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1.
南沙群岛海域表层沉积物中有机物、铁和锰的分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过1997年11月（冬季）和1999年7月（夏季）两个航次对南沙群岛海域的现场调查，实测了南沙深海盆表层沉积物中的有机物，Fe和Mn的含量，讨论了沉积物中Fe、Mn的平面和深度分布。在沉积物的上层几厘米处Fe和Mn都出现了峰值，这是上层Mn^2 （Fe^2 ）氧化，再沉淀引起的，沉积物中Fe和Mn的深度分布是氧化锰（铁）和氢氧化锰（铁）的还原，扩散和再沉淀的结果，细菌在海洋环境的Fe、Mn循环中起着重要的作用，在大洋底的厌氧环境中细菌将Fe、Mn还原为低价离子或可溶性化合物向间隙水和上覆水移动，在沉积物表层的氧化条件下细菌又使环境中的Fe、Mn沉淀，使其再次富集。  相似文献   

2.
The downward flux of Mn through the water column was directly measured using sediment traps. The Mn flux from the bottom sediment to the water column, and the removal rate of Mn in the bottom water were estimated from Mn gradients in the bottom water. The sediment traps were deployed more than ten times at the same station in Funka Bay, Japan. The trapped settling matter and filtered suspended matter samples were analyzed for Mn, Fe, Al and ignition loss. The observed downward flux of Mn through the water column in winter (1.3–2.8 μg/cm2 /day) was generally an order of magnitude larger than that in summer (0.13–0.45 μg/cm2 /day), and the Mn fluxes for both seasons were also greater than the accumulation rate of Mn in the bottom sediments (0.10 μg/cm 2/day). More Al was contained in the trapped settling matter than in the suspended matter, while Mn showed the opposite behavior. The Fe/Mn ratio of the residual fraction (obtained by subtracting the sediment component of the settling matter) was rather well correlated with the corresponding ratio in suspended matter. Settling particles are expected to scavenge suspended matter during their passage through the water column. The flux of Mn across the sediment—water interface was estimated from its vertical profiles in the water column to be 0.1–0.3 μg/cm2 day. The residence time of Mn in bottom water was about one to several months. These results suggest that Mn is actively recycled between the water column and the sediments of the coastal sea.  相似文献   

3.
Summer porewater and spring and summer surficial sediment samples were collected from 26 locations in the intertidal region of the Fraser River estuary. Porewaters were analysed for dissolved iron and manganese (as defined by species <0·2μm in diameter) to assess the contribution of diagenesis to concentrations of iron and manganese oxides at the sediment–water interface. Surficial sediment samples were geochemically characterized as: % organic matter (% LOI); reducible iron (RED Fe, iron oxides) and easily reducible manganese (ER Mn, manganese oxides). Grain size at each site was also determined. The sediment geochemical matrix, as defined by the above four parameters, was highly heterogeneous throughout the intertidal region (three-way ANOVA;P<0·0001). For RED Fe and ER Mn, this heterogeneity could be explained by either diagenetic processes (RED Fe) or by a combination of the proximity of the sample sites to the mouth of the Fraser River estuary plus diagenetic processes (ER Mn). Correlation (Spearman Rank Correlation Test (rs), of dissolved iron within the subsurface sediments with amounts of RED Fe recovered from the associated surface sediments was highly significant (rs=0·80, P<0·0001); high concentrations of RED Fe at the sediment–water interface co-occurred with high concentrations of dissolved iron, regardless of the proximity of the sample locations to riverine input. Compared with iron, the relationship between dissolved manganese and ER Mn from surface sediments was lower (rs=0·58;P<0·0008). Locations most strongly influenced by the Fraser River contained greater concentrations of ER Mn at the sediment–water interface than that which would be expected based on the contribution from diagenesis alone. Sediment grain size and organic matter were also influenced by the proximity to riverine input. Surficial sediment of sites close to the river mouth were comprised primarily of percent silt (2·0μm–50μm) whereas sites not influenced by riverine input were primarily percent sand (grain size >50μm). Concentrations of organic matter declined from the mouth to the foreslope of the estuary. With the exception of RED Fe, temporal variation (May vs July) was insignificant (P>0·05, three-way ANOVA). Concentrations of RED Fe recovered from the surficial sediments were in general greater in the summer vs spring months, although spring and summer values were highly correlated (Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient; PPCC; R=0·89;P<0·0001). As the bioavailability of metals is dependent on sediment geochemistry, availability throughout the intertidal region will also be spatially dependent. This heterogeneity needs to be taken into account in studies addressing the impact of metals on estuarine systems.  相似文献   

