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1.
从硫化物的氧化、脉石矿物的溶解、氧的扩散、水的流动和溶质质量迁移等过程的耦合作用建立了尾矿-水相互作用的动力学模型。对湖南湘西金矿尾矿库的数学模拟表明：早期尾矿-水的相互作用可以引起酸水的产生和重金属的释放及对环境的污染，影响较大的主要是前30年，随着时间增加，尾矿孔隙水逐渐中性化，污染元素含量显著降低。脉石矿物的溶解和有机物反应可降低尾矿中氧的扩散和产生酸的中和作用。尾矿库上部孔隙水中各组分含量明显高于尾矿库下部，并在约6m深处存在突变带。尾矿库的水文分带是导致地球化学分带的主要原因。 相似文献
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为了模拟庐枞火山盆地基底的水热反应和正长辉长岩-二长岩-正长岩与水相互作用,深入剖析深部流体携带金属来源的可能性,本文利用开放流动体系的叠层流动反应器实验研究25~435℃、23~35MPa条件下二长岩-正长岩与水相互作用的化学动力学过程。研究表明,造岩元素、成矿元素和痕迹元素,在低温至水临界态的升温过程中溶解产物在水中的浓度(或溶解速率)不断变化,它们的最大溶解速率出现在不同温度。主要元素Si、Al等最大溶解速率出现在300~400℃范围,即,在跨越水的临界温度时出现溶解速率的涨落。或者说,正长岩-H2O体系中元素的溶解速率主要是温度的函数,此外,压力也对大部分元素的溶解速率产生影响,但是,对于各元素溶解速率随温度而变化的基本规律影响不大。实验重要的发现:相当于中地壳的温度即300~400℃时反应很特殊。硅酸盐矿物的硅被强烈溶失和矿物岩石会垮塌。实验表明:相当于中地壳温度(300~400℃)发生的二长正长岩与水相互作用对庐枞火山盆地深部矿床形成产生重要影响。长期的含金属流体活动造成了金属矿石的形成。水/岩反应动力学过程的温度因素:不同金属元素的最容易溶解和沉淀温度的区别导致了金属-蚀变分带性。实验还揭示,纯水与二长正长岩的反应可以淋滤出大量有色金属元素,在溶液的浓度可以到几百×10~(-9),如Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn,它们从二长正长岩里被溶解释放速率也很高。以往,研究表明火山盆地铁矿的物质来源于围岩。这次实验研究显示:水与二长正长岩的反应同样影响着盆地金属矿的形成和盆地深部、上中地壳的流体性质。实验对于理解上中地壳发生的水岩相互作用也有普适性意义。 相似文献
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矿物吸附金的实验研究及其在红土型金矿形成中的意义 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Au(Ⅲ）－氯化物和Au(Ⅰ)－硫代硫酸盐被蒙脱石、高岭石、伊利石、针铁矿、褐铁矿及黄铁矿的吸附实验研究结果表明，各种矿物对AuCl4^-的吸附作用显著大于Au(S2O3)2^3-，粘土矿物对金的吸附能力，蒙脱石＞高岭石＞伊利石；含铁矿物中，黄铁矿＞针铁矿＞褐铁矿。矿物对金的吸附作用与矿物结构和金的存在形式有关，即受矿物表面基、金组分的稳定性和位阻的影响；天然雨水中所含微量H2O2是Au、黄铁矿等不同矿物氧化－还原的催化剂，可加速地表岩（矿）石的风化氧化过程和Au的溶解与迁移。雨水对红土中的Au具有一定的淋滤浸取能力。红土型金矿形成于富Cl^-、SO4^2-的酸性、氧化的水化学环境，含金黄铁矿等硫化物的氧化不仅直接导致了Au的溶解和酸的释放，而且其反应产物Fe^3 、S2O3^2-等为Au的氧化、溶解和迁移提供了氧化剂和络合剂，并促进Au的溶解和迁移；Au主要以硫代硫酸络合物、氯化络合物及其水合物的形式进行迁移；硫代硫酸根的氧化和风化壳下部的还原作用是导致金络合物失稳、Au被其他矿物吸附和沉淀富集的主要因素。矿物对金的吸附在红土型金矿的形成过程中起了重要作用。 相似文献
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为了研究岩体裂隙网络中矿物溶解-沉淀的变化规律及其对溶质运移的影响,联合矿物溶解-沉淀动力学模型、渗流模型和溶质运移模型建立了岩体裂隙网络矿物溶解-沉淀-迁移模型,经过水溶液络合物计算和矿物成分分析,对研究区域方解石溶解-沉淀作用及溶质运移进行了数值模拟。得出的结论主要有:(1)受裂隙网络分布的影响,溶质运移分布极不均匀,溶质主要通过连通的裂隙从上游向下游迁移;(2)考虑方解石的溶解-沉淀作用之后,在溶解区域溶质浓度增加,在沉淀区域溶质浓度减少;(3)通过对比分析,可知方解石溶解-沉淀受水溶液中CO23-浓度影响较大。 相似文献
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不同有机酸对矿物溶解的动力学实验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
用石英、微斜长石和方解石混合颗粒模拟碎屑组分分别与不同有机酸水溶液进行溶蚀实验,以比较储集层内不同矿物在含低分子量有机酸地层水中溶解的速率,并试图探讨矿物溶蚀的微观机理。结果表明：①所有矿物颗粒都发生了不同程度的溶解,表现为颗粒失重,溶液中SiO2和金属阳离子含量增加,pH值上升。②优先溶解的是方解石,其次是硅酸盐矿物。③温度增加,硅酸盐矿物在水中的溶解度明显增加,而方解石的溶解度基本不变。④由于不同有机酸与二氧化硅和金属阳离子生成的络合物稳定性不同,因此,在不同有机酸水溶液中,矿物的溶蚀速率有较大差别。多官能团有机酸的水溶液中,不同矿物有更大的溶解;但在含有丰富Ca2＋的草酸水溶液中,由于矿物颗粒表面难溶草酸钙的沉淀,方解石的溶解变得更加困难。⑤多官能团有机酸与SiO2形成的多环螯合物由于完全取代了硅氧四面体的氧原子,在水中具有高度稳定性,可能有助于(铝)硅酸盐的溶蚀和硅元素的迁移 相似文献
