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1.
为揭示中、低纬度高寒山区降雨-径流的形成过程,指导水资源的合理开发利用,选择黑河上游红泥沟小流域为研究区,基于河道径流量及雨水和河水稳定同位素的观测数据,构建二元混合模型,计算了2013年7月23日及8月21日两次典型降雨-径流事件中事件水（降雨）和事件前水（流域前期储水）对河道径流的贡献及其动态变化.结果显示:两次降雨事件中事件前水的贡献比例分别为68.69%和54.46%;事件前水的贡献比例在涨水阶段减小,在退水阶段增大.结合河水电导率的观测结果,进一步分析了降雨-径流的形成过程:河道径流的形成主要受饱和区蓄满产流、河岸带地下径流和山坡地下径流3种产流机制控制;事件水主要源于蓄满产流,事件前水主要源于河岸带和山坡地下径流;事件初期和末期以河岸带地下水补给为主,涨水阶段后期和退水阶段前期转为以蓄满产流和山坡地下水补给为主,洪峰期间蓄满产流的贡献达到最大.两次事件的对比表明,事件前的湿度条件和降雨强度对降雨-径流的形成过程有着重要影响:前期越湿润,流域储水能力越弱,导水能力越强,事件水的贡献越大,河道径流对降雨的响应越迅速;降雨强度越大,蓄满产流及其中的事件水比例越高,河道径流中事件水的比例也越高. 相似文献
2.
雾水的D和18O同位素研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
凝结水的D、18O同位素研究目前主要集中在雾水方面,露水和土壤吸附水的相关研究仍属空白。由于形成时的温度较高,大多数雾水的D、18O同位素较当地雨水富集,但不同类型雾的同位素特征存在差异。平流式海洋雾为单级的蒸发—冷凝封闭循环系统的首次凝结,D、18O同位素较当地雨水显著富集;热带云雾林中的地形雾与降雨同时发生,且水分源于同一云团,δD、δ18O值差异较小;内陆辐射雾因部分水汽源于当地水分的再循环,过量氘和δD、δ18O值高于降雨。目前有少量研究用D、18O同位素指示雾水对植被、地下水和地表径流的补给作用,但以定性分析为主,基于端元混合模型的定量评价极少。露水和土壤吸附水的稳定同位素研究是干旱区凝结水研究的重要方向;D、18O同位素与其它同位素或化学指标的结合有助于促进凝结水生态水文效应的研究进展;短间隔、高密度的长期观测和用于稳定同位素分析的凝结水采样器的设计是需要进一步开展的工作。 相似文献
3.
The prospect of changing climate has led to uncertainty about the resilience of forested mountain watersheds in the tropics. In watersheds where frequent, high rainfall provides ample runoff, we often lack understanding of how the system will respond under conditions of decreased rainfall or drought. Factors that govern water supply, such as recharge rates and groundwater storage capacity, may be poorly quantified. This paper describes 8-year data sets of water stable isotope composition (δ2H and δ18O) of precipitation (4 sites) and a stream (1 site), and four contemporaneous stream sample sets of solute chemistry and isotopes, used to investigate watershed response to precipitation inputs in the 1780-ha Río Mameyes basin in the Luquillo Mountains of northeastern Puerto Rico. Extreme δ2H and δ18O values from low-pressure storm systems and the deuterium excess (d-excess) were useful tracers of watershed response in this tropical system. A hydrograph separation experiment performed in June 2011 yielded different but complementary information from stable isotope and solute chemistry data. The hydrograph separation results indicated that 36% of the storm rain that reached the soil surface left the watershed in a very short time as runoff. Weathering-derived solutes indicated near-stream groundwater was displaced into the stream at the beginning of the event, followed by significant dilution. The more biologically active solutes exhibited a net flushing behavior. The d-excess analysis suggested that streamflow typically has a recent rainfall component (∼25%) with transit time less than the sampling resolution of 7 days, and a more well-mixed groundwater component (∼75%). The contemporaneous stream sample sets showed an overall increase in dissolved solute concentrations with decreasing elevation that may be related to groundwater inputs, different geology, and slope position. A considerable amount of water from rain events runs off as quickflow and bypasses subsurface watershed flowpaths, and better understanding of shallow hillslope and deeper groundwater processes in the watershed will require sub-weekly data and detailed transit time modeling. A combined isotopic and solute chemistry approach can guide further studies to a more comprehensive model of the hydrology, and inform decisions for managing water supply with future changes in climate and land use. 相似文献
4.
