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论述了新疆维吾尔自治区玛纳斯县塔西河石门子水库的地质构造、地层岩性、构造应力场,地震活动背景以及水文地质条件,对水库地震诱震的各种因素与已发生水库地震的实例进行了分析,尤其是对天山地区与石门子水库地质构造要似的努列克和克孜尔水库和诱震诺因素作了讨论,得出的结论是拟建的石门子水库蓄水后诱发地震的可能性是比较小的。 相似文献
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为探究特厚煤层开采对上覆黄土斜坡的破裂效应,以彬长矿区斜坡为例,运用物理模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,分析黄土斜坡中裂隙的产状和力学特征。结果表明：由于煤层开采,在上覆黄土斜坡中产生的裂隙可分为与坡面近垂直的裂隙和与坡面平行的裂隙两组,表现出了明显分异性和序次;与坡面近垂直裂隙首先出现,具有拉张裂隙特征,起到了切割坡体的作用;与坡面近平行裂隙是由坡面近垂直裂隙逐渐派生的,具有剪切裂隙特征,控制着黄土斜坡中潜在滑面的形成。两组裂隙呈网状分割坡体,使斜坡土体结构碎裂化和散体化。 相似文献
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煤层气藏有效运移系统的优劣取决于煤储层的裂隙发育程度与开合程度,决定着煤储层的渗透性,其外在显现形式主要表现为煤储层的孔裂隙系统特征．本文基于煤基块弹性自调节效应理论和煤储层综合弹性能量理论,提出了煤储层裂隙开合程度参数4和裂隙发育程度参数专定量化研究了沁水盆地南部煤层气藏有效运移系统,探讨了其对煤层气富集高产的控制作用．结果表明：研究区现今阶段,眚高值区位于安泽、沁源一带,郑庄、樊庄次之,说明这两个区域内,煤储层裂隙发育程度较高;A高值区位于郑庄、樊庄一带,安泽、沁源次之,说明区域内煤基块弹性自调节正效应占优势,裂隙趋于张开．综合分析盼4可以发现,二者的最佳匹配区域位于郑庄、樊庄一带,说明此区域内煤层裂隙相对较发育,裂隙张开程度较高,可能具有较高的流体压力和较好的渗透性,有利于煤层气藏高产． 相似文献
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山东七宝山角砾岩筒流体双重致裂机制与金铜成矿 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
对山东七宝山角砾岩筒的综合研究表明 ,该角砾岩筒形成于一种新的流体构造动力学机制———流体温压双重致裂和脉动扩展机制 ,即 :在流体的热应力和液压双重作用下形成性质不同的节理裂隙和上凸锥面状裂隙带 ,并脉动式往上扩展形成圆柱状压裂角砾岩体 ;锥面状裂隙带顶点岩石瞬间点爆裂 ,流体向该点汇流 ,流体流速加快和爆裂区呈倒置锥状往上扩展 ,岩筒上部锥状爆裂角砾岩体与锅盖状震裂角砾岩体形成 .富金流体于岩筒上部倒置锥状裂隙体 (温度压力急降箱 )下部沸腾面附近富集和沉淀 ,富铜流体主要于温压相对较高的汇流区集结和沉淀成矿 . 相似文献
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天然气水合物有时会以结核状、层状、脉状或块状等裂隙形态发育在深水盆地的细粒泥质沉积物中,该类型天然气水合物被称为裂隙充填型.与孔隙充填型不同,裂隙充填型天然气水合物储层由于裂隙的出现,在测井速度、电阻率和地震数据上会呈现明显的各向异性特征.本文利用细层层状介质模型和有效介质理论(EMT)新估算出印度克里希纳—戈达瓦里(K-G)盆地NGHP-01-10A和10D孔裂隙充填型水合物储层的各向异性饱和度,纵波(V_p)和垂直极化横波(V_(sv))测井速度估算的平均饱和约为20%,明显优于水平极化横波(V_(sh))估算结果,且与压力取心估算结果更为一致.倾角随深度变化曲线和不同角度估算的水合物饱和度结果都表明10A孔浅部以高倾角裂隙为主,深部出现低倾角裂隙;10D孔以垂直裂隙为主,这说明两口相距10 m的孔中裂隙在空间上延伸长度较小;而10B-08Y岩心的X射线成像定量评价结果显示水平裂隙倾角位于0°～21°,高倾角裂隙倾角位于68°～89°,裂隙尺度为厘米级,最大高度、宽度和纵横比分别为27.66 cm、6.71 cm和170.此外,水合物饱和度估算的影响因素分析表明,地层岩性和方程计算参数对饱和度估算的准确与否至关重要,与简化三相方程相比,有效介质理论计算参数的物理意义明确,参数选择简易,因此计算也更为准确与便捷. 相似文献
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利用孔间CT成像对喀斯特岩体结构、电站坝基渗漏与稳定性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
岩溶水电站坝基受岩体中发育的溶洞、溶蚀裂隙带及构造破碎带等岩体缺陷的控制,容易产生塌陷、渗漏,导致电站工程变形、失稳。岩溶发育与碳酸盐岩的岩体结构改变关系十分密切,因此,对水电站坝基岩体缺陷的准确诊断意义重大。本文利用孔间电磁波透视及CT成像技术,对地下隐伏碳酸盐岩岩体结构的非均匀性,溶蚀裂隙带分界面,裂隙结构体、裂隙充填物性质及几何空间形态等进行了数字描述和刻画。并结合广西某水电站坝基碳酸盐岩岩体结构的自然特性,岩体结构变化特征的实测数据,进一步分析在工程作用下应力分布状态,岩体变形破坏规律,预测和判定坝基渗漏和稳定性,进而合理制定有效处治措施。 相似文献
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Progressive rock‐fall failures in natural rock slopes are common in many environments, but often elude detailed quantitative documentation and analysis. Here we present high‐resolution photography, video, and laser scanning data that document spatial and temporal patterns of a 15‐month‐long sequence of at least 14 rock falls from the Rhombus Wall, a sheeted granitic cliff in Yosemite Valley, California. The rock‐fall sequence began on 26 August 2009 with a small failure at the tip of an overhanging rock slab. Several hours later, a series of five rock falls totaling 736 m3 progressed upward along a sheeting joint behind the overhanging slab. Over the next 3 weeks, audible cracking occurred on the Rhombus Wall, suggesting crack propagation, while visual monitoring revealed opening of a sheeting joint adjacent to the previous failure surface. On 14 September 2009 a 110 m3 slab detached along this sheeting joint. Additional rock falls between 30 August and 20 November 2010, totaling 187 m3, radiated outward from the initial failure area along cliff (sub)parallel sheeting joints. We suggest that these progressive failures might have been related to stress redistributions accompanying propagation of sheeting joints behind the cliff face. Mechanical analyses indicate that tensile stresses should occur perpendicular to the cliff face and open sheeting joints, and that sheeting joints should propagate parallel to a cliff face from areas of stress concentrations. The analyses also account for how sheeting joints can propagate to lengths many times greater than their depths behind cliff faces. We posit that as a region of failure spreads across a cliff face, stress concentrations along its margin will spread with it, promoting further crack propagation and rock falls. Published in 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. 相似文献