4.
Vertical profiles of manganese concentration in interstitial waters and of manganese and iron contents in five chemically-separated fractions of sediments have been studied in a sediment core (73 cm long) from a meromictic lake, Lake Suigetsu, which changed from freshwater to brackish conditions in 1664 A.D. The interstitial waters show a minimum manganese concentration of 0.13 ppm near a depth of 10 cm and a maximum of 26 ppm near 65 cm in the core. A predominant amount of manganese, up to 0.17%, is found in the hydrogen peroxide-soluble fraction of sediments in layers above a depth of 52 cm. It is suggested that the manganese is included in stable iron sulfides such as pyrite. Manganese, which diffuses upward from the lower layer, is thought to be deposited along with stable iron sulfide during diagenetic formation of the latter near a depth of 10 cm in the core.  相似文献   

5.
Partitioning of copper, zinc, iron and manganese into oxide, sulfide, organic and silicate fractions has been determined with a selective chemical leaching technique on sediment samples from a core collected in Osaka Bay. The samples have been dated by the210Pb method. Most of the copper and zinc in the polluted surface sediment layer are contained in both oxide and sulfide fractions. This suggests that the transformation of oxides and hydroxides to sulfides under anoxic conditions within the sediment is significant for the fixation of copper and zinc discharged through human activities into the sediment. Manganese is apparently enriched in oxide and hydroxide fractions of the surface layer due to the post-depositional migration of manganese within the sediment. The copper, zinc and manganese contents of the 30 % H2O2 soluble fraction (mostly organic fraction) decrease with depth in the sediment core, and correlate significantly with the organic carbon content. The heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) contents of the silicate fraction, without exchangeable sites, are almost constant with depth.  相似文献   

6.
海底热液喷发形成的热液羽状流中富含成矿物质,并沉淀在距离热液喷口不等的范围内。对西南印度洋中脊热液喷口附近、距离喷口中等距离、远离喷口的六个表层沉积物样品开展了不同粒度沉积物的便携式XRF（PXRF）分析。结果表明,PXRF可以有效获得的洋中脊钙质沉积物中成矿元素的富集特征。>40目的沉积物样品具有较高的Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn等元素含量,40目以下沉积物中则相对稳定,可能与粗粒沉积物中玄武岩碎屑/玻璃含量较高有关,与镜下鉴定结果一致。以热液喷口为中心,表层沉积物中表现出Cu、Zn、As、Fe、Mn的元素分带,靠近喷口的沉积物中具有较高的成矿元素的含量,并具有较高的Cu/Fe、Zn/Fe比值或者Cu/Mn与Zn/Mn比值。上述结论表明,洋中脊沉积物中成矿元素的含量主要受与喷口的距离的影响,而与粒度的关系不大,洋中脊沉积物地球化学找矿应采用40目以下粒径沉积物作为分析样品。通过PXRF获得的Cu、Zn、As、Fe、Mn等元素含量及其比值特征可以作为海底多金属硫化物沉积物地球化学找矿的指标,该方法满足快速有效识别洋中脊沉积物中地球化学异常的要求。  相似文献   

7.
Research is conducted on the following questions: 1) the seasonal and spacial changes of Fe2+ concentration in overlying water and interstitial water; 2) the profiles of Fe3+ and Fe2+and total Mn in solid phase of sediment; and 3) the estimation and comparison of Fe and Mn diffusion and deposition fluxes.The complex relation among the early diagenesis of iron, the grain size composition in solid phase of sediment and the factors of pH and Eh as well as dissolved oxygen are reflected by seasonal and space relation of Fe2+ change.The geochemical activity and role of iron and manganese during diagenetic processes is discussed and estimated by calculating and comparing deposition and diffusion fluxes of both the elements.  相似文献   

