The seismic behaviour of a building on a liquefiable deposit is a complex interaction which involves quantifying both shaking induced damage and permanent ground deformation-related damage. In this paper the key parameters that influence both surface shaking and foundation settlements have been identified as the depth, thickness and liquefaction resistance of an equivalent liquefiable layer. These parameters can be used to develop an ‘equivalent soil profile’ that is analogous to the equivalent single degree-of-freedom that reduces the complexity of the dynamic response of a building into comparable and easily understood quantities. The equivalent soil profile is quantified independent of the seismic hazard, making it compatible with performance based design and assessment frameworks such that the building and soil profile can be directly assessed at different levels of seismic hazard. Several numerical studies are presented that demonstrate the influence of these key parameters on the ground surface shaking and foundation settlement. A set of criteria are proposed for classifying soil profiles into 22 different soil classes for regional loss assessment. An algorithm was developed for automatically fitting the equivalent soil profile to a cone penetration test trace and issues with the fitting are discussed. Field reconnaissance was undertaken to collect additional data to support existing datasets on the performance of buildings in Adapazari, during the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake (Mw = 7.4). The field case history data was used to investigate the correlation between the depth, thickness and liquefaction resistance of an equivalent liquefiable layer, on the extent of foundation permanent deformation. The case history data showed that in general a shallow, thick and weak liquefiable layer near the surface results in significant settlement but a lack of data for buildings on non-liquefiable deposits and the additional complexities involved with real buildings and soil deposits, meant that the trends observed in the idealised numerical models could not identified in the field case history data set.
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Daniel H. Doctor E. Calvin Alexander Jr Metka Petrič Janja Kogovšek Janko Urbanc Sonja Lojen Willibald Stichler 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1171-1191
Karst aquifer components that contribute to the discharge of a water supply well in the Classical Karst (Kras) region (Italy/Slovenia) were quantitatively estimated during storm events. Results show that water released from storage within the epikarst may comprise as much as two-thirds of conduit flow in a karst aquifer following rainfall. Principal components analysis (PCA) and end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) were performed using major ion chemistry and the stable isotopes of water (δ18O, δ2H) and of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) to estimate mixing proportions among three sources: (1) allogenic river recharge, (2) autogenic recharge, and (3) an anthropogenic component stored within the epikarst. The sinking river most influences the chemical composition of the water-supply well under low-flow conditions; however, this proportion changes rapidly during recharge events. Autogenic recharge water, released from shallow storage in the epikarst, displaces the river water and is observed at the well within hours after the onset of precipitation. The autogenic recharge end member is the second largest component of the well chemistry, and its contribution increases with higher flow. An anthropogenic component derived from epikarstic storage also impacts the well under conditions of elevated hydraulic head, accounting for the majority of the chemical response at the well during the wettest conditions. 相似文献
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To better understand the movement and transport of water and pollution through the coarse gravel unsaturated zone, the presented
research was conducted to estimate water flow and transport processes with a tracing experiment in a lysimeter in the Selniška
Dobrava. A combined tracing experiment was performed with deuterated water and the fluorescent dye—uranine. The fastest and
dominant flow velocities were calculated based on injection time, the first tracer appearance time and the time of highest
concentration. Mean flow velocity and vertical dispersion were estimated by an analytical best-fit method using one-dimensional
convection–dispersion model. Deuterium was confirmed as an ideal conservative tracer and a more suitable tracer than dye (uranine)
for the study of water flow in the unsaturated zone of a coarse gravel aquifer. The retardation factor of the dye as compared
with deuterium was 1.13–1.75, which is in agreement with previously published results. Artificial tracers, especially deuterated
water, were also identified as a very useful tool to assess other properties and differences in water flow in the unsaturated
zone of a coarse gravel aquifer such as velocity and dispersion. 相似文献
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The paper presents a new fully coupled elastoplastic solution for the response of a poroelastic thick-walled soil cylinder around an elastoplastic stone column using Biot’s (J Appl Phys 12:155–164, 1941) consolidation theory. A unit cell concept is adopted for the soil–stone column analysis, and the problem is formulated in cylindrical coordinates. Expressions for excess pore pressure, stresses and displacements in the Laplace domain are derived analytically taking into account elastic or plastic behavior of the column. The inverse of the Laplace transform is evaluated numerically using an efficient scheme to obtain the final elastoplastic solution in time domain. The validity of the new solution has been checked against finite element solution and compared with some previously developed analytical methods for the stone column analysis. The results showing settlements, change in excess pore pressures and stresses with time are presented in terms of time factor. The proposed solution can be used to calculate transient state of settlements, distribution of deformations, stresses and excess pore pressures in soil and column under instantaneous or time-dependent monotonically increasing rigid vertical load. 相似文献
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Millen Maxim Viana da Fonseca Antonio Quintero Julieth Ferreira Cristiana Oztoprak Sadik Oser Cihan Bozbey Ilknur Aysal Namik Kosič Mirko Logar Janko 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2021,19(10):3987-4012
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Mateja Jemec Auflič Jernej Jež Tomislav Popit Adrijan Košir Matej Maček Janko Logar Ana Petkovšek Matjaž Mikoš Chiara Calligaris Chiara Boccali Luca Zini Jürgen M. Reitner Timotej Verbovšek 《Landslides》2017,14(4):1537-1546
The Post-Forum Study Tour following the 4th World Landslide Forum 2017 in Ljubljana (Slovenia) focuses on the variety of landslide forms in Slovenia and its immediate NW surroundings, and the best-known examples of devastating landslides induced by rainfall or earthquakes. They differ in complexity of the both surrounding area and of the particular geological, structural and geotechnical features. Many of the landslides of the Study Tour are characterized by huge volumes and high velocity at the time of activation or development in the debris flow. In addition, to the damage to buildings, the lives of hundreds of people are also endangered; human casualties occur. On the first day, we will observe complex Pleistocene to recent landslides related to the Mesozoic carbonates thrust over folded and tectonically fractured Tertiary siliciclastic flysch in the Vipava Valley (SW Slovenia), serving as the main passage between the Friulian lowland and central Slovenia, and thus also an important corridor connecting Northern Italy to Central Europe. A combination of unfavourable geological conditions and intense short or prolonged rainfall periods leads to the formation of different types of complex landslides, from large-scale deep-seated rotational and translational slides to shallow landslides, slumps and sediment gravity flows in the form of debris or mudflows. The second day of the study tour will be held in the So?a River Valley located in NW Slovenia close to the border with Italy, where the most catastrophic Sto?e landslide in Slovenia recently caused the deaths of seven people, and the nearby Strug landslide, which is a combination of rockfall, landslide and debris flow. The final day of the Post-Forum Study Tour will start in the Valcanale Valley located across the border between Slovenia and Italy, severely affected by a debris flow in August 2003. The flow caused the deaths of two people, damaged 260 buildings; large amounts of deposits blocked the A23 Highway, covering both lanes. In Carinthia (Austria), about 25 km west of Villach, the Dobra?/Dobratsch multiple scarps of prehistoric and historic rockslides will be observed. Dobratsch is a massive mountain ridge with a length of 17 km and a width of 6 km, characterized by steep rocky walls. The 3-day study tour will conclude with a presentation of the Poto?ka planina landslide, a slide whose lower part may eventually generate a debris flow and therefore represents a hazard for the inhabitants and for the infrastructure within or near the village of Koro?ka Bela. 相似文献
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