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Rock fall dynamics and deposition: an integrated analysis of the 2009 Ahwiyah Point rock fall,Yosemite National Park,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We analyzed a combination of airborne and terrestrial LiDAR, high‐resolution photography, seismic, and acoustic data in order to gain insights into the initiation, dynamics, and talus deposition of a complex rock fall. A large (46 700 m3) rock fall originated from near Ahwiyah Point in eastern Yosemite Valley and fell a total of 730 m to the valley floor on 28 March 2009. Analyses of remote sensing, seismic, and acoustic data were integrated to reconstruct the rock fall, which consisted of (1) the triggering of a 25 400 m3 rock block in an area of intersecting and sometimes highly weathered joint planes, (2) the sliding and subsequent ballistic trajectory of the block from a steeply dipping ledge, (3) dislodging of additional rock from the cliff surface from beneath the rock fall source area, (4) a mid‐cliff ledge impact that detached a volume of rock nearly equivalent in volume to the initial block, (5) sliding of the deteriorating rock mass down the remainder of the cliff, and (6) final impact at the base of the cliff that remobilized the existing talus downward and outward and produced an airblast that knocked down hundreds of trees. The depositional geomorphology indicates that the porosity of the fresh talus is significantly lower than that expected for typical blocky talus slopes, likely because the rock debris from this event was pulverized into smaller, more poorly sorted fragments and densified via dynamic compaction when compared to less energetic, fragmental‐type rock falls. These results suggest that accumulation of individual rock‐fall boulders tends to steepen talus slopes, whereas large, energetic rock falls tend to flatten them. Detachment and impact signals were recorded by seismic and acoustic instruments and highlight the potential use of this type of instrumentation for generalized rock fall monitoring, while LiDAR and photography data were able to quantify the cliff geometry, rock fall volume, source and impact locations, and geomorphological changes to the cliff and talus. Published in 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. 相似文献
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Mélody Prémaillon Thomas J. B. Dewez Vincent Regard Nicholas J. Rosser Sébastien Carretier Lucie Guillen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(13):2690-2709
Sea cliff morphology and erosion rates are modulated by several factors, including rock control that reflects both lithology and rock structure. Erosion is anticipated to preferentially exploit ‘fractures’, broadly meant as any discontinuity in an otherwise continuous medium, where the rock mass is weakest. Unpicking the direct control of such fractures on the spatial and temporal pattern of erosion remains, however, challenging. To analyse how such fractures control erosion, we monitored the evolution of a 400 m-long stretch of highly structured sedimentary cliffs in Socoa, Basque Country, France. The rock is known as the Socoa flysch formation. This formation combines decimetre-thick turbidites composed of repeat triplets of medium to strong calcareous sandstone, laminated siltstones and argillaceous marls. The sequence plunges at 45° into the sea with a shore-parallel strike. The cliffs are cross-cut by two normal and reverse fault families, with 10–100 m alongshore spacing, with primary and secondary strata-bound fractures perpendicular to the bedding, which combined delimit the cliff rock mass into discrete blocks that are exploited by the erosion process. Erosion, and sometimes plucking, of such beds and blocks on the cliff face was monitored using ground-based structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry, over the course of 5.7 years between 2011 and 2017. To compare with longer time change, cliff-top retreat rate was assessed using SfM-orthorectified archive aerial photographs spanning 