8.
2007年11月在东海泥质区采集了表层沉积物样品,用连续提取法对金属元素的赋存形态进行了分离,测定了各形态中锰、铁和铝的含量。结果表明,锰主要赋存于碳酸盐结合态,含量为0.04～0.19mg/g,平均0.13mg/g;铁主要赋存于易还原态(铁锰氧化物结合态),含量为1.1～2.3μg/g,平均1.5mg/g;大部分站点的铝主要赋存于易还原态,含量为0.4～1.1mg/g,平均0.7mg/g。沉积物主要成分对金属赋存形态产生影响,CARB态、ERO态Mn、Fe和Al分别随沉积物中碳酸钙、水合铁锰氧化物含量的升高而增加,且ERO态金属与水合铁锰氧化物的相关性显著;有机物的含量的对OSM态金属的影响则不明显。非残渣态Fe和Al的含量随水深增加而降低,主要是由于沉积物中ERO态Fe和Al受陆地径流输入和水体中清除作用的影响,导致近岸沉积物中有较多的活性Fe、Al;离岸距离增加则沉积物中活性Fe、Al含量减少。  相似文献   

9.
氧化还原敏感元素(Redox Sensitive Elements,RSE)如V、Cr、Mo、U等,通常在氧化条件下呈溶解态,在还原沉积环境中除Fe、Mn外,RSE被还原成低价态转移至沉积物中富集积累,因此可以利用氧化还原敏感元素在沉积物中的富集情况反演沉积环境的氧化还原状况。本文通过研究东海内陆架季节性低氧海区Zb7沉积柱中氧化还原敏感元素V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、U的垂直分布、富集特征和比值,探究沉积环境氧化还原状况;发现RSE/Al和富集系数自1978年以来呈增加的趋势,但自2009年开始有所降低,整体RSE富集系数均小于3,未见明显富集。RSE比值V/Cr<2、Ni/Co<5、U/Th<0.75、0.25<(Cu+Mo)/Zn<0.55,以及MoEF/UEF比值主要分布在0.08～0.3倍海水Mo/U值之间,均指示氧化的沉积环境。RSE/Al与Fe/Al、Mn/Al具有显著的相关性,表明RSE在剔除陆源碎屑输入后,主要通过与Fe、Mn氧化物结合进入沉积物,也指示氧化的沉积环境。研究结果与该区域溶解氧历史数据反映的季节性低氧结果不一致,可能与RSE在夏季季节性低氧时,沉积物中的富集信号在秋冬季溶氧水平恢复后缺失有关。尽管RSE不能有效指示东海季节性低氧环境,但Zb7沉积柱RSE在1978年后富集程度的增加以及2011年后的降低,在一定程度上反映了该区域自1978年后季节性低氧程度加重,2009年后又有所缓解的变化趋势。  相似文献   

10.
To investigate the factors controlling lead (Pb) concentration and identify the sources of Pb in Yellow Sea sediments along the Korean coast, the concentration of Pb and Pb isotopes in 87 surface and 6 core sediment samples were analyzed. The 1 M HCl leached Pb concentrations had a similar geographic distribution to those of fine-grained sediments, while the distribution of residual Pb concentrations resembled that of coarse-grained sediments. Leached Pb was presumed to be associated with manganese (Mn) oxide and iron (Fe) oxy/hydroxide, while residual Pb was associated with potassium (K)-feldspar, based on good linear relationships between the leached Pb and the Fe/Mn concentrations, and the residual Pb and K concentrations. Based on a ratio–ratio plot with three isotopes (207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb) and the geographic location of each sediment, sediments were categorized into two groups of samples as group1 and group2. Group 1 sediments, which were distributed in Gyeonggi Bay and offshore (north of 36.5°N), were determined to be a mixture of anthropogenic and natural Pb originating from the Han River, based on a 208Pb/206Pb against a Cs/Pbleached mixing plot of core and surface sediments. Group 2 sediments, which were distributed in the south of 36.5°N, also showed a two endmembers mixing relationship between materials from the Geum River and offshore materials, which had very different Pb concentrations and isotope ratios. Based on the isotopes and their concentrations in core and surface sediments, this mixing relationship was interpreted as materials from two geographically different origins being mixed, rather than anthropogenic or natural mixing of materials with the same origin. Therefore, the relative percentage of materials supplied from the Geum River was calculated using a two endmembers mixing model and estimated to be as much as about 50% at 35°N. The spatial distribution of materials derived from the Geum River represented that of fine-grained sediments originating from the Geum River. It was concluded that Pb isotopes in sediments could be used as a tracer in studies of the origin of fine-grained sediments along the Korean Yellow Sea coast.  相似文献   