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含砷尾矿中砷(As)及伴生元素铊(Tl)等毒性元素易向周边水和土壤介质中迁移,揭示尾矿中毒性元素的矿相特征及其释放机制具有重要意义。本研究以某雄黄矿区含砷尾矿为研究对象,结合化学分析、矿物学表征等手段,通过静态浸出实验探究含砷尾矿中As和Tl的矿相特征及其释放机制。研究结果表明,含砷尾矿中As和Tl的环境行为明显受到其矿相特征及赋存形态影响。矿物学分析结果显示尾矿中As的主要矿物相为砷铂矿和砷铁矿,矿物解离度表明砷矿物处于风化状态,As释放风险较高;而Tl则以伴生元素形式存在于Ca、Mn和Mg等矿物相中,这些矿物的沉淀溶解控制着尾矿中Tl的释放。尾矿中As主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态存在,Tl主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态存在。酸性浸出条件下金属的活性态比例增高,可交换态As由0.29%上升至1.67%,可交换态Tl从5.46%升高至8.67%;尾矿中As释放加强而Tl受到抑制,表明尾矿中As与Tl释放存在竞争关系。As的浸出符合双常数模型,为多因素控制的物理和化学过程;Tl的浸出符合抛物线扩散模型,由结构掺入和表面吸附等扩散机制控制。本研究明确了含砷尾矿As和Tl的释放特性、化... 相似文献
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矿山尾矿矿物学研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
矿山尾矿由于产生大量酸性排水和释放重金属，污染地下水和地表水，破坏生态环境而成为人们关注的焦点。尾矿引起的环境问题是地表条件下，水一气一矿物复杂反应的综合结果。近年来尾矿矿物学的研究已经揭示出尾矿中矿物分解和形成的规律，水一气一矿物反应的机制和影响因素，酸性排水和重金属迁移规律，为尾矿环境危险性评价和尾矿污染防治提供了基础资料和新的思路。 相似文献
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极端条件下水热化学反应是一个新的科学问题。借助于高温超高压原位直接测量方法、各种谱学方法和同步辐射光源技术研究地球内部流体物质相互作用,可以获得反应过程的产物的分子-原子尺度信息,这些信息可以提供认识极端条件下水和矿物(岩石)反应动力学的新实验途径。地球内部的流体性质随所处高温高压条件发生变化。水的密度、介电常数等物理参数随温度压力变化而改变,在临界态会出现突变。水的性质的剧变会影响水与岩石(矿物)相互作用。文中报道了在极端条件下(20～435℃和23～35MPa)实验测量矿物(钠长石、辉石、石英和阳起石等)和岩石(玄武岩、正长岩)在水溶液里的溶解反应速率的研究结果,发现矿物里各种不同类型金属离子与水反应的速率不同,随温度变化而改变。在升温过程中,进入临界态时,矿物(岩石)与水反应出现一次反应速率的涨落。在恒压升温过程中(临界压力,或略高于临界压力),硅酸盐矿物溶解速率会逐步升高,如硅近临界区(300℃)抵达最大值,然后随升温溶解反应速率减低。地球内部的流体由深处上升到浅处,会从超临界区域进入近临界的气与液的两相不混溶区域。含金属流体里的金属会在气相与液相分离时出现再分配。实验表明:金属Au、Cu、Sn、W、Zn会进入气相,气体可以迁移金属。事实说明:地球内部流体结构和性质从深到浅在不断变化,在跨越临界区时的水的性质异常变化会导致水与矿物(岩石)反应动力学涨落,并且促使金属在临界区出现沉淀和在气液相分离过程中进行再分配及迁移。 相似文献
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长江中下游火山岩盆地中金属矿床和蚀变分带的的地球化学研究表明,它们具有内带深色蚀变带和外带浅色蚀变带,形成于600℃到100℃范围。两类蚀变带分界温度大致是300℃。大金属矿床蚀变分带剖面显示出热液系统存在有明显的温度梯度。通过与背景岩石(玄武岩石)对比研究表明,自下而上的不同蚀变岩石中主要元素含量显著变化,交代作用中的代出和代入元素在空间上是演化的。25~400℃和23MPa下矿物(钠长石、阳起石、透辉石、钙铁辉石)-H2O、岩石(玄武岩)-H2O反应的化学动力学实验表明,金属元素释放速率是温度的函数。在恒压升温过程中,从20℃到400℃,硅酸盐矿物、玄武岩中Si溶解速率不断上升;在300~350℃时,Si、Al溶解速率到最大数值。随后,温度再上升导致溶解速率下降。在300℃时,大部分矿物中Ca、Mg、Fe、Na溶解速率较高,溶液里的Ca/Si、Mg/Si、Fe/Si、Na/Si等都高于矿物中对应元素的计量比。矿物反应后的表面存在富集硅的淋失层,或有富硅铝矿物(粘土矿物)出现。在300℃时,Si溶解快于其他金属元素,溶液中金属元素与硅摩尔浓度比(Ca/Si、Mg/Si、Fe/Si、Na/Si)等都低于矿物中的计量比。矿物反应后的表面缺少硅的淋失层,或者有贫硅矿物和铁氧化物出现。作者还进行23~35MPa、20~550℃玄武岩与水反应实验。上述高温高压下矿物在水溶液中的溶解反应动力学实验和流体-玄武岩相互作用实验,对于理解金属矿床及蚀变分带形成机制提供新的依据。 相似文献
