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1.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):226-240
Although recent studies of individual accessibility have used detailed representations of urban street networks, unrealistic measures of travel time based on assumptions about constant travel speeds through the network were often used. Utilizing constant travel times does not allow for daily congestion and assumes that the effects of congestion are uniform throughout the city and affect all people equally. This research measures individual space-time accessibility in order to show that the incorporation of locally specific travel times within a street network allows a significant increase in the ability to realistically evaluate individual accessibility within cities. The results show that the accessibility of individuals within cities is not homogenous, and neither does access to employment or shopping opportunities vary according to common expectations about urban form and human behavior. Instead, the role of distance in predicting accessibility variations within cities is quite limited. This article also shows that incorporating time into accessibility measures in the form of congestion and business hours leads to additional (and highly spatially uneven) reductions in accessibility, revealing that the temporal dimension is very important to accurately assessing individual accessibility. 相似文献
2.
《Urban geography》2013,34(8):647-671
Centrality within a city and neighborhood characteristics have often been used as indicators of access to employment and services in statements about urban form and accessibility, but there are reasons to question the appropriateness of doing so. This paper evaluates the importance of geographic context within the urban environment (both location within cities as well as neighborhoods characteristics) for individuals in Portland, Oregon. Because conventional accessibility measures cannot incorporate individual characteristics, space-time individual accessibility measures were used with multilevel modeling to isolate the effects of individual level variations from that of geographical context. The results show that the influence of context on individual accessibility is weak, as accessibility tends to reflect individual and household characteristics rather than the local urban environment. Accessibility cannot be determined from location within cities, or from land uses around an individual's home, implying that the use of urban design to influence accessibility is inappropriate. 相似文献
3.
Geographic variations in spatial accessibility to public resources, such as health care services, raise important questions about the efficiencies and inequities of the processes that determine where these services are located. Spatial accessibility can be measured many different ways, but many of methods in use today involve some measure of travel cost (in time or distance). In this study we explore a simple methodological question: how much are models of spatial accessibility influenced by the precise metric of travel cost? We address this question by comparing spatial accessibility to primary care physicians for two different methods of calculating travel cost (in time) on a street network: free-flow travel time and congested with turn penalties travel time—which augments free-flow travel times with the burden of traffic congestion and traffic intersection controls. We consider the effect of these two metrics of travel cost on a gravity-based measure of spatial accessibility to primary health care services in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Our results suggest that while travel times between locations of demand and locations of primary care providers greatly differ based on how travel cost is calculated, the gravity-based measure of spatial accessibility provides similar information for both travel cost metrics. Using congested with turn penalties travel time can be an onerous addition to the analysis of spatial accessibility, and is more useful for measuring absolute travel time rather than modeling relative spatial accessibility. 相似文献
4.
以2000年和2015年两个时间断面京津冀地区最省时的交通网络为基础数据，利用ArcGIS网络分析模块，分析节点城市可达性的时空变化规律。在研究方法上突出强调某一时间断面最省时的交通网络体系和通过节点中心度改进的加权平均旅行时间。结果显示：京津冀区域的可达性格局变化较大，可达性整体提升的同时，处于第一阶梯的区域大幅扩张；总体而言，区域内可达性从优到差排序依次为：中心城市、东部和南部城市、北部城市；交通方式的变革极大地改善了区域可达性，各城市的加权平均旅行时间普遍缩减50%以上，中部和南部城市的变化率要远远大于北部城市；张家口和承德两市受山地地形和交通基础设施的限制，可达性一直处于较低水平。 相似文献
5.
Bi Yu Chen Donggen Wang Shih-Lung Shaw Hui-Ping Chen 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(4):783-804
Travel time uncertainty has significant impacts on individual activity-travel scheduling, but at present these impacts have not been considered in most accessibility studies. In this paper, an accessibility evaluation framework is proposed for urban areas with uncertain travel times. A reliable space-time service region (RSTR) model is introduced to represent the space-time service region of a facility under travel time uncertainty. Based on the RSTR model, four reliable place-based accessibility measures are proposed to evaluate accessibility to urban services by incorporating the effects of travel time reliability. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework, a case study using large-scale taxi tracking data is carried out. The results of the case study indicate that the proposed accessibility measures can evaluate large-scale place-based accessibility well in urban areas with uncertain travel times. Conventional place-based accessibility indicators ignoring travel time reliability can significantly overestimate the accessibility to urban services. 相似文献
6.