11.
渤海莱州湾表层沉积物中金属元素分布及环境质量   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
利用X-射线荧光光谱仪、等离子质谱仪或原子荧光光度计测定了莱州湾表层沉积物中金属元素的含量,探讨了它们的分布特征、来源及污染程度,结果表明,沉积物中铜、锌、铅、镉、砷、镍、铬、钴、钒、钪、铁、锰的含量由近岸向湾内递减,莱州湾北部海域的含量大于南部的。银含量高的沉积物主要分布在莱州湾中部偏西南的环流中心区。沉积物中砷和镍含量超过ERL值,潜在生态风险较高。富集系数和主成分分析显示,沉积物中铁、铜、锌、镉、砷、铬、镍、钴、锰、钒和钪为无富集,砷为轻度富集,铅和银为中度富集。铁、铜、锌、镉、铬、镍、钴、锰、钒、砷和钪主要来源于自然源,铅既有岩石和土壤风化产物硅酸盐矿物等自然源的贡献,又受到了人为活动的影响,银主要受人为活动的影响。聚类分析表明,可把莱州湾沉积物分为4类,其中黄河口西北缘沉积物中砷和镍污染生态风险最高,其次是莱州湾中部和北部。  相似文献   

12.
New perspectives on radium behavior within a subterranean estuary   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Over the past decade, radium isotopes have been frequently applied as tracers of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). The unique radium signature of SGD is acquired within the subterranean estuary, a mixing zone between fresh groundwater and seawater in coastal aquifers, yet little is known about what controls Ra cycling in this system. The focus of this study was to examine controls on sediment and groundwater radium activities within permeable aquifer sands (Waquoit Bay, MA, USA) through a combination of field and laboratory studies. In the field, a series of sediment cores and corresponding groundwater profiles were collected for analysis of the four radium isotopes, as well as dissolved and sediment associated manganese, iron, and barium. We found that in addition to greater desorption at increasing salinity, radium was also closely tied to manganese and iron redox cycling within these sediments. A series of laboratory adsorption/desorption experiments helped elucidate the importance of 1) contact time between sediment and water, 2) salinity of water in contact with sediment, 3) redox conditions of water in contact with sediment, and 4) the chemical characteristics of sediment on radium adsorption/desorption. We found that these reactions are rapid (on the order of hours), desorption increases with increasing salinity and decreasing pH, and the presence of Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides on the sediment inhibit the release of radium. These sediments have a large capacity to sorb radium from fresh water. Combined with these experimental results, we present evidence from time series groundwater sampling that within this subterranean estuary there are cyclic periods of Ra accumulation and release controlled by changing salinity and redox conditions.  相似文献   

13.
Dissolved and particulate trace metal concentrations (dissolved Fe, Zn, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni; particulate Fe, Mn and Al) were measured along two transects in the Ross Sea during austral summer of 1990. Total Fe concentrations in southern Ross Sea and inshore waters were elevated >3.5 times that of northern waters. Dissolved Zn, Cd and Co concentrations were lower by factors of 4.5, 3.5 and 1.6 in southern surface waters relative to northern waters. Dissolved Cu and Ni concentrations were similar in both areas. Elevated Fe concentrations coincided with areas of increased productivity, phytoplankton biomass and nutrient drawdown, indicating that Fe is an important factor controlling the location of phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea. Particulate concentrations of Fe, Mn and Al indicate two possible sources of iron to the Ross Sea, resuspension of continental shelf sediments and iron incorporated in annual sea ice and released with meltwaters.  相似文献   

