符合地质研究从二维到三维的工作流程和思维习惯,是一种有效的成矿带三维建模方法. 相似文献
6.
由于地层的二元特征,对地层和地下介质有两种不同的认识倾向,即旋回性(准周期性)和随机性。实际的地下介质物性参数的变化以及地层的分布在一般意义上更具有分形和多重分形的特征,而准周期性和随机性只是其中的两种特别情况。与之类似,地层的过渡也不应该是简单的阶梯函数,而应该是由更具有一般意义的启动函数来描述。通过分析一套实际的多重分形碳酸盐岩沉积层序并对其可能指示的古环境和古海平面的变化进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
8.
川藏铁路作为史上修建难度最大的铁路,沿线具有显著的地形高差、强烈的板块活动、密集的深大断裂、频发的山地灾害等恶劣地质环境特点,工程建设面临着复杂多变的地表和地下重大地质安全风险挑战。为深入综合分析川藏铁路可研阶段沿线地质风险,定量评价其对工程的影响,基于川藏铁路沿线翔实的时空数据集及资料,采用三维结构建模、数值统计建模、动力建模、时空建模等方法,进行了地表、地下重大工程地质灾害综合定量风险分析。地表工程地质灾害综合风险分析结果表明:在宏观上,川藏铁路沿线存在3个地表地质灾害高风险区,分别是鲜水河断裂带、金沙江断裂带和东构造结地区。由于川藏铁路采用以隧道为主的设计方案,地表地质灾害的风险大大降低。分别建立了活动断裂、岩爆和大变形等风险评估的普适性模型及综合风险分析模型,以易贡隧道为例,对典型重要隧道全线不同段落断裂活动性、岩爆、大变形等典型地下工程地质风险以及综合风险进行了定量评价。结果表明:川藏铁路沿线的地质灾害、断裂活动、岩爆和大变形等重大工程地质灾害的总体风险等级较高,影响工程安全;定量评估结果可以进一步指导后续的设计与施工的优化和深化。本研究为川藏铁路可行性研究提供了有力的科学支撑,同时也为国内外类似线性工程地质灾害风险分析提供参考。 相似文献
9.
Conditional facies modeling combines geological spatial patterns with different types of observed data, to build earth models for predictions of subsurface resources. Recently, researchers have used generative adversarial networks (GANs) for conditional facies modeling, where an unconditional GAN is first trained to learn the geological patterns using the original GAN’s loss function, then appropriate latent vectors are searched to generate facies models that are consistent with the observed conditioning data. A problem with this approach is that the time-consuming search process needs to be conducted for every new conditioning data. As an alternative, we improve GANs for conditional facies simulation (called GANSim) by introducing an extra condition-based loss function and adjusting the architecture of the generator to take the conditioning data as inputs, based on progressive growing of GANs. The condition-based loss function is defined as the inconsistency between the input conditioning value and the corresponding characteristics exhibited by the output facies model, and forces the generator to learn the ability of being consistent with the input conditioning data, together with the learning of geological patterns. Our input conditioning factors include global features (e.g., the mud facies proportion) alone, local features such as sparse well facies data alone, and joint combination of global features and well facies data. After training, we evaluate both the quality of generated facies models and the conditioning ability of the generators, by manual inspection and quantitative assessment. The trained generators are quite robust in generating high-quality facies models conditioned to various types of input conditioning information.
相似文献
10.
为了防止核废料及有毒化学废料进入生物圈污染人类所赖以生存的环境,自从70年代末以来,对核废料和有毒化学废料的地质处理发生了很大的兴趣。文中讨论了几种有关的溶质运移模型。并指出这些模型应用于实际野外问题时的主要困难在于各种参数的现场测定。同时,文中也指出了在这个领域中的数学模型技术和野外测试技术正在迅速发展之中,本文讨论的范围仅限于多孔介质及等价多孔介质中的溶质运移问题。 相似文献
11.
