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1.
比较了目前开发的两种红外晴空辐射订正算法：1）匹配的红外和微波探测值融合的算法,如AIRS／AMSU晴空订正算法（大气红外探测器AIRS,先进的微波探测器AMSU）;2）匹配的红外成像与探测值融合的算法,如AIRS／MODIS晴空订正算法（中分辨率光谱成像仪MODIS）。结果表明,相对于MODIS的晴空观测值而言,AIRS／MODIS晴空订正算法优于AIRS／AMSU晴空订正算法,而且AIRS／MODIS晴空订正辐射值反演的大气温湿廓线与欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的客观分析场更接近;尽管这两种晴空订正算法本质上相当不同,但都是有效且互补的,当微波探测资料不能获得时,融合红外成像仪和探测器资料就成为唯一可靠的、间接使用有云影响的红外观测值的办法。 相似文献
2.
Ahmad Norazhar Mohd YATIM Mohd Talib LATIF Fatimah AHAMAD Md Firoz KHAN Mohd Shahrul Mohd NADZIR Liew JUNENG 《大气科学进展》2019,36(12):1355-1370
This study investigates the recent extreme temperature trends across 19 stations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, over the period 2006-16. Fourteen extreme index trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test, with Sen’s slope as a magnitude estimator. Generally, the annual daily mean temperature, daily mean maximum temperature, and daily mean minimum temperature in the Klang Valley increased significantly, by 0.07°C yr~(-1), 0.07°C yr~(-1)and 0.08°C yr~(-1),respectively. For the warm temperature indices, the results indicated a significant upward trend for the annual maximum of maximum temperature, by 0.09°C yr~(-1), and the annual maximum of minimum temperature, by 0.11°C yr~(-1). The results for the total number of warm days and warm nights showed significant increasing trends of 5.02 d yr~(-1)and 6.92 d yr~(-1),respectively. For the cold temperature indices, there were upward trends for the annual minimum of maximum temperature,by 0.09°C yr~(-1), and the annual minimum of minimum temperature, by 0.03°C yr~(-1), concurrent with the decreases in the total number cold days (TX10P), with-3.80 d yr~(-1), and cold nights (TN10P), with-4.33 d yr~(-1). The 34°C and 37°C summer days results showed significant upward trends of 4.10 d yr~(-1) and 0.25 d yr~(-1), respectively. Overall, these findings showed upward warming trends in the Klang Valley, with the minimum temperature rate increasing more than that of the maximum temperature, especially in urban areas. 相似文献
3.
The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard Aqua Satellite is a high spectral resolution infrared sounder. In recent years, AIRS has gradually become the primary method of atmospheric vertical observations. To examine the validation of AIRS retrieval products (V3.0) over China, the AIRS surface air temperature retrievals were compared with the ground observations obtained from 540 meteorological stations in July 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The sources of errors were considerably discussed. Based on the error analysis, the AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products were systemi-cally corrected. Moreover, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile retrievals were compared with T213 numerical forecasting products. Because T213 forecasting products are not the actual atmospheric states, to further verify the validation, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile products were assimilated into the MM5 model through the analysis nudging. In this paper, the case on February 14, 2005 in North China was simulated in detail. Then, we investigated the effects of AIRS retrievals on snowfall, humidity field, vertical velocity field, divergence field, and cloud microphysical processes. The major results are: (1) the errors of AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products are largely systematic deviations, for which the influences of terrain altitude and surface types are the major reasons; (2) the differences between the AIRS atmospheric profile retrievals and T213 numerical prediction products in temperature are generally less than 2 K, the differences in relative humidity are generally less than 25%; and (3) the AIRS temperature and humidity retrieval products can adjust the model initial field, and thus can improve the capacity of snowfall simulation to some extent. 相似文献
4.
