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1.
The amount and distribution of precipitation play crucial roles in the occurrence of drought in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), China. Using the precipitation data (1960–2010) of 21 meteorological stations, the spatial and temporal characteristics of short-, medium-, and long-term droughts on 3-, 6-, and 12-month time scales, respectively, were examined using the theory of runs and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The trends of the drought characteristics were analyzed by a modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test method. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the SPI at different time scales was conducted. The results showed that (1) the main drought type was moderate drought, which occurred frequently in July and October; (2) the drought intensity and frequency were highest in the 1990s, and the drought severity and drought duration in the northwest was more serious than that in the east; (3) an increasing trend of short droughts appeared mainly in the spring and fall; an increasing trend of medium droughts mainly occurred in the 1990s and that of long-term droughts were mainly presented in the northwest region of the WRB; (4) SPI-3 can better reflect precipitation in the current month, SPI-6 has an advantage in characterizing drought persistence, and SPI-12 performs well in capturing extraordinary droughts; and (5) it was also observed that there is a strong relation between the precipitation distribution and drought zones in the basin, and the drought conditions changed continuously with the seasons depending upon the amount and spatial distribution of precipitation . 相似文献
2.
Based on the daily precipitation data of 38 weather stations in the Huai River Basin from 1961 to 2010, this study used SPI index, P-III curve to determine the flood/drought years, under what situations for droughts and floods easily happen, and to analyze the evolution law of flood and drought during inter-annual and intra-annual based on the characteristic of monthly precipitation. The results showed that: (1) annual rainfall of the Huai River Basin presented decreasing trend, maximum rainfall appeared from June to August, and multi-year average precipitation increased gradually from north to south; (2) the variation of monthly precipitation during flood years was more severe than other typical years, and precipitation in drought years showed nearly 50 % decline compared with normal years; (3) high rainfall of flood years was mainly caused by the increase in rainfall in flood season, and the strategy of flood control and drought relief was “short-term flood prevention and long-term drought relief”; (4) while precipitation of most months in drought year was reduced, the relevant strategies “annual basin-wide of long-term drought prevention” should be carried out; (5) combination events of floods and droughts occurred frequently. Persistent drought dominated in spring and summer while droughts and floods that happened alternately were mainly in summer and autumn. 相似文献
3.
基于第三次甘肃省水资源调查评价收集的1956-2016年系列径流资料,补充至2018年,对甘肃省石羊河流域径流多年变化特性进行研究,主要对其变化趋势、突变年份、周期变化、年际变化特性进行研究。以降水补给为主的甘肃省石羊河流域径流量的大小,制约着地区经济的发展。经采用累积滤波器法和斯伯曼秩次相关法分析得出石羊河从北向南趋势由增向减的变化,采用滑动t检验法得出石羊河突变年份在1990年左右,采用谐波分析法得出石羊河北部周期为32年,南部径流周期不明显,径流年际变化较稳定。 相似文献
4.
干旱与洪涝是极端水文事件中最具有代表性的水文事件,在气候变化的影响下旱涝灾害事件越来越引起人们的关注. 采用传统的气象干旱指标-标准化降水指数SPI和小波分析法、反距离加权法以及线性回归分析,研究了近300 a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害分布特征及关键影响因素. 结果表明：近300 a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害呈增加的趋势,且洪涝事件较干旱事件明显. 其中,喀什、阿克苏等地的发生频率最高,并表现为群发性;近60 a塔里木河流域自西向东旱涝灾害事件呈交替现象. 小波分析结果表明,塔里木河流域旱涝灾害呈现15 a的周期性,由此推断未来5~10 a研究区湿润化面积仍有扩大的可能. 大气环流指数与多尺度下的SPI指相关性检验表明,PNA对秋季和冬季的SPI值的影响较为显著;旱涝灾害对农牧业的影响较为严重,其中,洪涝灾害的影响大于干旱. 相似文献
5.
Drought monitoring is carried out using various drought indices, including SPI, to generate time series of dry and wet periods. Furthermore, the dispersion of dry and wet periods was embossed with different intensities (high, medium, and low) over the data record years. Although these results were very necessary for planning and predicting future droughts, it appeared that the application of any trend over dry and wet periods could provide more accurate and unbiased or safer predictions in terms of analysis process. Generally, most of the researchers believed that the results of a drought trend analysis have been influenced by short-term persistence or significant autocorrelation with different lags on drought event time series and the mentioned impact should be preferably removed. Accordingly, drought monitoring was accomplished using SPI and PNPI drought indices to extract time series of dry and wet periods in terms of 50-year (1965–2014) annual rainfall data of 40 synoptic stations over Iran. Having used the basic and modified Mann–Kendall nonparametric tests, it was attempted to analyze the trend of dry and wet periods extracted from mentioned indices. The results represent the relative advantage of using the modified Mann–Kendall test in drought trend analysis. Furthermore, it was shown that the trend of dry and wet periods was negative in the majority of selected stations and that this trend was significant at 95% confidence level in northwest of Iran. Also, the results indicated the similar performance of SPI and PNPI indices in trend analysis of dry and wet periods. 相似文献
6.
