共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
Seafloor massive sulphides are deep sea mineral deposits currently being examined as a potential mining resource. Conventional sonar bathymetry products gathered by sea surface platforms do not achieve adequate spatial resolution to detect these resources. High-resolution beamforming methods (such as multiple signal classification and estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques) improve the resolution of sonar bathymetry. We perform a quantitative review of these high-resolution methods using a novel simulator, showing results in the absence of platform motion for a single ping cycle. It was found that high-resolution methods achieved greater bathymetric accuracy and higher resolution than conventional beamforming and that these methods may be adequate for this style of marine exploration. These methods were also robust in the presence of unwanted persistent signals and low signal to noise ratios. 相似文献
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The Three-Array Processor (TAP III) beamforming system incorporating both wide-band time-domain beamforming and narrow-band frequency-domain beamforming is described. This paper briefly develops the beamforming theory and shows how the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied to accomplish frequency-domain beamforming. The frequency-domain beamformer operates in the frequency domain to form beams and power spectrum data over narrow frequency bands of interest. A real-time digital filtering technique is used to extract the narrow bands of interest from the broad-band input signal. The frequency-domain beamformer accomplishes real-time digital filtering and beamforming by using a high-speed array processor to do the complex calculations and data handling required by the algorithm. The time-domain beamformer operates in parallel with the frequency-domain beamformer to form up to 16 broad-band beams in the time domain. A programmable all-pass digital filter is used to create the fine time delays required by the time-domain beamformer. 相似文献
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Groen J. Beerens S.P. Been R. Doisy Y. Noutary E. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2005,30(2):348-359
For a low-frequency active sonar (LFAS) with a triplet receiver array, it is not clear in advance which signal processing techniques optimize its performance. Here, several advanced beamformers are analyzed theoretically, and the results are compared to experimental data obtained in sea trials. Triplet arrays are single line arrays with three hydrophones on a circular section of the array. The triplet structure provides the ability to solve the notorious port-starboard (PS) ambiguity problem of ordinary single-array receivers. More importantly, the PS rejection can be so strong that it allows to unmask targets in the presence of strong coastal reverberation or traffic noise. The theoretical and experimental performance of triplet array beamformers is determined in terms of two performance indicators: array gain and PS rejection. Results are obtained under several typical acoustic environments: sea noise, flow noise, coastal reverberation, and mixtures of these. A new algorithm for (beam space) adaptive triplet beamforming is implemented and tuned. Its results are compared to those of other triplet beamforming techniques (optimum and cardioid beamforming). These beamformers optimize for only one performance indicator, whereas in theory, the adaptive beamformer gives the best overall performance (in any given environment). The different beamformers are applied to data obtained with an LFAS at sea. Analysis shows that adaptive triplet beamforming outperforms conventional beamforming algorithms. Adaptive triplet beamforming provides strong PS rejection, allowing the unmasking of targets in the presence of strong directional reverberation (e.g., from a coast) and at the same time provides positive array gain in most environments. 相似文献
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基于四阶累积量的被动测向声纳高分辨力算法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用高阶累积量的阵列扩展和抑制高斯噪声特性,提出1种基于四阶累积量的逆波束形成算法,并通过滑动平均进一步改善了算法。仿真结果和实验数据表明:逆波束形成算法较常规波束形成方法在空间方位分辨力和噪声抑制能力上明显提高,可以更有效地应用于被动测向声纳中。 相似文献
5.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1994,19(2):175-182
Navigation of an underwater minefield by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) or an autonomous undersea vehicle (AUV) requires the detection, localization, and avoidance of obstacles. The sizes of obstacles to be avoided range from the diameter of cables up to the size of other vehicles. A classical solution to this problem is the use of an obstacle avoidance sonar, but due to the high degree of sophistication of modern-day mines and unfriendly vehicles, it is desirable to avoid signal energies that might be detectable. The use of spread-spectrum signal structures is one possible way to avoid this difficulty while retaining the capability of despreading the energy at the receiver. This paper presents the development of a beamforming system that uses a frequency-decomposition FFT beamformer and a spread-spectrum signal structure for low-probability-of-detection navigation 相似文献
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Acoustic signals received by platform mounted sonar arrays can be spatially processed to enhance the detection of targets in the presence of both ambient and platform generated (self) noise. Ambient noise in the ocean, such as that due to distant shipping or biological choruses, are known to be spatially correlated. The platform generated noise will be of near-field origin and may not be received by all elements in the array. In this paper we investigate the performance of the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer and the recently introduced Fourier integral method (FIM) and compare their performances with the conventional beamformer. Real passive sonar data, obtained from a platform mounted sparse linear array of hydrophones, is used to study the performance of the beamformers in a typical sonar environment. It is shown that in the absence of self noise, when the array is accurately calibrated the MVDR beamformer will perform very well, but when sensor gain or phase errors are present the performance of the MVDR beamformer is degraded. Further, the MVDR beamformer is unable to reject the self noise which is not "seen" by the entire array. FIM however seems to perform well and a modified version of FIM, which we call weighted FIM (WFIM), is shown to perform better and is at worst comparable to a well calibrated MVDR beamformer 相似文献
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An optimal evaluation of adaptive beamforming techniques in a reverberation-limited shallow water environment is presented. A comprehensive simulation, using the sonar simulation toolset (SST) software in conjunction with the generic sonar model (GSRT) software, is used to create realistic beam data complete with target, noise, and reverberation. Adaptive beamforming techniques from the recursive least squares (RLS) family are applied to enhance detection performance via interference rejection. Two techniques are considered: linearly constrained beamforming using the minimum variance distortionless response (MVOR) beamformer and constrained adaptive noise cancelling (ANC) using the joint process least squares lattice (JPLSL) algorithm. Target detection trials, summarized in the form of receiver operator characteristics (ROC), are used to evaluate performance of the two adaptive beamformers. Results demonstrate mixed performance in reverberation-limited shallow water environments 相似文献
9.