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湘西金矿尾矿—水相互作用：1．环境地球化学效应 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
湘西金矿在生产过程中产生了大量的尾矿。该区尾矿－水相互作用强烈，并引起了尾矿中重金属元素的释放、迁移和对水体－土壤、蔬菜等表生环境的重金属污染。污染程度较大的元素均为Au、Sb、As、Cd、Hg、W等，与尾矿中元素的富集特征相一致。尾矿中重金属元素的水迁移能力由大到小顺序为Au、Cd、W、Sb、Pb、As、Zn、Cu。元素的生物吸收系数由大至小顺序为Cd、Au、Zn、Hg、Sb、Cu、Pb、As、W。植物中金属元素浓度主要受土壤中的浓度、植物种类和吸收的影响。 相似文献
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广西大多数金属矿山尾矿采用地表堆存方式存放,不仅对环境存在危害,而且占用土地,尾矿库也存在安全隐患.对尾矿有价金属元素进行再回收,大宗尾矿做充填建筑材料,既能够解决矿山充填骨料的来源问题,也能实现矿山固体废弃物的资源化和减量化. 相似文献
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Sudhakar M. Rao B. V. Venkatarama Reddy 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(6):1545-1559
The gold mining process at Kolar gold field (KGF) mines has generated about 32 million tons of tailings. Gold was extracted
from the mined ores using cyanidation technique that involved dissolution of gold in the ore by water soluble alkali metal
cyanides (example, sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide). Of the several dumps that received the mine tailings only the Kennedy’s
Line dump was active prior to closure of the KGF mines in the year 2000. The Kennedy’s Line dump received sulfide bearing
tailings in slurry form that comprised of spent ore and process water bearing soluble alkali metal cyanide. Depending on the
pH of the tailing slurry, the free cyanides may exist as aqueous hydrogen cyanide that can escape to the atmosphere as hydrogen
cyanide gas or occur as soluble cyanide (CN−) ions that can be leached by infiltrating water to the sub-surface environment. Additionally, the presence of pyrite minerals
in the Kennedy’s Line dump makes them susceptible to acid drainage. This study examines the potential of gold tailings of
Kennedy’s Line dump to release cyanide ions (CN−) and acid drainage to the sub-surface environment by performing physico-chemical and leaching tests with tailing samples
collected from various depths of the dump, sub-surface soil samples beneath the dump and groundwater samples from vicinity
of Kennedy’s Line dump. The chemical mechanisms responsible for the ambient cyanide and pH levels of the tailing dump, sub-surface
soil samples and groundwater are also inferred from the laboratory results. 相似文献
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Sequential extraction and leaching characteristics of heavy metals in abandoned tungsten mine tailings sediments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pyeong-Koo Lee Min-Ju Kang Ho Young Jo Sang-Hoon Choi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(7):1909-1923