The subsurface data are a basic requirement for the set up of hydrogeological framework. Geographic information systems (GIS) tools have proved their usefulness in hydrogeology over the years which allow for management, synthesis, and analysis of a great variety of subsurface data. However, standard multi-layered systems are quite limited for modeling, visualizing, and editing subsurface data and geologic objects and their attributes. This paper presents a methodology to support the implementation of hydrogeological framework of the multi-layered aquifer system in Nabeul–Hammamet (NH) coastal region (NE, Tunisia). The methodology consists of (1) the development of a complete and generally accepted hydrogeological classification system for NH aquifer system (2) the development of relational databases and subsequent GIS-based on geological, geophysical and hydrogeological data, and (3) the development of meaningful three-dimensional geological and aquifer models, using GIS subsurface software, RockWorks 2002. The generated 3-D geological models define the lithostratigraphy and the geometry of each depositional formation of the region and delineate major aquifers and aquitards. Where results of the lithologic model revealed that there is a wide range of hydraulic conductivities in the modeled area, which vary spatially and control the groundwater flow regime. As well, 17 texturally distinct stratigraphic units were identified and visualized in the stratigraphic model, while the developed aquifer model indicates that the NH aquifer system is composed of multi-reservoir aquifers subdivided in aquifers units and separated by sandy clay aquitards. Finally, this study provides information on the storing, management and modeling of subsurface spatial database. GIS has become a useful tool for hydrogeological conceptualization and groundwater management purposes and will provide necessary input databases within different groundwater numerical models. 相似文献
12.
In each step of geological modeling, errors have an impact on measurements and workflow processes and, so, have consequences that challenge accurate three-dimensional geological modeling. In the context of classical error theory, for now, only spatial positional error is considered, acknowledging that temporal, attribute, and ontological errors—and many others—are part of the complete error budget. Existing methods usually assumed that a single error distribution (Gaussian) exists across all kinds of spatial data. Yet, across, and even within, different kinds of raw data (such as borehole logs, user-defined geological sections, and geological maps), different types of positional error distributions may exist. Most statistical methods make a priori assumptions about error distributions that impact their explanatory power. Consequently, analyzing errors in multi-source and conflated data for geological modeling remains a grand challenge in geological modeling. In this study, a novel approach is presented regarding the analysis of one-dimensional multiple errors in the raw data used for model geological structures. The analysis is based on the relationship between spatial error distributions and different geological attributes. By assuming that the contact points of a geological subsurface are decided by the geological attributes related to both sides of the subsurface, this assumption means that the spatial error of geological contacts can be transferred into specific probabilities of all the related geological attributes at each three-dimensional point, which is termed the “geological attribute probability”. Both a normal distribution and a continuous uniform distribution were transferred into geological attribute probabilities, allowing different kinds of spatial error distributions to be summed directly after the transformation. On cross-points with multiple raw data with errors that follow different kinds of distributions, an entropy-based weight was given to each type of data to calculate the final probabilities. The weighting value at each point in space is decided by the related geological attribute probabilities. In a test application that accounted for the best estimates of geological contacts, the experimental results showed the following: (1) for line segments, the band shape of geological attribute probabilities matched that of existing error models; and (2) the geological attribute probabilities directly show the error distribution and are an effective way of describing multiple error distributions among the input data. 相似文献
13.