Mei-Po Kwan 《The Professional geographer》1999,51(2):210-227
Conventional accessibility measures based on the notion of locational proximity ignore the role of complex travel behavior and space–time constraints in determining individual accessibility. As these factors are especially significant in women's everyday lives, all conventional accessibility measures suffer from an inherent “gender bias.” This study conceptualizes individual accessibility as space–time feasibility and provides formulations of accessibility measures based on the space–time prism construct. Using a subsample of European Americans from a travel diary data set collected in Franklin County, Ohio, space–time accessibility measures are implemented with a network-based GIS method. Results of the study indicate that women have lower levels of individual access to urban opportunities when compared to men, although there is no difference in the types of opportunities and areas they can reach given their space–time constraints. Further, individual accessibility has no relationship with the length of the commute trip, suggesting that the journey to work may not be an appropriate measure of job access. 相似文献
7.
基于中国铁路客户服务中心提供的客运流数据,采集全国地级以上行政单元（未含港澳台数据）间铁路客运运行的最短历时,基于GIS网络分析和空间分析等方法,选取时间可达性和一日交流圈2个指标对城市可达性进行测度和分析。研究发现： ① 城市时间可达性水平划分为7个级别,在空间上呈现中心-外围式圈层结构,中心区域沿铁路干线和高速铁路线轴向扩展,廊道效应明显,东部、中部地区的城市时间可达性优于西部地区。② 城市之间的时间可达性小于2.0 h的城市对在空间上构成了由京广、京沪、京哈、京福、杭深、青太、徐兰、沪汉蓉、沪昆、广昆等高速铁路连接的“五纵五横”带状分布格局。时间可达性小于10.0 h的城市对覆盖了“胡焕庸线”东南部的大部分区域,城市带转为城市网络。③ 直辖市、省会/首府城市一日交流圈以31个城市为中心,按照时间可达性由小到大呈现轴向扩展,廊道效应明显。基于城市一日交流圈划分了19个城市群和拉萨城市圈,为城市群的划分提供方法借鉴。 相似文献
8.
特大城市空间形态差异对交通网络效率的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
以交通网络出行迂回作为交通网络效率分析的切入点,选取形状指数、紧凑度作为空间形态分析指标,对特大城市空间形态布局进行类型划分,并挖掘各城市交通网络效率空间分布差异特征,基于多元回归模型剖析中国各特大城市空间形态布局与交通网络效率之间的影响关系。研究表明：① 5种类型城市交通效率高低分布差异明显,紧凑圆形城市边缘区交通网络效率较低,而非紧凑带形交通效率低的区域多分布于城市核心区,紧凑方形城市交通网络效率高地区分布较为集中,而非紧凑方形交通效率低的地区分布较为分散,紧凑带形城市面积越小则交通效率越高。② 就城市空间布局与交通网络效率影响关系而言,随着城市形状指数的增大,城市交通迂回值未进一步增大,说明城市形态布局接近圆形均匀分布时,其城市交通网络效率较高;随着城市紧凑度值的增加,城市交通迂回程度值亦不断增加,说明城市形态布局程度越紧密,反而其交通网络效率越低,当城市形态布局紧密程度适中时,交通网络效率水平较高。 相似文献
9.
基于网络分析的城市影响区和城市群空间范围识别 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
以不打破行政界线为前提,利用Huff模型,基于矢量数据,采用最短交通路网距离和城市综合规模值来综合测算腹地与中心城市之间的势能,根据势能确定腹地县域的归属,对全国地级及以上城市的空间影响范围进行识别,并和基于改进场强模型的城市影响腹地范围界定结果进行对比。以全国发育较成熟的15个城市群为对象,综合测定城市群的影响范围,并与城市群规划中的空间范围进行对比,提出城市群空间范围调整建议。并以长株潭城市群为例,通过社会网络分析方法,综合分析测定城市群的空间影响范围。研究结果可为城市(群)规划提供科学依据和方法参考。 相似文献
10.