14.
采集了东南太平洋热液区DYl15-20V一$35一TVGl7站位的沉积物硫化物样品,其含有76．717％（m／m）强还原性的磁性良好的黄铁矿．以乳酸钠为电子供体,不溶性的氢氧化铁为电子受体,对该样品进行Fe¨还原细菌的定向富集培养．通过构建该茵群的16SrDNA基因文库,随机挑选82个阳性克隆子进行群落结构多样性分析．研究结果表明：82个克隆代表的6种基因型分别属于4个主要类群,其中ε一变形杆菌占有绝对优势,达到55．2％．此外其还包括厚壁菌门、β一变形杆菌和仅．变形杆菌,克隆子比例依次为27．6％、10．3％、6．9％．在富集产物中还原氢氧化铁的功能菌群主要是具有硫还原作用的ε一变形菌中的硫还原菌．  相似文献   

15.
Manganese is a major redox reactive element of benthic metabolism. We have built a database of existing knowledge on the benthic geochemistry of Mn in the Bay of Biscay, in order to comprehensively assess the behaviour of Mn in a variety of environments during early diagenesis. The database contains vertical profiles of particulate and dissolved Mn species of 59 cores collected during 17 cruises between 1997 and 2006 at nine stations positioned between 140 and 4,800 m water depths. At all studied stations, Mn species follow the conventional distribution, where Mn(III,IV) species are enriched in the oxic layer, and dissolved Mn is present in the anoxic sediments. A minor part of Mn-oxides originates from sedimenting particles. The major part is of diagenetic origin, and derives from the oxidation of upward-diffusing dissolved Mn(II). Mn-oxide inventories are higher at the deeper stations than at the shallower ones. This difference cannot be attributed to different sources of sedimenting particles, but it must depend on sedimentation rate and diagenetic processes. At depth, dissolved Mn(II) concentrations are constant. This probably reflects equilibrium with an authigenic Mn(II) phase, which is the ultimate phase into which Mn is fossilized. The Mn content of deeper anoxic sediments is similarly low in all the cores studied, associated with corresponding trends of Mn content in sedimenting particles of the Bay of Biscay. Bioturbation, rather than redox oscillations, can convey Mn(III,IV) species downwards into the anoxic sediments where they are reduced, associated with a peak of dissolved Mn. Because dissolved Mn(II) is re-oxidized when it diffuses towards the oxic layer, the inventory of the diagenetic Mn(III,IV) phase remains at steady state, especially at stations where the oxic layer is thick. It then becomes possible to calculate the residence time of diagenetic Mn(III,IV) particles within the oxic layer, using the upward-directed flux of pore water Mn(II). By applying this residence time to the accumulation of sediments within the oxic layer, we obtain the sediment mass accumulation rate. The values calculated for the sediments of the Bay of Biscay fit well with accumulation rates obtained from radionuclides or sediment traps. The method has also been validated with data collected in other marine sedimentary environments. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

16.
The contents of biogenic elements in China marginal sea sediments are related to their grain sizes, river transport, et al. In general, the finer the grain size is, the higher the contents of organic matter and OC, N, P are, the lower the contents of S and Si are. The biogeochemical environments of sediments are related to Eh, pH, temperature content of OC,Fe3 /Fe2 radio, water dynamics condition, grain size of sediment, S system in sediment interstitial waters, et al., and they influence the early diageneses and cycle of biogenic elements in sediments. In most regions of China marginal sea, the flux directions of S2-, HS-,3- NH4 H4SiO4, PO4 , across the sediment-water interface are from sediment to the overlying seawater, the flux directions of SO42-, HCO3-, NO3-, NO2- across the sediment-water interface are from the overlying seawater to sediment. The irrigation of living things is important in the cycle of the biogenic elements across sediment-water interfaces.  相似文献   

17.
《Marine Geology》2005,216(3):127-143
This study was carried out in order to understand the early diagenetic redistribution of phosphorus and relevant mass balance in the sediments of the East Sea. In two cruises during May 1993 and October 1995, 11 box cores were collected in the southwestern part of the East Sea. Dissolved phosphorus and iron were analyzed in the porewater from the cores. Sediment samples were analyzed for solid-phase P species and solid-phase Fe oxyhydroxide by sequential extraction.Phosphorus speciation results show that organic P is the major chemical form of phosphorus in young sediments within the upper 50 cm of sediment. However, the authigenic fraction of total P increases with depth, indicating the precipitation of carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) in the sediments. The authigenic CFA (Ca5(PO4)2.6(CO3)0.4F) was formed and buried at rates of 11–110 μmol cm−2 kyr−1. The main source of dissolved phosphorus for the precipitation of CFA is organic P. Dissolved phosphorus, released from the decomposition of organic P, diffuses upward to return to bottom water, or is sorbed to iron oxides in the oxidized sediments. As sedimentation proceeds, the iron oxide-bound P is released in the reduced layer and enters the dissolved phase, which contributes P to the formation of CFA in addition to that contributed by the organic P.The burial flux of reactive P (iron oxide-bound P+authigenic P+organic P) is 0.09–0.53 g P m−2 yr−1 that accounts for 18–58% of the reactive P arriving at the sediment/water interface. The burial flux of reactive P is high in the upper and lower continental margin sediment. The burial flux of reactive P in the Ulleung Basin sediment is less than those in the continental margin sites by a factor of 6, indicating that the reactive P burial flux is mainly dependent on sedimentation rate.  相似文献   