常规波束形成器仅限于利用信号的二阶统计特性。作者采用高阶累积量估计期望信号的导向矢量 (Steering Vector) ,实现了一种基于高阶累积量的自适应波束形成器 (HCAB)。该波束形成器利用信号的更高阶统计特性 ,减少了对阵列流型的依赖 ,具有较好的容差性 ,能自动跟踪信号。数值模拟实验表明该波束形成器工作良好。 相似文献
10.
Song H. Kuperman W.A. Hodgkiss W.S. Gerstoft P. Jea Soo Kim 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2003,28(2):250-261
Adaptive-array beamforming achieves high resolution and sidelobe suppression by producing sharp s in the adaptive beampattern. Large-aperture sonar arrays with many elements have small resolution cells; interferers may move through many resolution cells in the time required for accumulating a full-rank sample covariance matrix. This leads to "snapshot-deficient" processing. In this paper, the -broadening technique originally developed for an ideal stationary problem is extended to the snapshot-deficient problem combined with white-noise constraint (WNC) adaptive processing. Null broadening allows the strong interferers to move through resolution cells and increases the number of degrees of freedom, thereby improving the detection of weak stationary signals. 相似文献
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A short finite impulse response (FIR) filter architecture for narrowband beamforming is presented that is well suited for active sonar applications. By applying the technique of adaptive modeling, a short FIR filter can be designed to carry out any required narrowband constant phase shift. A 4-tap FIR filter designed in this way can generate constant phase shift within bandwidths of 0.04 (relative to the sampling frequency), with an error of less than 1°. Thus a beam can be formed with a bank of short FIR filters, each filter corresponding to one sensor. Due to the light computational load of this method, it is rather convenient for digital signal processors (DSP) to implement beamforming in real time. Satisfactory sonar beam patterns are shown to result from a TMS320C25-based emulation of the architecture 相似文献
13.
Spatial processing, including beamforming and diversity combining, is widely used in communications to mitigate intersymbol interference (ISI) and signal fading caused by multipath propagation. Beamforming suppresses ISI (and noise) by eliminating multipath (and noise) arrivals outside the signal beam. Beamforming requires the signals to be highly coherent between the receivers. Diversity combining combats ISI as well as signal fading by taking advantage of the independent information in the signal. Classical (spatial) diversity requires that signals are independently fading, hence are (spatially) uncorrelated with each other. In the real world, the received signals are neither totally coherent nor totally uncorrelated. The available diversity is complex and not well understood. In this paper, we study the spatial processing gain (SPG) as a function of the number of receivers used, receiver separation, and array aperture based on experimental data, using beamforming and multichannel combining algorithms. We find that the output symbol signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a multichannel equalizer is predominantly determined by the array aperture divided by the signal coherence length, with a negligible dependence on the number of receivers used. For a given number of receivers, an optimal output symbol SNR (OSNR) is achieved by spacing the receivers equal to or greater than the signal coherence length. We model the SPG in decibels as the sum of the noise suppression gain (NSG, equivalent to signal-to-noise enhancement) and the ISI suppression gain (ISG, equivalent to signal-to-ISI enhancement) both expressed in decibels; the latter exploits the spatial diversity and forms the basis for the diversity gain. Data are interpreted using the modeled result as a guide. We discuss a beam-domain processor for sonar arrays, which yields an improved performance at low-input SNR compared to the element-domain processor because of the SNR enhancement from beamforming many sensors. 相似文献
14.