Recently, the Chinese government raised an urban planning policy which suggests communities open their private roads for public transport and establish street networks with high spatial density in cities. In this context, the purpose of this study is to analyze the potential changes to street network accessibility using GIS techniques and to provide spatial information that may influence the decision making of urban managers. In addition to the existing street network data in the case study city, Shenzhen, intra-community roads are extracted from building footprints in GIS topographic database and used to construct a potential street network with respect to the community opening policy. An automatic GIS-based method is proposed here to analyze the location advantage information in the simulated urban environment, by combining Delaunay triangulation model and graph theory concepts. Specifically, we establish a two-step framework based on the spatial relationships between roads and buildings. Firstly, intra-community roads between neighboring building footprints are generated using a Delaunay triangulation skeleton model, and with the existing inter-community roads they form the simulated network. Secondly, street centrality indices of the current and simulated networks are compared in terms of closeness, betweenness and straightness. Results indicate that after applying the policy the global accessibility in the city would be increased at some places and decreased at others, and places' directness among others would be generally improved. In addition, the skeleton of central routes for through traffic would not change much. The presented method can also be applied to other cities. 相似文献
11.
Gang Liu Wen Long Jingchao Wang Peichao Gao Jing He Zhiyong Luo 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(9):1815-1836
Traffic congestion, a common and complicated phenomenon in urban transportation systems, is attracting increasing attention from researchers in Geographical Information Science (GIS) and other fields. In this study, we illustrate a general mechanism that reveals the relationship between travel time and dynamic traffic conditions. We measure a vehicle’s travel time to its destination along any path, where the travel time is calculated based on the path length and on the real-time traffic volume and transport capacity of each road segment on the path. On the basis of this measurement, we present a simple dynamic routing strategy that allows each vehicle to dynamically choose the path to its destination while imposing the minimum travel time. The application of our routing algorithm to the Chengdu street network, Barabási–Albert scale-free network and Erdös–Rényi random network shows that the proposed strategy remarkably improves network throughput and balances traffic load distribution. Our findings suggest that mining the time mechanism of network transport is important to explore efficient time-optimization routing algorithms to enhance the transport capacity of urban street networks and other kinds of networks. 相似文献
12.
广州市地铁可达性时空演化及其对公交可达性的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
应用GIS方法,选取2000、2003、2009和2012年4个时间节点,运用复杂网络理论构建了广州市公共交通网络模型,通过对比分析地铁站点与线路加入到公共交通网络中所产生的变化,定量分析地铁网络建设对公共交通可达性的影响,分析地铁发展不同时期内,城市公共交通可达性空间格局的演化,全面探讨地铁建设对城市公共交通可达性的影响,以期为一体化的多模式城市公共交通体系发展决策提供理论支持。结果显示:①广州市地铁网络顺利完成由树状向回路网络的转变,地铁可达性重心与广州市空间扩展方向呼应,呈现出向南、向东迁移特征;②地铁在很大程度上提高了广州城市公交网络可达性,且其改善作用随地铁线路网的增加和回路网络的发育而日益显著;③地铁网络对城市公交可达性格局的影响,打破了常规公交网络圈层式公交可达性格局,逐渐呈现出圈层式加沿地铁线路分布的廊道式格局;④地铁对公交各站点网络可达时间的影响,常规公交站点可达时间变化程度呈现出由地铁线路向外递减的空间分布趋势,当地铁网络发育形成回路网络时,大大地提升公交网络的运营效率,缩短各个站点之间的出行时间。 相似文献
13.
With an increasing awareness of global climate change, the effect of urban spatial organization, at both city and neighborhood scales, on urban CO2 emission reduction has attracted much scholarly and practical attention. Using Beijing as a case study, this article examines the extent to which neighborhood-scale urban form may contribute to reduction of travel-related CO2 emissions in the context of rapid urbanization and spatial transformation. We derive complete travel-activity records of 1,048 residents from an activity diary survey conducted in 2007. Analysis using structural equation models finds that residents living in a neighborhood with higher land use mix, public transit accessibility, and more pedestrian-friendly street design tend to travel in a “low-carbon” manner and emit less CO2 in daily travel, even controlling for residential and travel preferences. This article offers empirical evidence that sheds light on debates about policy measures to facilitate China’s transition toward sustainable and low-carbon urban development. 相似文献
14.