Data reduction methods such as principal components analysis and factor analysis can be used to define drought prone areas of a basin. In this study, factor analysis method applied for the purpose of projecting the information space on the few dominant axes. The main aim of this study is regionalization of Lake Urmia Basin from the view of drought using factor analysis. For this purpose, monthly precipitation data of 30 weather stations in the period 1972–2009 were used. For each of the selected stations, 3- and 12-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values were calculated. Factor analysis conducted on SPI values to delineate the study area with respect to drought characteristics. Homogeneity of obtained regions tested using the S statistics proposed by Wiltshire. Results of factor analysis of 3- and 12-month SPI values showed that 5 (6) factors having eigenvalues >1 accounted for 68.08 (78.88) % of total variance. The Lake Urmia Basin was delineated into the five distinct homogeneous regions using the 3-month SPI time series. This was six in the case of the 12-month SPI time series. It can be concluded that there are different distinct regions in Lake Urmia Basin according to drought characteristics. The map of regions defined using the 3- and 6-month SPI time series presented in this paper for Lake Urmia Basin. 相似文献
7.
Daily precipitation data for 1957?C2009 from 53 stations in the Xinjiang, China, are analyzed, based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) with the aim to investigate spatio-temporal patterns of droughts. The Mann?CKendall trend test is used to detect the trends in the SPI values of monthly drought series, drought severity and drought duration. The frequencies of moderate, severe and extreme droughts are higher in the North Xinjiang, while mild droughts occur more often in the South Xinjiang. A decreasing frequency of droughts in the North Xinjiang is found in winter, but a drying tendency is detected in the western parts of the North Xinjiang during spring, summer and autumn, which may be harmful for agriculture. The South Xinjiang seems to be getting wetter in summer, while the south parts of the South Xinjiang seem to be getting drier in spring. The middle of the East Xinjiang is identified to be in a slightly dry tendency. The drought severity is decreasing and drought duration is getting shorter in the North Xinjiang, while both of them increase in the southern parts of the South Xinjiang. In addition, droughts in the middle parts of the East Xinjiang are intensifying. 相似文献
8.
从趋势性、滞后性及相关性三方面,对2002—2013年间GRACE重力卫星反演的长江上游与中游陆地水储量与模型模拟土壤含水量、实测降水和实测径流数据进行了对比分析,并从干旱强度及发展时间两方面评估了标准化陆地水储量指数SWSI、标准化降水指数SPI、标准化径流指数SRI和标准化土壤含水量指数SSMI对区域性干旱的表征能力.结果表明:长江上游地区陆地水储量与降水、径流和土壤水蓄量均无显著变化,而中游地区陆地水储量则与水库蓄量同样具有显著性增加,反映人类活动对中游地区陆地水储量变化有很大影响;各指标指示的各等级干旱月份数量基本相当,但各指标反映的特旱具体月份有较大差别,基于GRACE数据构建的SWSI指标对特大干旱的指示性不好;对比各指标对上游与中游地区干旱事件发展时间,体现出水文干旱、农业干旱对气象干旱存在一定的迟滞关系. 相似文献
9.
Drought is a serious climatic condition that affects nearly all climatic zones worldwide, with semi-arid regions being especially
susceptible to drought conditions because of their low annual precipitation and sensitivity to climate changes. Drought indices
such as the standardized precipitation index (SPI) using meteorological data and vegetation indices from satellite data were
developed for quantifying drought conditions. Remote sensing of semi-arid vegetation can provide vegetation indices which
can be used to link drought conditions when correlated with various meteorological data based drought indices. The present
study was carried out for drought monitoring for three districts namely Bhilwara, Kota and Udaipur of Rajasthan state in India
using SPI, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), water supply vegetation index (WSVI) and vegetation condition index
(VCI) derived from the Advanced Very High resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The SPI was computed at different time scales of
1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months using monthly rainfall data. The NDVI and WSVI were correlated to the SPI and it was observed
that for the three stations, the correlation coefficient was high for different time scales. Bhilwara district having the
best correlation for the 9-month time scale shows late response while Kota district having the best correlation for 1-month
shows fast response. On the basis of the SPI analysis, it was found that the area was worst affected by drought in the year
2002. This was validated on the basis of NDVI, WSVI and VCI. The study clearly shows that integrated analysis of ground measured
data and satellite data has a great potential in drought monitoring. 相似文献
10.