The hydrograph separation of the Amazon river was performed using three different methodologies. Were applied isotopic, filter-separation, and mixing methods to estimate the contributions of the surface runoff (event water) and baseflow (pre-event water) components to the total river flow, during the 1973–1974 hydrological years. The importance of the baseflow contribution, mainly during the peak discharge, suggesting that the groundwater plays a much more active and important role in the storm dynamics, was verified. Similar results were obtained for all the methods used, and the applicability of each one was discussed in detail. For the Amazon river basin, the average contribution of the baseflow was 56% of the total river flow, at peak discharge. The average surface runoff contribution, which represents the water capable of mechanical erosion in drainage basins, expressed in terms of the surface runoff coefficient (Kr), was 31.9%, while the mean contribution of the baseflow, expressed by the baseflow coefficient (Kb), was 68.1%. 相似文献
5.
利用环境同位素氚和氧-18对实验集水区进行降雨和径流响应的研究表明:(1)地面径流必源于本次降雨的概念不确,其中往往有非本次降雨的水量.经对1986年～1989年各次降雨估算表明,非本次降雨贡献最高可达50.5%.(2)非饱和带壤中流和饱和带地下水径流中必有非本次降雨的水量,并与地面径流一样,在次降雨径流过程中有时程变化.(3)对不同径流组成的流量过程,非本次降雨所占的比重不同.通过分析,可知降雨径流相关关系中的一一对应假定不确切,认为:传统的降雨径流经验关系和单位线概念需重新考虑;传统的过程线经验划分方法和现行同位素划分方法的有关基本假定不完全符合实际. 相似文献
6.
Daniel H. Doctor E. Calvin Alexander Jr Metka Petrič Janja Kogovšek Janko Urbanc Sonja Lojen Willibald Stichler 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1171-1191
Karst aquifer components that contribute to the discharge of a water supply well in the Classical Karst (Kras) region (Italy/Slovenia) were quantitatively estimated during storm events. Results show that water released from storage within the epikarst may comprise as much as two-thirds of conduit flow in a karst aquifer following rainfall. Principal components analysis (PCA) and end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) were performed using major ion chemistry and the stable isotopes of water (δ18O, δ2H) and of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) to estimate mixing proportions among three sources: (1) allogenic river recharge, (2) autogenic recharge, and (3) an anthropogenic component stored within the epikarst. The sinking river most influences the chemical composition of the water-supply well under low-flow conditions; however, this proportion changes rapidly during recharge events. Autogenic recharge water, released from shallow storage in the epikarst, displaces the river water and is observed at the well within hours after the onset of precipitation. The autogenic recharge end member is the second largest component of the well chemistry, and its contribution increases with higher flow. An anthropogenic component derived from epikarstic storage also impacts the well under conditions of elevated hydraulic head, accounting for the majority of the chemical response at the well during the wettest conditions. 相似文献
7.
Stream–aquifer relationships in mountain basins are of great relevance because they control the water balance and, with it, the amount of resources (whether surface water or ground water) available for ecological and human demands. In this paper, this relationship is studied using environmental isotopes (δ18O and δD) to identify the occurrence of stream recharge in the Arbúcies River basin (NE Spain). Isotopic data from 51 natural springs define the local altitudinal gradient. This function is weighted by the proportional area above each point, given by the hypsometric curve, in order to estimate the isotopic stream water content as the contribution of runoff from incremental elevations. Stream water isotopes from two surveys are compared with hypsometrically averaged isotopic values to check for the appropriateness of this approach. Results show that it is more suitable when subsurface flows from surface formations, such as alluvial deposits, are the main contributors to stream discharge than when it derives from a single rainfall event. The characterization of stream isotope values is used as a key factor in identifying stream leakage to an unconfined alluvial aquifer in the lower reach of the Arbúcies River. 相似文献
8.