The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is a new-generation ultraspectral atmospheric sounding instrument mounted on the MetOp-A, the first operational polar-orbiting satellite developed by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). It is an ultrahigh spectral-resolution atmospheric detector which can detect atmospheric chemical composition, temperature, and humidity profiles with high accuracy and resolution. In the present study, through comparative analyses of the similarities and differences between the IASI and the radiosonde observation (RAOB) water vapor data, and between the IASI and the Aqua-AIRS water vapor retrievals, a detailed and systematic assessment of the credibility of the IASI water vapor retrievals over the plateau region was made. A comparison of the IASI retrievals with the AIRS retrievals and the RAOB measurements over the Tibetan Plateau revealed that the IASI retrieval data are reliable and can be used for conducting further studies. 相似文献
5.
Validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Retrieval Products over China and Their Application in Numerical Mode 
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下载免费PDF全文 The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard Aqua Satellite is a high spectral resolution infrared sounder. In recent years, AIRS has gradually become the primary method of atmospheric vertical observations. To examine the validation of AIRS retrieval products (V3.0) over China, the AIRS surface air temperature retrievals were compared with the ground observations obtained from 540 meteorological stations in July 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The sources of errors were considerably discussed. Based on the error analysis, the AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products were systemically corrected. Moreover, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile retrievals were compared with T213 numerical forecasting products. Because T213 forecasting products are not the actual atmospheric states,to further verify the validation, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile products were assimilated into the MM5 model through the analysis nudging. In this paper, the case on February 14, 2005 in North China was simulated in detail. Then, we investigated the effects of AIRS retrievals on snowfall, humidity field,vertical velocity field, divergence field, and cloud microphysical processes. The major results are: (1) the errors of AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products are largely systematic deviations, for which the influences of terrain altitude and surface types are the major reasons; (2) the differences between the AIRS atmospheric profile retrievals and T213 numerical prediction products in temperature are generally less than
2 K, the differences in relative humidity are generally less than 25%; and (3) the AIRS temperature and humidity retrieval products can adjust the model initial field, and thus can improve the capacity of snowfall simulation to some extent. 相似文献
6.
7.
自动气象观测数据的质量控制 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
精细化气候变化分析及气候预测服务亟待发展,对高分辨率优质量的气候资料需求不断增长。本文利用缺测率、对比差值、空间一致性、粗差率、一致率5个指标对2009—2014年浙江省2 209个自动站温度数据进行评估分析,运用开放式可调整的评分标准,选取数据质量稳定可靠的站点,满足气候研究与业务的发展需求。共取得91个一级可用站,499个二级可用站,363个三级可用站,一级站主要分布于宁波和嘉兴地区,二级和三级站在各地都有较均匀的分布。在全省气候统计分析中,可以根据需求利用可用站。此外,有可用自动站参与的温度分布图完美呈现了地形对温度的影响,也使城市化发展突显出来,精细化的气候分析能更有效的为高山地区耕种制度及城市建设与规划提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
Recent temperature projections for urban areas have only been able to reflect the expected change due to greenhouse-induced warming, with little attempt to predict urbanisation effects. This research examines temperature changes due to both global warming and urbanisation independently and applies them differentially to urban and rural areas over a sub-tropical city, Hong Kong. The effect of global warming on temperature is estimated by regressing IPCC data from eight Global Climate Models against the background temperature recorded at a rural climate station. Results suggest a mean background temperature increase of 0.67 °C by 2039. To model temperature changes for different degrees of urbanization, long-term temperature records along with a measureable urbanisation parameter, plot ratio surrounding different automatic weather stations (AWS) were used. Models representing daytime and nighttime respectively were developed, and a logarithmic relationship between the rate of temperature change and plot ratio (degree of urbanisation) is observed. Baseline air temperature patterns over Hong Kong for 2009 were derived from two ASTER thermal satellite images, for summer daytime and nighttime respectively. Dynamic raster modeling was employed to project temperatures to 2039 in 10-year intervals on a per-pixel basis according to the degree of urbanization predicted. Daytime and nighttime temperatures in the highly urbanized areas are expected to rise by ca. 2 °C by 2039. Validation by projecting observed temperature trends at AWS, gave low average RMS errors of 0.19 °C for daytime and 0.14 °C for nighttime, and suggests the reliability of the method. 相似文献
9.