1954–2008. We show that the 13,250 m2 cliff face released 4500 blocks exceeding 1.45 × 10−3 m3, removing a total volume of 170 m3. This equates to an average cliff erosion rate of 3.4 mm/year, which is slightly slower than the 54-year-long local cliff-top retreat (10.8 ± 1.8 mm/year). The vertical distribution of erosion reflects the height of sea water inundation, where the maximum erosion intensity occurs ca. 2 m above high spring-tide water level. Alongshore, the distribution of rockfall scars is concentrated along bed edges bounding cross-cutting faults; the extent of block detachment is controlled by secondary tectonic joints, which may extend through several beds locally sharing similar mechanical strength; and rockfall depth is always a multiple of bed thickness. Over the longer term, we explain block detachment and resultant cliff collapse as a cycle. Erosion nucleates on readily exploitable fractures but elsewhere, the sea only meets defect-free medium-strong to strong rock slabs offering few morphological features for exploitation. Structurally delimited blocks are quarried, and with sufficient time, carve semi-elliptic scars reaching progressively deeper strata to be eroded. Lateral propagation of erosion is directed along mechanical weaknesses in the bedding, and large episodic collapses affect the overhanging slabs via sliding on the weak marl beds. Collapse geometry is confined to one or several triplets of turbidite beds, but never reaches deeper into the cliff than the eroded depth at the foot. We contend that this fracture-limited model of sea-cliff erosion, inferred from the Socoa site dynamics and its peculiar sets of fractures, applies more broadly to other fractured cliff contexts, albeit with site-specific geometries. The initiation of erosion, the propagation of incremental block release and the ultimate full failure of the cliff, have each been shown to be fundamentally directly controlled by structure, which remains a vital control in understanding how cliffed coasts have changed in the past and will change in the future. 相似文献
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Jeffrey R. Moore Johnny W. Sanders William E. Dietrich Steven D. Glaser 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(10):1339-1352
Collapse of cliff faces by rockfall is a primary mode of bedrock erosion in alpine environments and exerts a first‐order control on the morphologic development of these landscapes. In this work we investigate the influence of rock mass strength on the retreat rate of alpine cliffs. To quantify rockwall competence we employed the Slope Mass Rating (SMR) geomechanical strength index, a metric that combines numerous factors contributing to the strength of a rock mass. The magnitude of cliff retreat was calculated by estimating the volume of talus at the toe of each rockwall and projecting that material back on to the cliff face, while accounting for the loss of production area as talus buries the base of the wall. Selecting sites within basins swept clean by advancing Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glaciers allowed us to estimate the time period over which talus accumulation occurred (i.e. the production time). Dividing the magnitude of normal cliff retreat by the production time, we calculated recession rates for each site. Our study area included a portion of the Sierra Nevada between Yosemite National Park and Lake Tahoe. Rockwall recession rates determined for 40 alpine cliffs in this region range from 0·02 to 1·22 mm/year, with an average value of 0·28 mm/year. We found good correlation between rockwall recession rate and SMR which is best characterized by an exponential decrease in erosion rate with increasing rock mass strength. Analysis of the individual components of the SMR reveals that joint orientation (with respect to the cliff face) is the most important parameter affecting the rockwall erosion rate. The complete SMR score, however, best synthesizes the lithologic variables that contribute to the strength and erodibility of these rock slopes. Our data reveal no strong independent correlations between rockwall retreat rate and topographic attributes such as elevation, aspect, or slope angle. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Pauline Letortu Stéphane Costa Jean‐Michel Cador Cyril Coinaud Olivier Cantat 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(10):1371-1386