M MAHBUB ALAM 《Journal of Earth System Science》2014,123(2):259-279
In the present study, the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) version 3.2.1 has been used to simulate the heavy rainfall event that occurred between 7 and 9 October 2007 in the southern part of Bangladesh. Weather Research and Forecast (WRF–ARW version) modelling system with six different microphysics (MP) schemes and two different cumulus parameterization (CP) schemes in a nested configuration was chosen for simulating the event. The model domains consist of outer and inner domains having 9 and 3 km horizontal resolution, respectively with 28 vertical sigma levels. The impacts of cloud microphysical processes by means of precipitation, wind and reflectivity, kinematic and thermodynamic characteristics of the event have been studied. Sensitivity experiments have been conducted with the WRF model to test the impact of microphysical and cumulus parameterization schemes in capturing the extreme weather event. NCEP FNL data were used for the initial and boundary condition. The model ran for 72 h using initial data at 0000 UTC of 7 October 2007. The simulated rainfall shows that WSM6–KF combination gives better results for all combinations and after that Lin–KF combination. WSM3–KF has simulated, less area average rainfall out of all MP schemes that were coupled with KF scheme. The sharp peak of relative humidity up to 300 hPa has been simulated along the vertical line where maximum updraft has been found for all MPs coupled with KF and BMJ schemes. The simulated rain water and cloud water mixing ratio were maximum at the position where the vertical velocity and reflectivity has also been maximum. The production of rain water mixing ratio depends on MP schemes as well as CP schemes. Rainfall depends on rain water mixing ratio between 950 and 500 hPa. Rain water mixing ratio above 500 hPa level has no effect on surface rain. 相似文献
9.
Carolina Calvi Cristina Dapeña Daniel E. Martinez Orlando M. Quiroz Londoño 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(6):248
The Ballenera Creek has 160 km2 being a small catchment in the Pampa Plain in Argentina. This area has been deeply modified by human action through agricultural activities. From 2013 to 2017, electrical conductivity, stable isotopes of water and nitrate concentration monitoring program were conducted. The sampling included weekly and bimonthly samples in two sites along the stream, several groundwater wells and monthly precipitation. Chemical and isotopic tracers are used to discriminate the streamflow components and to evaluate their incidence in the nitrate concentration. The easiest conceptual model for gaining streams contemplates two main elements: direct runoff and groundwater (baseflow and pre-event water). The direct runoff has the lowest electrical conductivity and 18Ow variable content. The baseflow component is characterized by the highest electrical conductivity and isotope composition quite constant. Finally, pre-event water has an intermediate electrical conductivity and isotopic content close to the rainfall-weighted average composition. The nitrate concentration obtained was in general related to the different stream stages and was a useful indicator to evaluate the fertilization in agricultural zones. 相似文献
10.
The Himalayas are one of the largest cryospheric systems outside the Polar Regions, and include more than 12,000 glaciers spread over an area of about 33,000 km2. The Himalayan glaciers and snow packs retreating at an accelerating rate, thereby creating an alarming situation for the huge population that resides in northwestern India and southeastern Pakistan, as they depend on surface water resources in the region and rivers emanating from the Himalayas. This work attempts to quantify the contribution of different sources such as glacial/ice/snow melt and groundwater discharge to the Satluj River using the stable isotopes based hydrograph separation method at Ropar (foot hill) and Yusufpur in plain of Punjab, India. A mass balance model of three-component mixing has been engaged using the values of δ18O and electrical conductivity of the river water, and its discharge fraction, to estimate the time-varying relative proportion of each component from July 2013 to January 2014. The proportion of glacier melt was found to peak up to ~?64% at Ropar and ~?15% at Yusufpur during the wet summer months. The fraction of groundwater discharge was found to vary between 10–20% at Ropar and 25–35% at Yusufpur (Punjab plain) over time. The observed trend of d-excess (deuterium excess) values of river water also suggests that the glaciers and snow packs at higher altitudes contain a significant fraction of snow derived from vapor originating in the Mediterranean region, driven by the mid-latitude westerlies known as western disturbances. 相似文献
11.