Assessment of surface air warming in northeast China, with emphasis on the impacts of urbanization 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Qingxiang Li Wei Li Peng Si Gao Xiaorong Wenjie Dong Phil Jones Jiayou Huang Lijuan Cao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,99(3-4):469-478
Based on homogenized land surface air temperature (SAT) data (derived from China Homogenized Historical Temperature (CHHT) 1.0), the warming trends over Northeast China are detected in this paper, and the impacts of urban heat islands (UHIs) evaluated. Results show that this region is undergoing rapid warming: the trends of annual mean minimum temperature (MMIT), mean temperature (MT), and mean maximum temperature (MMAT) are 0.40 C decade?1, 0.32 C decade?1, and 0.23 C decade?1, respectively. Regional average temperature series built with these networks including and excluding “typical urban stations” are compared for the periods of 1954–2005. Although impacts of UHIs on the absolute annual and seasonal temperature are identified, UHI contributions to the long-term trends are less than 10% of the regional total warming during the period. The large warming trend during the period is due to a regime shift in around 1988, which accounted for about 51% of the regional warming. 相似文献
10.
It is nontrivial to extract the dust top height(DTH) accurately from passive instruments over land due to the complexity of the surface conditions. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) deep blue(DB) algorithm can be used to infer the aerosol optical depth(AOD) over high-reflective surfaces. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS) can simultaneously obtain the DTH and optical depth information. This study focuses on the synergistic use of AIRS observations and MODIS DB results for improving the DTH by using a stable relationship between the AIRS infrared and MODIS DB AODs. A one-dimensional variational(1DVAR) algorithm is applied to extract the DTH from AIRS. Simulation experiments indicate that when the uncertainty of the dust optical depth decreases from 50% to 20%, the improvement of the DTH retrieval accuracy from AIRS reaches 200 m for most of the assumed dust conditions. For two cases over the Taklimakan Desert, the results are compared against Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP) measurements. The results confirm that the MODIS DB product could help extract the DTH over land from AIRS. 相似文献
11.
Reconciling upper-air temperature trends derived from radiosonde and satellite observations is a necessary step to confidently determine the global warming rate. This study examines the raw and homogenized radiosonde observations over China and compares them with layer-mean atmospheric temperatures derived from satellite microwave observations for the lower-troposphere(TLT), mid-troposphere(TMT), upper-troposphere(TUT), and lower-stratosphere(TLS) by three research groups. Comparisons are for averages over China, excluding the Tibetan Plateau, and at individual stations where metadata contain information on radiosonde instrument changes. It is found that major differences between the satellite and radiosonde observations are related to artificial systematic changes. The radiosonde system updates in the early 2000 s over China caused significant discontinuities and led the radiosonde temperature trends to exhibit less warming in the middle and upper troposphere and more cooling in the lower stratosphere than satellite temperatures. Homogenized radiosonde data have been further adjusted by using the shift-point adjustment approaches to match with satellite products for China averages. The obtained trends during 1979–2015 from the re-adjusted radiosonde observation are respectively 0.203 ± 0.066, 0.128 ± 0.044, 0.034 ± 0.039, and –0.329 ± 0.135 K decade–1 for TLT, TMT, TUT, and TLS equivalents. Compared to satellite trends, the re-adjusted radiosonde trends are within 0.01 K decade–1 for TMT and TUT, 0.054 K decade–1 warmer for TLT, and 0.051 K decade–1 cooler for TLS. The results suggest that the use of satellite data as a reference is helpful in identifying and removing inhomogeneities of radiosonde temperatures over China and reconciling their trends to satellite microwave observations. Future efforts are to homogenize radiosonde temperatures at individual stations over China by using similar approaches. 相似文献
12.
