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中国海洋底栖生物学发展回顾与展望* 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋底栖生物是海洋生态系统中的重要组成部分,在底层生态系统的能量流动和物质循环过程发挥着重要作用。我国的海洋底栖生物学经过数十年的发展,取得的许多研究进展和成果,但学科目前发展仍存在很多不足。总体而言,研究力量相对薄弱和分散,仍为相对弱势的一个学科,需成立专门的底栖生物学组织机构(分会),构建一个学科交流与合作的平台,整合业内的研究力量和资源,促进我国底栖生物学的研究与发展。本文分析了学科的现状和发展趋势,阐述了海洋底栖生物学分会在学科发展中的作用,并就未来发展提出了建议。 相似文献
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小型底栖生物在海洋生态监测中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文简要介绍了小型底栖生物及其作为生态监测生物的优点,综述了近期国内、外小型底栖生物在海洋生态监测中的应用研究,认为小型底栖生物是海洋环境变化的良好指示生物类群. 相似文献
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底栖生物是海洋环境质量的重要指标。2016年夏季对舟山近岸海域37个站位的底栖生物进行调查,此次调查共鉴定出底栖生物45种,平均栖息密度为41 ind/m2,平均生物量为3.92 g/m2,底栖生物的栖息密度和生物量基本上由西向东逐渐升高。底栖生物的种类、密度、生物量、多样性指数与水深及水质中的盐度、pH、悬浮物、总磷、总氮呈弱或中等程度相关,与沉积物中重金属（铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、总汞）、砷、有机碳呈弱或中等程度的相关性,尤其与镉含量的相关性最为明显。由ABC曲线分析可知,该调查海域底栖生物受到一定程度的扰动。与2005年该海域调查结果比较表明,该海域底栖生物的多样性指数平均值较2005年略有降低,平均生物量较2005年降低,但平均密度较2005年升高。此次调查出现无底栖生物站位所占的比例较2005年上升。研究表明,2016年舟山海域海洋环境质量状况劣于2005年,应加强海洋环境监测与治理。 相似文献
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大型底栖动物生态的研究主要集中在底栖动物的种类组成、分布、有机物含量和多样性指数等方面(刘瑞玉等，1992；余日清，1995；李荣冠等，1995)。大型底栖动物有些种类具有重要经济价值，如虾蟹类；有些种类是经济类动物的主要饵料，如多毛类的沙蚕；有些种类是环境的指示生物，如小头虫等。因此，研究底栖生物生物量与环境因子之间的定量关系，以及底栖生物生物量变化的数学模型的建立，对海洋水产增养殖和海洋环境学具有重要意义。 相似文献
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海洋沉积物/颗粒物在生源要素循环中的作用及生态学功能 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
海洋沉积物/颗粒物是生源要素循环过程中的关键源与汇,沉积物/颗粒物一方面是海水生源要素的主要归宿,生源要素从溶解态经复杂的生物-化学过程转变为颗粒态,颗粒物质再沉降形成沉积物,另一方面,海洋沉积物/颗粒物经过微生物-浮游动物-底栖生物作用分解形成溶解态的生源要素,并释放到海水中再次被浮游植物利用,进入下一轮循环,所以,海洋沉积物/颗粒物具有异常重要的生态学功能。浮游植物是海水溶解态生源要素的利用者和海源颗粒态生源要素的初始形成者,浮游动物通过摄食浮游植物或其他有机颗粒物可释放出溶解态生源要素或形成更大的颗粒物,颗粒物沉降后形成的沉积物又通过底栖生物摄食-扰动-破碎等过程将颗粒生源要素释放进入水体参与再循环。生态系统不同类群的生物在颗粒生源要素的释放-沉降中所起的作用不同而又相互关联,其中浮游动物-底栖生物的摄食与代谢、微生物参与的分解过程起着非常重要的作用。所以,海洋沉积物/颗粒物生态学功能研究作为支撑海洋环境和资源的持续利用的科学基础,已成为海洋科学的前沿领域,必将获得跨越发展。 相似文献
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海洋虾蟹类是重要的捕捞对象和优良的养殖品种。许多虾类和小型蟹类又是中下层鱼类的天然饵料,在渔业生物学中占有重要地位。某些发声种类(如鼓虾)在海洋声学研究上颇受重视。因此,调查虾蟹类的种类、数量分布及变动规律,对渔业生产、资源开发利用和水声研究等都具有一定意义。三十多年来,我国在海产虾蟹类调查和研究方面取得了显著成绩,已发表了不少很有价值的专著和研究报告,为虾蟹类研究积累了资料。本文根据1980年11月(秋)、1981年2月(冬)、5月(春)和8月(夏)厦门港湾54个底栖生物定量采泥站和13个定性拖网站(图1)的季度月资料,结合1961月5月至1964年2月福建中、南部海域底栖生物调查资料,分析了厦门港湾及福建南部海域虾蟹类的生态特点,着重探讨了几个主要经济种类的生态习性。底栖生物定量调查使用0.1米~2曙光HNM型采泥器,定性调查使用网口宽1.5米的三角拖网。 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
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Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献
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Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges. 相似文献
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A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage. 相似文献
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利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is 相似文献
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G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献