Subsurface dams constitute an affordable and effective method for the sustainable development and management of groundwater resources when constructed on suitable sites. Such dams have rarely been constructed in crystalline rock areas and to best of our knowledge, geographic information system (GIS) has never been used in any methodology for locating suitable sites for constructing these dams. This paper presents a new methodology to locate suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams using GIS software supported by groundwater balance modelling in a study area Boda-Kalvsvik, Sweden. Groundwater resources were calculated based on digitized geological data and assumptions regarding stratigraphic layering taken from well archive data and geological maps. These estimates were then compared with future extractions for domestic water supply using a temporally dynamic water balance model. Suitability analyses for subsurface dams were based on calculated topographic wetness index (TWI) values and geological data, including stratigraphic information. Groundwater balance calculations indicated that many of the most populated areas were susceptible to frequent water supply shortages. Of the 34 sub-catchments within the study area: ten were over-extracted, nine did not have any water supply demand at all, one was self-sufficient and the remaining 14 were able to meet the water supply demand with surplus storage capacity. Six suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams were suggested in the vicinity of the over-extracted sites based on suitability analysis and groundwater balance estimates. The new methodology shows encouraging results for regions with humid climate but having limited natural water storage capacities. The developed methodology can be used as a preliminary planning step for subsurface dam construction, establishing a base for more detailed field investigations. 相似文献
14.
Spatial inverse problems in the Earth Sciences are often ill-posed, requiring the specification of a prior model to constrain
the nature of the inverse solutions. Otherwise, inverted model realizations lack geological realism. In spatial modeling,
such prior model determines the spatial variability of the inverse solution, for example as constrained by a variogram, a
Boolean model, or a training image-based model. In many cases, particularly in subsurface modeling, one lacks the amount of
data to fully determine the nature of the spatial variability. For example, many different training images could be proposed
for a given study area. Such alternative training images or scenarios relate to the different possible geological concepts
each exhibiting a distinctive geological architecture. Many inverse methods rely on priors that represent a single subjectively
chosen geological concept (a single variogram within a multi-Gaussian model or a single training image). This paper proposes
a novel and practical parameterization of the prior model allowing several discrete choices of geological architectures within
the prior. This method does not attempt to parameterize the possibly complex architectures by a set of model parameters. Instead,
a large set of prior model realizations is provided in advance, by means of Monte Carlo simulation, where the training image
is randomized. The parameterization is achieved by defining a metric space which accommodates this large set of model realizations.
This metric space is equipped with a “similarity distance” function or a distance function that measures the similarity of
geometry between any two model realizations relevant to the problem at hand. Through examples, inverse solutions can be efficiently
found in this metric space using a simple stochastic search method. 相似文献
15.
Testing TEM systems has to include field experiments with physical models commensurate to the real transmitter–receiver configurations and to the target subsurface features. A large horizontal loop closed across a known resistance is a convenient model in this respect. It is convenient to lay in the field, it has manageable parameters, and its natural response is easy to calculate.A field-size experiment and numerical modeling were applied to investigate the model wire loop response to eddy current in a uniform conductive ground, both at early and late times. The higher the resistivity of the ground the larger the time range in which the measured response matches the predicted one, other things being equal.The experiments show that (i) closed loops laid near a transmitter–receiver system are applicable to test the quality of the latter as a tool for TEM or other similar resistivity surveys; (ii) current induced in the model loop can be used to infer the resistivity of the ground; (iii) a closed loop slows down the growth and reduces the amplitude of voltage induced at early times in a receiver loop or in a multiturn coil. 相似文献
16.
3D geological modeling should be an effective tool for accurately representing the geometric structure boundary and internal property fields of geological body. However, conventional methods have rarely focused on the expression of geological heterogeneous properties, known as 4D modeling. A volume function is defined as a piecewise mathematic function that describes a parameterized geological property field and created by fitting the property functions of certain 3D voxels. The quadratic generalized tri-prism volume function (QGTPVF) model is proposed for representing geological property fields with a sedimentary strata structure based on the volume function method and generalized tri-prism (GTP) voxel model. A QGTPVF is designed for borehole sample points, and it interpolates geological properties by fitting quadratic volume functions combined with the influence of geological geometric structure constraints, including stratum interfaces and fault planes. This research mainly focuses on the QGTPVF definition and fitting method, single GTP volume function is a continuous quadratic function, and a property smoothing along directionally adjacent bedding GTPs method is also studied, so geological property field is also expressed by the smooth function. A preprocessing method of faults geological structures is given, and the general framework QGTPVF is also discussed for practical applications. The QGTPVF model could be converted to tetrahedron voxel and 3D grid models for calculation and analysis easily. An example on a porosity property field is studied to verify the method’s accuracy and reliability by comparing to Kriging and inverse distance weighted interpolation methods, and the result of accuracy and time complexity are better, so the QGTPVF provides a new solution for modeling geological property fields. 相似文献
17.