The chemical speciation of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the contaminated soils and sulfides-rich tailings sediments of an abandoned tungsten mine in Korea was evaluated by conducting modified BCR sequential extraction tests. Kinetic and static batch leaching tests were also conducted to evaluate the potential release of As and other heavy metals by acidic rain water and the leaching behaviors of these heavy metals. The major sources of the elements were As-, Zn- and Pb-bearing sulfides, Pb carbonates (i.e., cerussite), and Pb sulfates (i.e., anglesite). The biggest pollutant fraction in these soil and tailing samples consists of metals bound to the oxidizable host phase, which can be released into the environment if conditions become oxidative, and/or to residual fractions. No significant difference in total element concentrations was observed between the tailings sediments and contaminated soils. For both sample types, almost no changes occurred in the mobility of As and the other heavy metals at 7 days, but the mobility increased afterwards until the end of the tests at 30 days, regardless of the initial pH. However, the mobility was approximately 5–10 times higher at initial pH 1.0 than at initial pHs of 3.0 and 5.0. The leached amounts of all the heavy metal contents were higher from tailings sediments than from contaminated soils at pH > 3.0, but were lower at pH < 3.0 except for As. Results of this study suggest that further dissolution of heavy metals from soil and tailing samples may occur during extended rainfall, resulting in a serious threat to surface and groundwater in the mine area. 相似文献
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华南地区含硫化物金属矿山生态环境中的重金属元素地球化学迁移模型——重点对粤北大宝山铁铜多金属矿山的观察 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
粤北大宝山是华南金属成矿带的大型铁铜、铅、锌、钼等多金属综合性矿床,富含硫化物,位于北江支流横石河的上游分水岭,流域封闭性很好。矿山开发引起横石河下游的上坝村成为远近闻名的"癌症"村,部分村民出现"痛痛病"疑似症状。由于其特殊的地理位置和对下游引发的严重污染,该矿山成为研究湿热地区含硫化物金属矿山重金属元素生态-环境地球化学迁移的理想场所。以Zn为例,该矿山重金属元素从矿体中向生物体迁移过程经过尾砂/水反应界面、水/沉积物反应界面、土壤/间隙水溶液界面和土壤/植物界面4个重要的反应界面。其中,尾砂/水反应界面控制重金属从源头尾砂中的释放;水/沉积物反应界面控制重金属在水体中与河流沉积物的沉淀与释放的平衡;土壤/间隙水溶液界面控制土壤生物有效性;土壤/植物界面控制生物对重金属的吸收与利用。4个界面的介质间相互作用较好地刻画大宝山矿山因为开采,重金属元素从内生环境中曝露出来,然后在表生环境中释放、迁移、转化、归宿的迁移模式。上述认识对矿山重金属污染治理具有重要的指导意义。通过改变重金属迁移反应界面的条件,可以阻断矿山元素的迁移,达到污染治理的目的。 相似文献
16.