Sonar and radar signals are scattered by small-scale roughness elements of the sea surface. The characteristics of the roughness depend on wind, sea state, and other parameters. The dynamic behavior of this roughness is related to radar backscatter. This provides a basis for oceanographic radar remote sensing and links radar backscatter to sea surface sonar conditions. Radar, sonar, and roughness experiments have been conducted at the research platform NORDSEE. The results are combined and provide a method to estimate shallow water sonar conditions from the radar backscatter cross section 相似文献
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The effects of both small perturbations and large deformations to the array's shape on both conventional and adaptive beamformers are shown for two frequencies: the spatial Nyquist frequency (or design frequency) of the array and a frequency about three times greater. Large shape deformations lead to a decrease in the conventional beamformer's output power for a beam steered in the direction of the signal source, together with an increase in the sidelobe levels (or secondary maxima), while small perturbations in the array shape have little effect. Signal suppression is observed to be far greater for the adaptive beamformer because it is very sensitive to system errors. The imposition of a weight norm constraint on the adaptive beamformer reduces the signal suppression only for small shape perturbations array shape estimation techniques are needed to reduce signal suppression for large shape deformations. The adverse effects of a nonlinear array shape on both conventional and adaptive beamforming are shown to be substantially reduced by applying techniques that estimate the coordinates of the hydrophones prior to beamforming 相似文献
17.
在多波束回声声纳系统中,高分辨处理算法例如MUSIC、ESPRIT,被广泛应用于海底地形的测绘。在应用高分辨算法时,一条均匀线阵是必要条件。然而,由于系统覆盖范围/分辨率的需求以及安装空间的限制,在多波束系统中经常会采用特殊形状的接收阵列,这使得高分辨算法无法直接应用。同时回波信号的短时平稳特性使得难以估计出协方差矩阵,这也增加了高分辨算法在多波束系统中的应用难度。本文首先介绍一种基于多角度子阵波束形成的ESPRIT算法,该算法能降低高分辨算法对信噪比、样本点数和计算能力的要求。仿真表明此算法能提供更好的分辨力。接着提出一种将基于多角度子阵波束形成的ESPRIT算法与虚拟阵列变换相结合的高分辨底检测算法,并针对高分辨底检测算法在U型阵上的应用进行了探讨。计算机仿真和试验数据处理结果验证了文章所提高分辨底检测算法的有效性。 相似文献
18.
Acoustic signal parameter estimation is important for diverse marine geodesy surveys and several other applications. However, the received signal from a far-field target characterized by planar wavefront propagation is frequently affected by strong nearby interfering signals. Their presence deteriorates the performance of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for far-field target. In order to enhance the reception of signal from far-field target, the near-field/far-field (NFFF) beamformer is proposed. Such a beamformer optimizes beam pattern for far-field detection by maximizing beamformer output in the direction of the far-field target with the imposed condition to eliminate interfering signals generated in near-field locations. As the interference suppression only occurs at the position of near-field interference, a possible blind zone for far-field detection in conventional methods is not created. The NFFF beamformer is applicable for coherent signals and the scenario with multi interferences. For stationary situation where interferers locations are fixed, the NFFF beamformer computations do not require time updates with associated computational load. Furthermore the proposed method can be extended to several new situations such as acoustic monitoring performed from a stationary platform subjected to water currents, waves, winds and other variables, all of them generating nearby interferences and also to different array configurations including 2D and 3D arrays. 相似文献
19.
The impact of rain and spray on the ocean disturbs the sea surface and generates underwater ambient noise. The short scale roughness is influenced by impacting drops due to the momentum transfer. Radar and sonar signals are scattered by the short elements of the sea surface. Spray and rain impact change their characteristics, and consequently affect radar and sonar backscatter. In situ measurements of rain and spray impact are necessary to study their effects on the sea surface. Accurate sea measurements of rain momentum fluxes and drop size distributions are a complex problem, especially on buoys. A new measuring technique has been developed using hydrophones. Exposed to precipitation, these instruments are affected directly by the impact of rain. A drop falling on the hydrophone deforms its surface and is sensed by a piezoelectric transducer. The voltage output of the sensor is a rapidly decaying oscillation. The integral value of this signal is a measure of the drop momentum, and the drop size can be deduced. Laboratory studies of defined drops as well as field measurements of natural rain have shown that hydrophones can be used to determine drop momentums and drop size distributions. Based on simultaneous rain measurements by a Joss-Waldvogel Disdrometer and a hydrophone, an analytical function has been derived which relates drop size and hydrophone voltage output 相似文献
20.
In this paper, a new paradigm for "through-the-sensor" remote sensing of the seafloor is presented. The methodology has been tailored for use with the AN/SQS-53C sonar found on many U.S. Navy destroyers. Sonar beamformer outputs are processed, and a point georeferenced database of signal attributes is constructed. Corresponding sonar settings and ship navigation information are also included for each database point. Database entries are then fused with environmental characteristics, such as bathymetry and sound speed information. These data may be derived from historical databases, on-site measurements, or a combination of the two. The database is then completed by ambiguity resolution and matching of modeled eigenray paths with database entries in order to associate signal attributes with specific propagation paths. Model inputs are derived from a customized version of the Comprehensive Acoustic System Simulation/Gaussian Ray Bundle eigenray propagation model (CASS/GRAB), which performs propagation estimates over incremental range/depth steps. Illustrations of how the point database may be filtered/constrained, gridded, and displayed are presented. An example of how bottom scattering strength can be derived from the database is presented, followed by an example of a technique for monostatic bottom loss estimation. Results indicate that the approach presented in this paper represents a viable method for conducting "through-the-sensor" measurements of seafloor scattering properties. 相似文献