城市群作为城镇化高级阶段区域社会经济发展和参与国际竞争的主要空间载体,良好的交通通达性是其高质量发展的必要条件。以《交通强国建设纲要》提出的城市群2h通达目标为研究视角,以长江经济带3个国家级城市群为研究对象,选取加权平均出行时间作为测度指标并引入场强和引力模型,对比分析3个城市群所有城市与中心城市两个层级2h出行交通圈格局特征。研究发现：① 3个城市群出行交通圈均表现为从中心向外围地区呈现出由低到高连续扩大的“圈层式”空间格局特征,且长三角和成渝城市群分别形成了“>”字型和“十”字型2h出行廊道,但长江中游城市群尚未形成2h出行廊道。② 城市群中心城市2h出行交通圈的空间分布受区位条件影响较大,越接近区域几何中心则2h出行交通圈覆盖范围越大,而影响腹地受中心城市综合规模的作用明显,3个城市群各中心城市2h出行交通圈和影响腹地的空间分异显著。③ 不同城市群中心城市2h出行交通圈衔接联系水平差异显著,表现出多元的圈层叠加的经济联系格局。④ 高密度高速公路路网在提高城市群中心城市2h出行交通圈衔接联系水平中发挥重要作用,按衔接联系模式特征可将各城市群总结为多中心网络型、多中心组团型与双中心轴辐型。 相似文献
15.
基于出租车经验路径的城市可达性计算方法 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
可达性计算中,始发地-目的地(Origin-Destination, 简称OD)间的路径规划是一个很重要的问题。传统基于最短路径算法的路径规划存在与现实不符的可能,因此考虑出租车载客的经验路径,更符合现实的出行。本文基于潜能模型,综合考虑了人口分布、交通路网特征,兴趣点分布等因素,提出了城市可达性的计算方法,其中OD间行程时间采用出租车经验路径行程时间。然后以广州市中心城区为研究区域,进行网格划分,不同的网格分别作为OD;并采用一个月的广州出租车GPS数据,从中提取大量的载客经验路径,建立出租车经验路径数据库,将OD间的经验路径行程时间计算出来,最后完成了广州中心城区的可达性计算和分析。结果表明,广州中心城区可达性符合典型的势能分布,城市可达性在中心区最高,然后逐步向郊区递减。该结果验证了城市可达性计算方法具有较好的实用性和可计算性。 相似文献
16.
Maria Salonen Tuuli ToivonenJean-Michel Cohalan Oliver T. Coomes 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):501-513
Quantitative measures of accessibility are increasingly used in land cover change modeling and in assessing human pressure on the environment. In riverine Amazonia the significance of physical accessibility for biodiversity, land use patterns and economic livelihoods is widely acknowledged, but attempts to quantify accessibility in practice have been few in number. In this study we compare different distance- and frequency-based measures of spatial accessibility and develop a quantitative model of accessibility patterns for the north-eastern Peruvian Amazonia where rivers form the core of the transportation network. We model accessibility between the rural areas of the Loreto region and the capital city of Iquitos, using different distance algorithms in a geographic information system, and complement the distance model with information on river boat frequencies and transport capacities. Patterns of accessibility are visualized in terms of potential production zones for different types of agricultural and non-timber forest products.This study demonstrates how results from different accessibility measures vary considerably. The mean Euclidean distance to Iquitos is almost 270 km, the mean network distance nearly 760 km and the mean travel time 70 h. Observed network distances from validation points to Iquitos are on average 1.6 times longer than Euclidean distances, and for the whole study area, the average ratio between modeled network distances and Euclidean distances is 3.1. The correlation between network distances and time distances is very strong, but time distances are relatively shorter along the major channels where boat traffic is considerably faster than along narrow, tightly meandering rivers. Measures of boat frequency and transport capacity show that availability of transport possibilities is highly varying across the region. These measures provide insights into the ’thickness’ of trade, indicating the level of market integration for riverine settlements. We conclude that quantifying accessibility in an environment like Peruvian Amazonia requires measures that take into account the spatial structure and dynamic nature of the riverine transportation network. Time as a unit of distance provides the most relevant measure of accessibility in the Amazonian context, where many human actions and traditional livelihoods are controlled by travel times between the regional core and the hinterland. 相似文献
17.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):264-284
Location-based assessments of accessibility gauge the attraction of a place relative to other places. These approaches have been used extensively in models of commuting and urban structure. Even though locational accessibility measures are integral to such efforts, they may also be used to explore aspects of urban spatial structure. As such, this paper presents a GIS-based analysis of locational accessibility for a sample of U.S. metropolitan areas. Indices of accessibility based on spatial interaction models are developed for intraurban residential and employment locations. Results show that residential accessibility patterns are similar across cities, taking a concentric pattern where the central urban area is most attractive. However, employment accessibility varies more from city to city; moreover, the areas of highest employment accessibility tend to be decentralized within their respective regions. Overall, location-based accessibility indices are useful for exploring urban form, particularly with respect to issues of urban sprawl. Directions for future research are identified, including linking comparative urban accessibility measures to ongoing work on commuting, the jobs-housing balance, and urban structure. 相似文献
18.