文章介绍了实体模型、场模型和混合模型三类空间数据模型及其相应的三维地质构模方法,列举了三维地质构模在矿产资源评价、城市地质、地下水资源评价方面的3个应用实例。在矿产资源评价中的应用是实体模型与场模型的集成,三维显示与检索采用实体模型,资源量估算和矿化分布预测采用场模型;在城市地质中的工程地质层状地质体建模采用多层DEM构模法,介绍了基于三维地层模型的剖切等应用分析;地下水资源评价中含水层组的三维建模采用剖面构模法,以水文地质剖面为建模数据源,辅以钻孔、含水层组底界埋深等值线、地表高程等值线等作为约束条件。 相似文献
18.
Hydrothermal simulations are used to provide insight into the subsurface thermal regime of the Perth metropolitan area (PMA) in Western Australia. High average permeabilities and estimated fluid flow rates in shallow aquifers of the PMA suggest that advection and convection may occur in these aquifers. These processes are simulated, using a new geological model of the PMA to constrain the geometry of aquifers, aquitards and faults. The results show that advection has a strong influence on subsurface temperature, especially in the north of the PMA, where aquifer recharge creates an area of anomalously low temperature. Convection may be important, depending on the permeability of the Yarragadee Aquifer. If convection occurs, it creates thermal highs and lows with a spacing of approximately 5 km. Some of these thermal anomalies migrate over geological time due to coupling between advection and convection, but they are stationary on human timescales. Fault permeability influences the pattern of convection. Advection and convection cause variations in the geothermal gradient which cannot be predicted by conductive models; therefore, these processes should be considered in any model that is used for assessment of geothermal resources in the PMA. 相似文献
19.
In many geological and engineering problems it is necessary to transform information from one scale to another. Data collected at laboratory scale are often used to evaluate field problems on a much larger scale. This is certainly true for geological problems where extreme scale differences are common in time as well as size. This problem is addressed by means of a new constitutive model for soils. It is able to describe the behavior of soils at different deformation rates. The model defines time-dependent and stress-related deformations separately. They are related to each other and they occur simultaneously. The model is based on concepts from elasticity and viscoplasticity theories. In addition to Hooke's law for the elastic behavior, the framework for the viscoplastic behavior consists, in the general case (two-dimensional or three-dimensional), of a yield surface, an associated flow rule and a hardening law. The model is formulated in incremental terms and is therefore suitable for computational modeling and it has been implemented in a computer program used for analyzing the depositional history of an oil field in the Danish part of the North Sea. An important part of the problem in this case was the difference in time scale between the geological process of deposition (millions of years) and the laboratory measurements of mechanical properties (minutes or hours). In addition, the time scale relevant to the production history of the oil field was interesting (days or years). 相似文献
20.
非常规油气藏地质建模与数值模拟是通过对地质、地震、油藏综合研究,建立储层精细地质模型。首先建立构造模型,同时运用地震反演的成果结合单井岩相数据建立岩相模型,利用钻井泥浆漏失、油气田和单井的实际生产情况和微地震监测,描述油气藏内发育的天然裂缝和人工压裂裂缝,最终利用岩相模型控制建立孔隙度和饱和度等属性模型,为数值模拟提供能够反映与实际地质情况相符的三维油气藏粗化地质模型。在此模型的基础上,进行生产历史拟合、产量预测,并制定合理的开发方案。 相似文献
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