Satellite retrieval of atmospheric water vapor is intended to further understand the role played by the energy and water cycle to determine the Earth's weather and climate. The algorithm for operational retrieval of total precipitable water (TPW) from the visible and infrared radiometer (VIRR) onboard Fengyun 3A (FY-3A) employs a split window technique for clear sky radiances over land and oceans during both day and night. The retrieved TPW is compared with that from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra satellite and data from radiosonde observations (RAOB). During the study period, comparisons show that the FY-3A TPW is in general agreement with the gradients and distributions from the Terra TPW. Their zonal mean difference over East Asia is smaller in the daytime than at night, and the main difference occurs in the complex terrain at mid latitude near 30°N. Compared with RAOB, the zonal FY-3A and the Terra TPW have a moist bias at low latitudes and a dry-bias at mid and high latitudes; in addition, the FY-3A TPW performs slightly better in zonal mean biases and the diurnal cycle. The temporal variation of the FY-3A and the Terra TPW generally fits the RAOB TPW with the FY-3A TPW. The FY-3A TPW is more accurate at night, while the Terra TPW is more accurate during the daytime. Comparisons of correlations, root mean square differences and standard deviations indicate that the FY-3A TPW series is more consistent with the RAOB TPW at selected stations. As a result, the FY-3A TPW has some advantages over East Asia in both spatial and temporal dimensions. 相似文献
13.
Jihyun Ha Kwan-Dong Park Kihoon Kim Yeon-Hee Kim 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2010,46(3):233-241
In studies of weather changes and, especially, in enhancing the performance of rainfall prediction, it is important to measure the water vapor distribution in the atmosphere. We estimated atmospheric water vapor profiles for fourteen days, including periods of severe weather conditions, by processing ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements and compared our results with microwave radiometer (MWR) and radiosonde (RAOB) observations. As a result, we found that the standard deviation (STD) of wet refractivity profiles between GPS with MWR was smaller than the STD between RAOB and MWR refractivities; the average STD was 9.3 mm km?1. In particular, we found that GPS-based wet refractivities detected inversion layers close to those from MWR when the observed GPS satellites were well distributed in the azimuth and elevation angle directions. When the satellite geometry was better, the mean error of GPS wet refractivities with respect to MWR was reduced to 0.4 from 3.2 mm km?1 for altitudes lower than 3 km. In some cases, however, the precision of GPS refractivities are lower than that of RAOB ones relative to MWR results. 相似文献
14.
大气红外探测器(AIRS)温、湿度反演产品的有效性检验及在数值模式中的应用研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用中国540个地面气象观测站点资料,对1和7月大气红外探测器(AIRS)的反演中国区域地面气温精度做了详细评估,分析了产生误差的原因。同时把AIRS的反演温、湿度廓线产品与T213数值预报产品进行比较,分析了它们之间的差异。为进一步考察AIRS温、湿度产品的有效性,我们把经过订正的AIRS地面气温以及温、湿度廓线产品分析同化到中尺度模式MM5中,用于华北降雪天气过程的对比模拟试验,分析AIRS反演产品对降雪量、水汽场、垂直速度场、散度场以及云物理过程等的影响。 相似文献
15.
基于2001～2018年中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）探测的白天地面温度（简称MODIS 白天地温）资料,与青藏高原（简称高原）122个气象站点观测的最高气温资料,在年尺度上评估了MODIS 白天地温在高原的适用性,研究了高原五个干湿分区下MODIS 白天地温的海拔依赖型变暖特征,得到以下主要结论:（1）MODIS白天地温能够基本再现观测的最高气温的时空以及海拔依赖型变暖特征;（2）高原整体上,MODIS白天地温存在显著的海拔依赖型变暖特征,平均海拔每增加100 m,其趋势增加0.02°C (10a)?1,且受积雪—反照率反馈主导;（3）干湿分区下,海拔依赖型变暖特征在高原表现为偏湿润地区强于偏干旱地区;季风区强于西风区。海拔依赖型特征强弱:半湿润地区＞湿润半湿润地区＞半干旱地区＞湿润地区＞干旱地区。平均海拔每增加100 m,以上区域的地温趋势分别增加0.06,0.03,0.03,0.01,0.01°C (10a)?1。半湿润和湿润半湿润地区年均温在0°C左右,在气候变暖背景下积雪—反照率反馈作用最为强烈,是其海拔依赖型变暖的主导因素;干旱与半干旱地区年均温相对更低,气候变暖程度对积雪影响相对较小,积雪—反照率反馈作用被限制,但仍对上述地区的海拔依赖型变暖起主导作用;而湿润地区的积雪覆盖率的上升可能是由于降雪（固态降水）增加抵消了积雪融化损耗,云辐射、水汽等其他因素主导了其海拔依赖型变暖。 相似文献
16.