The triggering factors of rock falls remain unknown due to a lack of exhaustive, regular and accurate surveys. Based on an inventory of 331 rock falls collected weekly between 2002 and 2009 from Veules‐les‐Roses to Le Treport (Upper Normandy), the relationships between coastal chalk cliff rock falls (dates and geomorphological features) and external factors commonly agreed as triggering (rainfall, temperature variations, tide and wind) are studied. The combination of multivariate statistical and empirical analyses indicates that (1) ‘cold and dry weather’ and ‘high rainfall and high wind’ are the conditions most likely to trigger rock falls, (2) the main triggering factors of rock falls are effective rainfall (for rock falls mostly between 200 and 1400 m3 or larger than 10 000 m3 and coming from the whole cliff face), freeze/thaw cycles (especially for rock falls smaller than 200 m3 and coming from the foot and top of the cliff face) and marine roughness (rock falls mainly smaller than 200 m3 and coming from the cliff foot). However, the contribution of each factor to triggering is difficult to determine because of combinations of factors (85% of 331 cases), relays of processes and hysteresis phenomena. In view of these first results, it is still presumptuous to predict the location and time of triggering of rock falls. However, the statistical and naturalistic approaches adopted and the observations made in this study are from an original database, and constitute a real starting point for the prediction and prevention of the hazard of coastal chalk cliff rock falls in Upper Normandy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Spectacular rock formations have developed in coarse, poorly sorted conglomerates and arkosic sandstones at Hopewell Rocks in the Bay of Fundy, which has the largest tidal range in the world. The average gradient of the shore platform is 3.2°, although it varies because of slight differences in rock hardness. Schmidt Rock Test Hammer measurements show that the rock is generally no more resistant in 16 stacks and in one stack-arch than in the adjacent platform and cliff. Most stacks, arch-tunnels and caves in this area result from dissection of the rock mass along prominent, well-spaced joint planes. Old photographs suggest that the stacks at Hopewell Rocks may have developed in the last 100 to 250 years. Notches are ubiquitous at the cliff foot, and they are responsible for the characteristic mushroom-shaped appearance of the stacks. Although there is no consistent relationship between the depth of notches on the seaward and landward sides of the stacks, the notches are at higher elevations on the seaward side. The deepest part of most notches is a little below the mean high tidal level, although several are up to 1 or 2 m below it, especially on the landward side of stacks. Stack morphology and notch depth change in a fairly predictable manner through time, as the stacks become increasingly isolated from the cliff. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Tsuguo Sunamura 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1982,7(4):333-343
A laboratory experiment using a two-dimensional wave tank was designed to investigate the mechanism of erosion at a cliff base by waves armed with rock fragments. The experiment was performed under constant wave conditions by systematically changing the amount of beach sand at the foot of steep model cliffs of the same slope and strength. Cliff erosion occurred when the beach material at the cliff/beach junction was moved by waves. Turbulence created by bores rushing up on the beach mobilized the sand and exerted a mechanical shearing force on the cliff face using the sand as an abrasive. The analysis of results indicated that the effect of the abrasive doubled when the cliff/beach junction was located above Still Water Level (SWL) as compared to when it was below SWL. The assailing force of the sediment-laden water masses was proportional to the square of the bore speed immediately in front of the cliff face. The factor of proportionality is related to the quantity of beach sand entrapped in the turbulent fluid. 相似文献