Regional drought frequency analysis was carried out in the Poyang Lake basin (PLB) from 1960–2014 based on three standardized drought indices: the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the standardized Palmer drought index (SPDI). Drought events and characteristics were extracted. A Gumbel–Hougaard (GH) copula was selected to construct the bivariate probability distribution of drought duration and severity, and the joint return periods ( T a ) were calculated. Results showed that there were 50 (50 and 40) drought events in the past 55 years based on the SPI (SPEI and SPDI), and 9 (8 and 10) of them were severe with T a more than 10 years, occurred in the 1960s, the 1970s and the 2000s. Overall, the three drought indices could detect the onset of droughts and performed similarly with regard to drought identification. However, for the SPDI, moisture scarcity was less frequent, but it showed more severe droughts with substantially higher severity and longer duration droughts. The conditional return period ( Ts| d) was calculated for the spring drought in 2011, and it was 66a and 54a, respectively, based on the SPI and SPDI, which was consistent with the record. Overall, the SPI, only considering the precipitation, can as effectively as the SPEI and SPDI identify the drought process over the PLB under the present changing climate. However, drought is affected by climate and land-cover changes; thus, it is necessary to integrate the results of drought frequency analysis based on different drought indices to improve the drought risk management. 相似文献
11.
为了克服目前对标准化降水指数(SPI)计算必须首先假设服从某种分布的不足,依据最大熵理论分布对SPI进行计算,以东江流域为例,分别利用最大熵理论分布、Gamma分布、Weibull分布以及对数正态分布四种概率密度函数拟合多年不同时间尺度的降雨数据,并利用AIC、KS、AD法进行拟合度检验,最后将最大熵理论分布与Gamma分布计算的SPI结果进行对比分析。结果表明:相对于其他三种分布,最大熵理论分布的概率密度函数更适用于东江流域15个站点的3、6、12个月的降雨分布;在极端干旱(洪涝)的情况下,相对于Gamma分布,最大熵理论分布的SPI值更小(大),表明其对极端干旱(洪涝)的识别更为敏感。 相似文献
12.
选取青海省玉树1953~2013年月降水数据,基于标准化降水指数SPI,利用频率分析、小波周期分析等方法对玉树县近61年来旱涝强度、频率分布、周期性变化等旱涝态势演变特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)SPI-3、SPI-6和SPI-12三种尺度标准化降水指数对旱涝指示程度存在差别,相比大时间尺度,小时间尺度的标准化降水指数值更为分散,波动幅度更大,对干旱和洪涝的识别更为敏感。近年来,随着玉树县水土流失和沙化,当地土壤持水力程下降趋势,对干旱和洪涝较为敏感,因此玉树县可采用三种尺度标准化降水指数。(2)近61年,玉树县重旱平均发生概率为2.1%,重涝平均发生概率为1.3%。(3)未来几年,预计玉树县仍呈现偏涝趋势。(4)玉树县SPI-12以18a为主周期进行变化。 相似文献
13.
Recent global warming and more frequent droughts are causing significant damage to maize production. A reliable estimate of drought intensity and duration is essential for testing maize hybrids to drought tolerance. For this purpose, the self-calibrating 10-day palmer drought severity index (scPDSI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI) for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, and 36 10-day scales were used to estimate the effects of drought on grain yield of 32 maize hybrids evaluated in 2017 and 2018 at eight experimental locations in the Pannonian part of Croatia. Time series of observed 10-day mean air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation totals for a set of “reference” weather stations of the croatian meteorological and hydrological service (DHMZ) for the period 1981–2018 were used to calculate the scPDSI and SPI indices. According to the 10-day scPDSI and SPI for different time scales, 2018 proved to be a “normal year,” while 2017 experienced a “mild to moderate drought,” which resulted in a 13% reduction in maize grain yield at eight experimental locations compared to 2018. The correlation between grain yield and drought indices for summer months was the highest for the 10-day scPDSI. To some extent, correlations between summer months’ SPI for the 3 10-day time scale and maize grain yield were comparable to the corresponding correlations for the 10-day scPDSI. However, for other SPI time scales considered, the corresponding correlations were weaker and less informative. The dependence of grain yield on scPDSI values was not the same for all hybrids, indicating their different tolerance to drought. The reduction in grain yield due to drought was primarily caused by insufficient grain filling (lower 1000-grain weight) and, to some extent, by a reduction in the number of grains. In this study, application of 10-day scPDSI data proved to be more relevant in detecting effects of drought on agronomic traits than application of SPI data for the most time scales. 相似文献
14.