利用成都地基GPS观测网2007年8月21日～2008年11月30日观测数据,结合地面自动气象站网资料反演GPS大气可降水量(PWV)。选取夏季暴雨,秋季绵雨和冬季雨雪天气过程分析GPSPWV在不同类型降雨天气过程中的演变特征及日变化规律。结果表明,发生在不同季节的暴雨对应PWV的演变有所不同,盛夏暴雨发生在PWV由峰值向波谷变化过程中,夏末的暴雨则出现在由波谷向波峰转变阶段,降雨前GPSPWV的增减速率可很好地预示其后的暴雨强度。在秋季绵雨中PWV的连续大幅递增或递减可作为降雨开始或结束的预报依据。GPSPWV在降雨天气分析及预报中具有重要的指示意义。 相似文献
12.
自1987年起,在实验流域和代表流域对现行流量过程线划分两种径流成分的环境同位素法的基本假定进行了实验检验.结果表明,由于沉域水文系统同位素条件的复杂性,8项基本假定大多是不正确观念,应用该模型所得结果误差较大.研究认为对天然流域流量过程线使用环境同位素方法划分两种或两种以上径流组分时,必须具有4项必要条件,才能取得合理结果. 相似文献
13.
A multi-method approach to quantify groundwater/surface water-interactions in the semi-arid Hailiutu River basin,northwest China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Identification and quantification of groundwater and surface-water interactions provide important scientific insights for managing groundwater and surface-water conjunctively. This is especially relevant in semi-arid areas where groundwater is often the main source to feed river discharge and to maintain groundwater dependent ecosystems. Multiple field measurements were taken in the semi-arid Bulang sub-catchment, part of the Hailiutu River basin in northwest China, to identify and quantify groundwater and surface-water interactions. Measurements of groundwater levels and stream stages for a 1-year investigation period indicate continuous groundwater discharge to the river. Temperature measurements of stream water, streambed deposits at different depths, and groundwater confirm the upward flow of groundwater to the stream during all seasons. Results of a tracer-based hydrograph separation exercise reveal that, even during heavy rainfall events, groundwater contributes much more to the increased stream discharge than direct surface runoff. Spatially distributed groundwater seepage along the stream was estimated using mass balance equations with electrical conductivity measurements during a constant salt injection experiment. Calculated groundwater seepage rates showed surprisingly large spatial variations for a relatively homogeneous sandy aquifer. 相似文献
14.
Research on large northern rivers suggests that as permafrost thaws, deeper groundwater flowpaths become active, resulting in greater baseflow, increased concentrations of weathering ions and reduced concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in the streamflow. In contrast, at the headwater-catchment scale, where understanding of groundwater/surface-water interactions is developed, inter-annual variability in climate and hydrology result in complex hydrological and chemical responses to change. This paper reports on a 4-year runoff investigation in an alpine discontinuous permafrost environment in Yukon, Canada, using stable isotopes, major dissolved ions and hydrometric data, to provide enhanced insight into the inter-annual-variability runoff-generation processes. Stable isotope results suggest that pre-event (old) water stored within the catchment dominates the snowmelt hydrograph, and dissolved ion results reveal that groundwater pathways occur predominantly in the near-surface during freshet. Dissolved organic carbon varies inter-annually, reflecting changing melt patterns, whereas weathering ions generated from deeper flowpaths become diluted. The total snow-water equivalent does not have a major influence on the fraction of snowmelt water reaching the stream or the runoff ratio. Results from multiple years highlight the considerable variability over short time scales, limiting our ability to detect climate-change influences on groundwater at the headwater scale. 相似文献
15.