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Infragravity wave (IGW) transformation was quantified from field measurements on two shore platforms on New Zealand's east coast, making this the first study to describe the presence, characteristics and behaviour of IGWs on rock platform coasts. Data was collected using a cross‐shore array of pressure transducers during a 22 hour experiment on Oraka shore platform and a 36 hour experiment at Rothesay Bay shore platform. A low pass Fourier filter was used to remove gravity wave frequency oscillations, allowing separate analysis of IGWs and the full wave spectrum. Offshore IGW heights were measured to be 7 cm (Oraka) and 9 cm (Rothesay Bay), which were 21% (Oraka) and 7.5% (Rothesay Bay) the height of incident wave height. At the cliff toe, significant IGW height averaged 15 cm at Oraka and 13 cm at Rothesay Bay. This increase in IGW height over the platform during both experiments is attributed to shoaling of 40 to 55% over the last 50–60 m before the cliff toe, respectively. Shoaling across the platform was quantified as the change in IGW height from the platform edge to cliff toe, resulting in a maximum increase of 1·88 and 2·63 on Rothesay Bay and Oraka platforms. IGW height at the cliff toe showed a strong correlation with incident wave height. The proportional increase in IGW height shows a strong correlation to water level on each platform. The rate of shoaling of long period waves on the shallow, horizontal platforms increased at higher water levels resulting in a super elevation in water level at the cliff toe during high tide. Greater IGW shoaling was also observed on the wider (Oraka) shore platform. Results from this study show the first measurements of IGWs on shore platforms and identify long wave motion a significant process in a morphodynamic understanding of rock coast. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Simulation of scree‐slope dynamics: investigating the distribution of debris avalanche events in an idealized two‐dimensional model 
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下载免费PDF全文 We present a two‐dimensional model of the development of scree slopes using the discrete‐element method. We concentrate on the dynamics of the accumulating debris at the cliff foot rather than on the failure modes of the cliff‐face or shape of the underlying rock surface. The evolution of this unconsolidated material is intermittent and systematically changing over time, with an early high disturbance regime, dominated by a characteristic event size (where 65% of particles in the debris are in motion to some extent), replaced at later times by many shallow slides interspersed with infrequent large events that involve motion through almost the full scree depth. These large slides lead to a stratigraphy in which the layers of material are stretched almost horizontal near the base of the slope. The scree surface thus shows a gradient in age with most recent rock‐fall close to the cliff and the oldest rock‐fall debris outcropping at the foot. The final surface slope tends to show little curvature, and the final mean slope is well correlated with the angle of internal friction of the particles, although the change is very small over a wide range of friction angles [final slope (in degrees relative to horizontal) ~ 0.043 × internal friction angle + 17.49, with a correlation coefficient of 0.89, p‐value 0.0001]. Some weak size‐segregation of the debris is found, but this seems to have little to do with individual particles bounding down the slope. The shape of the rock core agrees largely with the analytic forms given by Fisher–Lehmann and Bakker–Le Heux expressions, but the original simple Fisher quadratic can give the best fit. Overall the evolution shows a remarkable insensitivity to the model parameters, suggesting that the controls on dry scree‐slope evolution are primarily geometric in character. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献