针对嘉陵江流域存在雨热同期,水旱灾害频发的现象,为快速且准确地把握流域内降水与干旱情况,利用覆盖范围广且分辨率高的网格化IMERG卫星降水数据对嘉陵江流域进行多时空尺度反演,并基于卫星降水数据采用标准化降水指数(SPI)对流域实行干旱监测。结果表明：1)根据分类指标与统计指标的计算结果,三种卫星降水数据中的IMERG-F能更准确地反映流域内的日降水量,与地面降水数据CC达0.737,整体高估地面降水2.6%,具有在干旱监测方面的应用潜力。2)三种卫星降水数据驱动的SPI指数在干旱监测方面存在一定的差异,IMERG-F驱动的SPI指数与地面降水数据驱动的SPI指数保持较高的一致性(CC>0.9),较近实时产品IMERG-F更能准确地呈现出流域的干湿特征。3)卫星识别降水与干旱监测的能力受地形地貌的影响,IMERG卫星降水数据在平原丘陵地带具有较好的适用性。 相似文献
15.
近年,江汉平原受旱涝灾害影响日趋严重。利用监利水文站1954~2010年的月降水资料并结合SPI模型对江汉平原的旱涝分布及其变化规律做了典型性分析和研究。结果表明:运用SPI模型分析得到的监利地区多时间尺度的旱涝分布及其变化规律与实际基本相符,即该地区旱涝灾害频繁且呈交替发生。将SPI模型应用于旱涝分布及其变化规律的研究具有很好的实用性。 相似文献
16.
Drought has become a recurrent phenomenon in Turkey in the last few decades. Significant drought conditions were observed during years of late 1980s and the trend continued in the late 1990s. The countrys agricultural sector and water resources have been under severe constraints from the recurrent droughts. In this study, spatial and temporal dimensions of meteorological droughts in Turkey have been investigated from vulnerability concept. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method was used to detail geographical variations in the drought vulnerability based on frequency and severity of drought events at multiple time steps. Critical (threshold) rainfall values were derived for each station at multiple-time steps in varying drought categories to determine least amount of rainfall required to avoid from drought initiation. The study found that drought vulnerability portrays a very diverse but consistent picture with varying time steps. At regional scale, south-eastern and eastern Anatolia are characterized with moderate droughts at shorter time steps, while the occurrence of severe droughts at shorter time steps is observed at non-coastal parts of the country. A similar picture was observed with very severe droughts. The critical (threshold) values exhibited rising numbers during the growing season at 3-month step in the South-eastern Anatolia, which might have significant consequences considering presence of large irrigation projects under-development in the region. In general, rainfall amounts required for non-drought conditions decrease from the coastal parts toward the interiors with increasing time steps. 相似文献
17.
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis. 相似文献
18.
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis. 相似文献
19.
气象干旱发展到一定程度可以传递为水文干旱。以潘家口水库流域1961—2010年逐月平均降水数据和潘家口水库的入库径流序列为基础数据,分别计算了1、3、6、12个月时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI）和标准化径流指数（SRI）,以表征研究区域的气象干旱和水文干旱。基于条件分布模型,分析了不同时间尺度的气象干旱传递到未来的不同等级和不同的预测期（或滞后期）的水文干旱的概率。结果表明,当SPI时间尺度较短或预测期（滞后期）较短时,其对应的SRI水文干旱等级越倾向于维持与SPI相同的干旱等级;随着SPI时间尺度的增长或预测期（滞后期）延长,其对应的SRI水文干旱等级略低于气象干旱或恢复到正常状态。 相似文献
20.
In the present study, the Standardized precipitation index (SPI) was employed to analyze the drought status of the Dapoling basin over a period of autumn from September to November, because drought events frequently occur during this period. Three time scales were used, 3-, 6- and 12-month time scale. Daily precipitation data from 13 weather stations covering a period of 31 years from 1980 to 2010 were collected, and the Tyson polygon method was used to calculate the monthly precipitation of the basin. Based on the SPI value, the classification of drought was provided. Besides, considering the fact that the length of sample used to calculate the SPI influences the accuracy on SPI estimation, in turn to lead to the uncertainty of drought classification, the bootstrap technique was employed to analyze the uncertainty of SPI estimation and drought assessment. Results showed that, for September, October or November, drought event mainly occurred in 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2007. Especially in 1999 and 2001, severe drought and extreme drought occurred. And the uncertainty analysis results indicated that in term of expected estimation, the two methods with consideration and no-consideration of impact of sample on SPI calculation has no considerable difference, while in term of confidence interval estimation of SPI, there are obviously different between the two methods. This means the impact of the sampling uncertainty on SPI calculation and drought assessment should be noted and not ignored. 相似文献
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