H. M. Hasanean 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2001,68(1-2):75-87
Summary Changes in surface air temperature during the last century are widely discussed among researchers in the field of climatic
change. Using various techniques, we investigate trends and periodicity of surface air temperature series from eight meteorological
stations in the Eastern Mediterranean. For the analysis, we use the Mann-Kendall rank test, low-pass filtering, autocorrelation
spectral analysis and maximum entropy spectral analysis. The latter two tests are compared. The study is based on series over
one hundred years in length for four stations, and over fifty years in length for the other four. Increasing and decreasing
surface temperature trends were found. These trends, however, are only significant for Malta, Jerusalem, and Tripoli at the
99% confidence level (positive trend) and for Amman at the 95% confidence level (negative trend). We also found inter-decadal
variations in surface air temperature, including a fairly regular quasi 20-year oscillation, although its amplitude varied
between different cycles. A period of warming began around 1910 at all stations. During the 1970s, the annual mean temperature
series exhibit warming, but this warming was not uniform, continuous or of the same order at all the stations.
The results of the Autocorrelation Spectral Analysis and the Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis are similar, pointing to the
reliability of the results. The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) exists at all stations during both increasing and decreasing
trends. Similarly, a broad maximum from 3–8 years (related to El Ni?o) is found at Malta, Athens, Jerusalem, Beirut, and Latakia.
An inverse relationship between El Ni?o and the North Atlantic Oscillation with surface air temperature over the Eastern Mediterranean
is found at a highly significant confidence level.
Received November 15, 1999 Revised August 29, 2000 相似文献
17.
利用美国大气海洋局卫星应用和研究实验室 (The Center for Satellite Applications and Research,STAR) 提供的MSU/AMSU卫星微波亮温资料V3.0版本,结合三套再分析资料数据集,通过对海洋上空不同高度、不同区域及不同季节的适用性分析,来探讨MSU/AMSU资料在热带海洋区域高空大气的温度变化特征,并通过合成分析揭示亮温资料与海洋的响应关系,从而探讨MSU/AMSU资料在热带海洋区域上的适用性和科学性。结果表明:（1）MSU/AMSU亮温资料在30 °E~70 °W,15 °S~15 °N范围的热带海洋区域适用性较好;（2）热带海洋区域对流层上层和中层大气均呈增温趋势,变化速率分别为0.045 K/(10 a) 和0.107 K/(10 a),增温突变现象出现在1980年代末—1990年代初,平流层低层大气呈降温趋势,变化速率为-0.345 K/(10 a),降温突变现象出现在1990年代中期;（3）在热带海洋区域,高空大气温度的变化趋势具有较强的区域性特征,相对于中东太平洋而言,印度洋-西太平洋区域的增、降温趋势变化更显著。对流层的增温幅度随高度的升高而有所降低。平流层低层的降温趋势在季节内变化不大,而对流层则是秋、冬季的增温趋势要明显大于春、夏季,冬季的增温尤为明显;（4）MSU/AMSU亮温资料对热带海洋温度异常有很好的响应关系,能在弥补海洋区域观测资料稀缺的情况下,对海洋区域起着较好的监测作用。 相似文献
18.