18.
根据１９９３年１１～１２月航次调查结果,研究南沙海域铁和锰在沉积物／间隙水／海水的界面分配和转移。结果表明,沉积物中Ｆｅ含量与其他海域差不多, Ｍｎ具有明显特色：不但含量很高,在不同站位差异悬殊,且 Ｆｅ、 Ｍｎ之间存在分离现象。沉积物中Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ含量与水深呈正相关。估计本海区有锰的微结核存在。在间隙水中Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ均产生明显富集,比海水含量高３０多倍。Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ（尤其是Ｍｎ）的界面分配和转移与水深密切相关,与沉积物的氧化还原条件也存在着一定关系。  相似文献   

19.
沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素(Redox Sensitive Element,RSE)含量变化是上覆水体氧化还原环境良好的替代指标。本文通过冲绳海槽中南部两个柱状沉积物(深度：30 cm)粒度、总有机碳、总氮及其同位素含量和氧化还原敏感元素含量等指标,探究复杂环境背景下冲绳海槽柱状沉积物中RSE的赋存机理与环境指示意义。研究发现,柱状沉积物中除了Cr亏损,其他RSE均显示有不同程度的富集。“粒控效应”对冲绳海槽柱状沉积物的RSE含量影响较小;分析可知,海水表层生产力是影响沉积物氧化还原环境的主要因素,通过Mn(氢)氧化物的吸附或解吸附作用实现RSE的富集与亏损。δCe、V/Cr、Ni/Co和V/(V+Ni)等指标指示沉积物整体处于氧化-弱氧化环境。沉积物中Mn元素通过还原作用以Mn2+形式向上扩散,在25～30 cm处被含氧间隙水氧化富集形成锰峰,指示柱状沉积物0～25 cm处为氧化环境,25～30 cm处为弱氧化环境。  相似文献   

20.
New and published data on the distribution and speciation of manganese and iron in seawater are analyzed to identify and parameterize major biogeochemical processes of their cycling within the suboxic (15.6σt16.2) and anoxic layers (σt16.2) of the Black Sea. A steady-state transport-reaction model is applied to reveal layering and parameterize kinetics of redox and dissolution/precipitation processes. Previously published data on speciation of these elements in seawater are used to specify the nature of the transformations. Two particulate species of iron (Fe(III) hydroxide and Fe(II) sulfide) are necessary to adequately parameterize the vertical profile of suspended iron, while three particulate species (hydrous Mn(IV) oxide, Mn(II) sulfide, and Mn(II) carbonate) are necessary to describe the profile of suspended manganese. In addition to such processes as mixing and advection, precipitation, sinking, and dissolution of manganese carbonate are found to be essential in maintaining the observed vertical distribution of dissolved Mn(II). These results are used to interpret the observed difference in the form of vertical distribution for dissolved Mn(II) and Fe(II). Redox transformations of iron and manganese are coupled via oxidation of dissolved iron by sinking suspended manganese at σt16.2±0.2 kg m−3. The particulate manganese, necessary for this reaction, is supplied through oxidation of dissolved Mn(II). The best agreement with observations is achieved when nitrate, rather than oxygen, is set to oxidize dissolved Mn(II) in the lower part of the suboxic layer (15.90σt16.2). The results support the idea that, after sulfides of these metals are formed, they sink with particulate organic matter. The sinking rates of the particles and specific rates of individual redox and dissolved-particulate transformations have been estimated by fitting the vertical profile of the net rate.  相似文献   

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