Alexander Yakirevich Avraham Dody Eilon M. Adar Viacheslav Borisov Mebus Geyh 《Hydrogeology Journal》1998,6(1):50-65
Temporal distributions of the isotopic composition in arid rain storms and in the associated runoff were investigated in
a small arid rocky basin in Israel. Customized rain and runoff samplers provided sequential water samples hermetically sealed
in high-density PVC bags. In several storms where the runoff was isotopically depleted, compared with the rainfall, the difference
could not be explained by fractionation effects occurring during overland flow. A water-balance study relating the runoff
discharge to rainfall over a rocky watershed showed that the entire discharge is produced by a very small segment (1–2 mm)
of the rain storm. The major objective, therefore, was to provide quantitative relations between segments of rainfall (rain
showers and rain spells) and runoff. The time distribution of the composition of stable isotopes (oxygen and hydrogen) was
used to quantify the correlation between the rain spell's amount and the consequent runoff. The aim of this work was to (a)
utilize the dynamic variations in the isotopic composition in rainfall and runoff and model the magnitude of surface-storage
capacity associated with runoff processes of overland flow, and (b) characterize the isotopic composition of the percolating
water with respect to the isotopic distribution in rainfall and runoff events. The conceptual model postulates an isotopic
mixing of overland flow with water within the depression storage. A transport model was then formulated in order to estimate
the physical watershed parameters that control the development of overland flow from a certain rainfall period. Part I (this
paper) presents the results and the assessment of the relative depression storage obtained from oxygen-18 and deuterium analyses
that lead to the physical and mathematical formulation of a double-component model of kinematic-wave flow and transport, which
is presented in Part II (accompanying paper).
Received, February 1997 · Revised, September 1997 · Accepted, September 1997 相似文献
16.
In this case study, silica concentration, oxygen and strontium isotopes of water samples were used to study surface water–groundwater
interaction at the Xin’an karst water system. The silica concentration in rain water is commonly less than 1 mg/l. In the
areas around the south tributary of the Zhuozhang River, silica concentrations in the groundwater in Quaternary aquifers range
between 4.04 and 7.66 mg/l while that of the surface water varies from 1.49 to 6.9 mg/l. Silica concentrations of most surface
water samples increase with TDS, indicating the effect of groundwater recharge on river water chemistry. On the contour map
of silica concentration of groundwater in Quaternary aquifers, samples located close to surface water often have lower silica
concentrations as a result of surface water recharge. Both overland flow and surface water have impact on karst water according
to our hydrogeochemical study of stable oxygen isotope, Sr isotope and strontium contents. Calculation results of three end
member mixing model show that the contribution of karst water, surface water and overland flow water is 45, 28 and 27%, respectively. 相似文献
17.
氢氧同位素在地热水研究中得到了广泛应用,但由于影响因素较多,对地热水氢氧同位素组成的控制过程通常缺少全面认识。本文以贵德盆地周边两条断裂带上五处温泉为例,通过对比不同地热水之间的水化学差异和热储温度差异,建立了不同地热水的水岩反应程度与氢氧同位素是否偏离大气降水线的关系。在前人识别并定量出扎仓寺地热水存在冷水混合作用的基础上,借助冷水混合比例估算了冷水混合和水汽分离引起的氢氧同位素的变化幅度,在此基础上通过“氧漂移”规律恢复了扎仓寺地热水在发生水岩反应前的氢氧同位素组成。本文关于三个过程对氢氧同位素影响程度的计算方法可以用于分析其他地区地热水的氢氧同位素成因,从而加深对地热水循环过程的认识。 相似文献
18.