Summary In this study, trends of annual and seasonal surface air temperature time series were examined for 20 stations in Greece for the period 1955–2001, and satellite data for the period 1980–2001. Two statistical tests based on the least square method and one based on the Mann-Kendall test, which is also capable of detecting the starting year of possible climatic discontinuities or changes, were used for the analysis. Greece, in general, shows a cooling trend in winter for the period 1955–2001, whereas, summer shows an overall warming trend, however, neither is statistically significant. As a result, the overall trend of the annual values is nearly zero. Comparison with corresponding trends in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) shows that temperatures in Greece do not follow the intense warming trends. Satellite data indicate a remarkable warming trend in mean annual, winter and summer in Greece for the period 1980–2001, and a slight warming trend in annual, spring and autumn for the NH. Comparison with the respective trends detected in the surface air temperature for the same period (1980–2001) shows they match each other quite well in both Greece and the NH. The relationship between temperature variability in Greece and atmospheric circulation was also examined using correlation analysis with three circulation indices: the well-known North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI), a Mediterranean Oscillation Index (MOI) and a new Mediterranean Circulation Index (MCI). The MOI and MCI indices show the most interesting correlation with winter temperatures in Greece. The behaviour of pressure and the height of the 500hPa surface over the Mediterranean region supports these results. 相似文献
19.
Alejandro Di Luca Emmanouil Flaounas Philippe Drobinski Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(9-10):2349-2375
The use of high resolution atmosphere–ocean coupled regional climate models to study possible future climate changes in the Mediterranean Sea requires an accurate simulation of the atmospheric component of the water budget (i.e., evaporation, precipitation and runoff). A specific configuration of the version 3.1 of the weather research and forecasting (WRF) regional climate model was shown to systematically overestimate the Mediterranean Sea water budget mainly due to an excess of evaporation (~1,450 mm yr?1) compared with observed estimations (~1,150 mm yr?1). In this article, a 70-member multi-physics ensemble is used to try to understand the relative importance of various sub-grid scale processes in the Mediterranean Sea water budget and to evaluate its representation by comparing simulated results with observed-based estimates. The physics ensemble was constructed by performing 70 1-year long simulations using version 3.3 of the WRF model by combining six cumulus, four surface/planetary boundary layer and three radiation schemes. Results show that evaporation variability across the multi-physics ensemble (～10 % of the mean evaporation) is dominated by the choice of the surface layer scheme that explains more than ～70 % of the total variance and that the overestimation of evaporation in WRF simulations is generally related with an overestimation of surface exchange coefficients due to too large values of the surface roughness parameter and/or the simulation of too unstable surface conditions. Although the influence of radiation schemes on evaporation variability is small (～13 % of the total variance), radiation schemes strongly influence exchange coefficients and vertical humidity gradients near the surface due to modifications of temperature lapse rates. The precipitation variability across the physics ensemble (～35 % of the mean precipitation) is dominated by the choice of both cumulus (～55 % of the total variance) and planetary boundary layer (～32 % of the total variance) schemes with a strong regional dependence. Most members of the ensemble underestimate total precipitation amounts with biases as large as 250 mm yr?1 over the whole Mediterranean Sea compared with ERA Interim reanalysis mainly due to an underestimation of the number of wet days. The larger number of dry days in simulations is associated with a deficit in the activation of cumulus schemes. Both radiation and planetary boundary layer schemes influence precipitation through modifications on the available water vapor in the boundary layer generally tied with changes in evaporation. 相似文献
20.
The Greenland coastal temperatures have followed the early 20th century global warming trend. Since 1940, however, the Greenland coastal stations data have undergone predominantly a cooling trend. At the summit of the Greenland ice sheet the summer average temperature has decreased at the rate of 2.2 °C per decade since the beginning of the measurements in 1987. This suggests that the Greenland ice sheet and coastal regions are not following the current global warming trend. A considerable and rapid warming over all of coastal Greenland occurred in the 1920s when the average annual surface air temperature rose between 2 and 4 °C in less than ten years (at some stations the increase in winter temperature was as high as 6 °C). This rapid warming, at a time when the change in anthropogenic production of greenhouse gases was well below the current level, suggests a high natural variability in the regional climate. High anticorrelations (r = ?0.84 to?0.93) between the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) index and Greenland temperature time series suggest a physical connection between these processes. Therefore, the future changes in the NAO and Northern Annular Mode may be of critical consequence to the future temperature forcing of the Greenland ice sheet melt rates. 相似文献