17.
对尾矿进行深入细致的研究, 认真分析其物理化学组成将为矿山环境的治理以及尾矿的综合利用提供重要的科学依据.探讨了铜绿山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床尾矿砂的矿物组合特征和地球化学特征, 初步研究了稀硫酸溶液萃取尾矿砂中有价金属元素方法的可行性.研究结果表明: 尾矿砂先后经过化学冶选和长期堆存风化, 矿物组成发生显著改变, 以粘土矿物(高岭石和伊利石)为主; 尾矿中的铜矿物以氧化铜为主, 尾矿砂中金属元素的活动性明显增强, 含量从顶部到第6层逐渐增加, 并在尾砂库的第6层强烈富集, 重金属铜具有回收利用的价值. 相似文献
18.
This study evaluates the pollution load on a creek based on the physicochemical and mineralogical properties of old tailings. The Sanggok mine is one of the largest lead–zinc producers in the Hwanggangri mining district, Republic of Korea. The vertical profile of the old tailings in the mine area can be divided into three units based on color change, and mineralogical and textural variations, as well as physical and chemical properties. Unit I (surface accumulation and oxidized heterogeneous tailing soil) has lower pH and higher Eh than unit II (originally unoxidized dumped tailing soil) and unit III (pebble-bearing bottom soil). The conductivity data indicates that unit I and II have very high values compared to unit III and basement. The mine area consists mainly of carbonate rocks; however, mineral constituents of tailing soil and sediments near the mine were mainly composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, amphibole, calcite, dolomite, magnesite, and clay minerals. Units I and II are characterized by high abundances of siderite, locally pyrite, and dolomite. Precipitates in the mining drainage mainly included: smectite, illite, berthierine, quartz, siderite, hexahydrite, and Ca-ferrate. Among the separated metallic minerals, tailing soils and sediments of highly concentrated toxic metals are found: some pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite, various hydroxide, and uncertain secondary minerals. Units I and II are characterized by relatively high concentrations of Ca, Fe, Mn and low contents of Al, Mg, K, Na, Ti, rare earth elements (REEs) that correlated with the proportion of secondary minerals. Potentially toxic elements such as Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn are highly enriched in the upper two units. This metal concentration can be influenced by changes in the depth because of oxic and suboxic zonal distribution. The removal zone (unit I) has probably migrated below the elevation of the maximum enrichment layer due to deepening of the oxic/suboxic boundary. In most of the materials, the enrichment index is higher than 3.62. The highest value of 42.55 is found in the oxidation surface soils of the tailing pile. An average enrichment index of the profiles and precipitates are 27.62 and 22.62, respectively. Rocky basement soils have an average enrichment index of 6.63, which is influenced by overlying the tailing pile. The water quality and habitat of the Sanggok creek are severely polluted. Polluted surface water may also negatively impact the agricultural soil and groundwater. 相似文献
19.
Chemical characteristics and acid drainage assessment of mine tailings from Akara Gold mine in Thailand 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Chulalak Changul Chakkaphan Sutthirat G. Padmanahban Chantra Tongcumpou 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(8):1583-1595
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is a great concern in many abandoned mines because of its adverse effect on the environment. In mining
processes, many kinds of wastes are produced. These wastes may become eventually sources of environmental degradation. The
focus of this study is the geochemical characterization of the end-processed tailings generated by Akara Gold Mine, the biggest
gold mine in Thailand. Tailing samples were systematically collected for analyses of chemical and mineralogical compositions.