交通拥堵对急救医疗服务时空可达性的影响——以广州市为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
时间是急救服务的敏感因素,急救服务设施可达性的时空差异对于评估急救设施的选址及急救服务调度的效率,解决公众急救医疗需求与供给之间的矛盾,辅助政府部门的决策都至关重要。交通拥堵是常见的城市问题,尤其是在城市中心区域更为明显,由于交通拥堵带来的时间滞后对急救服务产生的影响不容忽视。本文通过浮动车GPS大数据,分析交通拥堵对广州市中心城区急救医疗设施时空可达性的影响。结果表明：①在考虑道路实际通行状况的情况下,在交通高峰期,社区的急救医疗服务平均可达时间和最长可达时间分别比采用设计时速计算增加20%和25%。②可达性存在明显的时空差异。急救医疗服务可达性以急救医院为中心,沿着路网向四周呈现衰减趋势。急救医院布局较多、路网密集区域的可达性高,反之则低。交通拥堵对路网密集、行车规则设计复杂以及存在通过性交通流的地区影响显著。③对不同阻抗系数下可达性变化的敏感性分析,发现随着阻抗系数的增大,可达性变化的趋势有所放缓,紧急医疗服务可达性的分异变小;这一变化趋势在交通平峰期表现更为明显。因此,在研究城市中心区域急救医疗服务时,考虑交通拥堵对可达性的影响,需要构建基于实时交通状况的可达性评估模型,合理选择模型参数,优化实时急救医疗服务调度,提升急救服务的效率和质量。 相似文献
19.
Evolution and geographic effects of high-speed rail in East Asia: An accessibility approach 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
The rapid development of high-speed rail (HSR) is influencing regional development, regional structure, commuting, and regional integration. East Asia is the region with the world’s first and largest current operating and planned HSR network. In this paper, we examine the evolutionary mechanism and impacts on the transport circle and accessibility of HSR in East Asia. The results indicate that the HSR network first follows a “core-core” model and then forms a corridor in Japan, South Korea, and China Taiwan, but then forms a complete network in China Mainland. The current operating HSR lines are mostly distributed in regions with developed economies and dense populations, and more than half of the population and GDP in China can be served by HSR within 1 hour’s travel time. The planned HSR network will expand to the western region of China and Japan and the southern region of South Korea. The development of the current operating and planned HSR network considerably enlarges the transport circle of core cities, especially cities along trunk HSR lines. This 1 h transport circle of core cities has formed continuous regions in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Tokyo, Seoul, and along trunk HSR lines. The HSR network will bring about substantial improvement in accessiblity, but also increase the inequality of nodal accessibility in China Mainland. Spatially, the spatial patterns of the weighted shortest travel time of cities in China Mainland, Japan, and South Korea all present the “core-peripheral structure”, taking Zhengzhou, Tokyo, and Seoul, respectively, as core cities, and cities located along the trunk HSR lines gain large improvement in accessibility. 相似文献
20.
高速铁路对中国省际可达性的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
中国高速铁路网“四纵四横”客运专线规划至2015 年建成,将覆盖所有省会及90%的50 万以上人口城市,高速铁路可达性因此成为近年可达性研究的热点。本文在总结前人研究方法的基础上,运用加权平均旅行时间研究高铁时代中国省际可达性及空间格局。研究结果表明:① 采用传统客运最短旅行时间(含中转及停留)数据得到的省际可达性呈中心—外围模式,以郑州—武汉为中心,其他省份按“距离衰减规律”成为圈层式阶梯状空间格局;② 高速铁路建设带来省际联系时间缩短、可达性最优区域大幅增加等“高铁效应”,空间结构仍以武汉—郑州为中心呈现中心—外围模式;③ 高铁运营使省际可达性均衡化,可达性变化幅度在空间上呈中间凹四周高的“碗形”特点,位于客运铁路网络中心附近的省份变化幅度较小,外围地区如云南、福建等省可达性变化幅度较大。 相似文献