Hydrologic and geochemical influences on the dissolved silica concentration in natural water in a steep headwater catchment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The dissolved silica concentrations in groundwater, springwater, and streamwater were measured on an unchanneled hillslope in the Tanakami Mountains of central Japan. The effects of preferential flowpaths, including lateral and vertical flow in the soil layer and flow through bedrock fractures, on the variation in the dissolved silica concentrations in runoff and groundwater were examined, as were the effects of the mixing of water from geochemically diverse water sources on the dissolved silica concentrations. The mean dissolved silica concentrations in water sampled from 40 cm below the soil surface and in transiently formed groundwater above the soil-bedrock interface during rainfall events were relatively constant, independent of the variation in the mixing ratio of pre-event water and incoming throughfall. These waters were mostly supplied by the vertical infiltration of water in soil. The mean dissolved silica concentrations were similar, regardless of sampling depth, although the mean residence time of the water increased with depth. These results indicated that the dissolved silica concentrations in soil water and transient groundwater were independent of contact time between the water and minerals. The mean dissolved silica concentration in perennially saturated groundwater above the soil-bedrock interface, which was recharged by water infiltrating through soil, and water emerging from bedrock in an area near the spring was more than twice that of transient groundwater, and the variation was relatively large. The mean dissolved silica concentration increased significantly downslope, from perennial groundwater to spring from soil matrix to stream, and the spring and stream concentrations also showed large variations. The dissolved silica concentration was highest in the spring from a bedrock fracture and was relatively constant. The mixing of water from two geochemically diverse water sources, soil and bedrock, controlled the dissolved silica concentrations of the perennial groundwater, the spring from soil matrix, and the stream. Our results demonstrated that in most areas of this headwater catchment, the preferential flowpaths have only a small effect on the dissolved silica concentrations. In a small area, which was < 2% of the total catchment area near the spring, the dissolved silica concentration was controlled by the mixing of water from geochemically diverse water sources. 相似文献
19.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(6):583-596
Nitrate concentrations monitored for 2.5 a in the stream water and groundwater of a small catchment, 86.5% of which is devoted to intensive agriculture, show temporal variations with a maximum during winter (as much as 200 mg l−1 in groundwater and 100 mg l−1 in stream water) and a minimum at the end of summer/beginning of autumn. Variations were also observed in the stream water and shallow groundwater after rainfall. The processes involved to explain these variations, determined mainly from NO3− Cl−, SO42−, piezometric and streamflow data, are: (a) variability of the relative contributions to stream water and shallow groundwater by upward fluxes of deeper groundwater which, as demonstrated previously, is denitrified mainly as a result of reaction with pyrite. (b) Denitrification of shallow groundwater during summer with organic matter acting as the electron donor. (c) Dilution by rain water. Nitrate concentrations in both stream water and shallow groundwater depend on the amount of precipitation, with an increased contribution from deep denitrified groundwater during dry periods. The temporal variations in NO3− concentration observed several metres below the water table are related to the preferential and rapid movement of NO3−-polluted water through fractures and large fissures, which has been estimated at 1 m day−1. Nitrate pollution in the catchment, because of the interaction with pyrite, also increases the net chemical weathering rate to values exceeding the world average. 相似文献
20.
David L. Poulsen Craig T. Simmons Corinne Le Galle La Salle Jim W. Cox 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1339-1359
Understanding catchment-scale patterns of groundwater and stream salinity are important in land- and water-salinity management. A large-scale assessment of groundwater and stream data was undertaken in the eastern Mt Lofty Ranges of South Australia using geographical information systems (GIS), regional scale hydrologic data, hydrograph separation and hydrochemical techniques. Results of the study show: (1) salts were mostly of marine origin (75%), while sulfate and bicarbonate from mineral weathering comprised most of the remainder, (2) elevated groundwater salinities and stable water isotopic compositions similar to mean rainfall indicated that plant transpiration was the primary salt accumulation mechanism, (3) key factors explaining groundwater salinity were geology and rainfall, with overall catchment salinity inversely proportional to average annual rainfall, and groundwater salinity ‘hotspots’ (EC >8 mS/cm) associated with geological formations comprising sulfidic marine siltstones and shales, (4) shallow groundwater correlated with elevated stream salinity, implying that baseflow contributed to stream salt loads, with most of the annual salt load (estimated to be 24,500 tonnes) occurring in winter when baseflow volume was highest. Salt-load analysis using stream data could be a practical, low-cost technique to rapidly target the investigation of problem areas within a catchment. 相似文献