As a result, their quantitative chemical analyses are slightly different from place to place, but mineral components cannot
be clearly differentiated. For instance, it may be assumed that the end-processed tailings, which were a mixture between high
and low grade concentrates, would have similar mineral components. However, the little variation of chemical composition may
be caused by the ore refining processes that are somehow varied in proportion to chemical additives, alkali cyanide and quick
lime in particular. In addition, clay composition in ore-bearing layers may also influence alumina content of tailings, accordingly.
Distribution of the tailings is not related to depth and distance of the tailing storage pond because the disposal has sped
them over the pond during operation. Total heavy metals of the tailing samples were analyzed on the basis of the EPA 3052
method. Consequently, the most toxic elements (e.g., Co, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn) were found falling within the standard
of Thailand Soil Quality Standards for Habitat and Agriculture. Only Mn appears to have higher content than the standard.
In addition, leaching tests proved that these tailings contain low metal concentrations. As a result, at pH 2, Mn can leach
out exceeding the Thailand Surface Water Quality Standard for Agricultural (Mn <1 ppm) and the Thailand Industrial Effluent
Standard (<5 ppm). Although leachate at pH 4 and neutral conditions contains lower Mn than the Industrial Effluent Standard
it still exceeds the surface water quality standard. Interestingly, Pb can be leached out exceeding both standards (0.2 ppm
for the industrial effluent standard and 0.05 ppm for the surface water quality standard). For Ni leaching, its concentration
is lower than the Industrial Effluent Standard at all pH conditions but still exceeds the Surface Water Standard at pH 2 and
4. This information should be taken into consideration for further environmental monitoring. Acid generating potential of
the tailings was estimated using acid–base accounting (ABA) and net acid generation (NAG) tests. The results of ABA and NAG
tests show that the tailing samples contain a high amount of sulfur. However, they also contain high acid neutralization capacity.
Consequently, these tailings may not have potential to generate acid drainage; in the other words, they can be classified
as a non-acid forming (NAF) material. However, since these tailings contain some heavy metals (e.g., Ni, Mn and Pb) that are
observed in leachates exceeding the standards at low pH, the AMD conditions may lead to heavy metal release. Therefore, prevention
of oxidizing process and dissolution should be considered with great care. In addition, Mn and Pb can also be leached at neutral
conditions. Barrier of air and water, clay layer for example, should be placed over the tailings pound before covering by
topsoil for re-vegetation. Growing native grass is recommended for stabilization of the surface and reducing erosion rate.
Monitoring of water quality should also be carried out annually. 相似文献
20.
Mine tailings may be remediated using metal tolerant microorganisms as they may solve the limiting conditions for healthy
development of plants (i.e., low organic mater content and poor physical conditions). The aim of this study was to investigate
the consequences of microbial colonization on the chemical speciation of trace metals. Surface samples from the Valenciana
mine tailings (Guanajuato, Mexico) were used for long-term bioassays (BA), which consisted in the promotion of microorganisms,
development on tailings material under stable laboratory conditions (humidity, temperature, and light exposure). A five-step
sequential extraction method (exchangeable, carbonate/specifically adsorbed, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter (OM)/sulfide, and
residual fractions) was performed before and after BA. Extraction solutions and leachates were analyzed by inductively coupled
plasma-mass spectrometry. OM content, cationic exchange capacity, and pH values were also assessed before and after BA. The
results indicate that trace elements are generally present in nonresidual fractions, mainly in the Fe–Mn oxides fraction.
The concentration of total Zn, As, Se, Pb, and exchangeable Cu and Pb is above the recommendable limits for soils. Despite
the high bioavailability of the former elements, biofilms successfully colonized the tailing samples during the BA. Cyanobacteria
and green algae, heterotrophic fungi, aerobic bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria composed the developed biofilms. Chemical controls
of trace elements could be attributed to absorption onto inorganic complexes (carbonates, metal oxides), while biofilm occurrence
seems to enhance complexation and immobilization of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb. The biofilm developed does not increase the
bioavailable forms and the leaching of the trace elements, but significantly improves the OM contents (natural fertilization).
The results suggest that biofilms are useful during the first steps of the mine tailings remediation. 相似文献