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1.
The internal sectors of the Orobic Alps (Northern Italy) are characterised by Alpine age regional shortening showing a transition, through time, from plastic to brittle deformation. Thrust faults cut Alpine ductile folds and are marked by cataclasites and, locally, by pseudotachylytes, suggesting that motion was accommodated by seismic frictional slip. In the Eastern Orobic Alps the thrusting initiated at depths deeper than 10 km (the emplacement depth of the Adamello pluton) and possibly continued at shallower depths. This demonstrates that thrust motion occurred between 10 km depth and the brittle-ductile transition, i.e., at mid-crustal depths. The Orobic Alps exhumed paleoseismic zone shows different geometries along strike. In the central sectors of the Orobic Alps, thrust faults, associated with pseudotachylytes, have average dips around 40° and show no pervasive veining. Much steeper thrusts (dips up to about 85°) occur in the eastern Orobic Alps. In this area, faults are not associated with pervasive veining, i.e., fluid circulation was relatively scarce. This suggests that faulting did not occur with supralithostatic fluid pressure conditions. These reverse faults are severely misoriented (far too steep) for fault reactivation in a sublithostatic fluid pressure regime. We suggest that thrust motion likely started when the faults were less steep and that the faults were progressively rotated up to the present day dips. Domino tilting is probably responsible for this subsequent fault steepening, as suggested by a decrease of the steepness of thrust faults from north to south and by systematic rotations of previous structures consistently with tilting of thrust blocks. When the faults became inclined beyond the fault lock-up angle, no further thrusting was accommodated along them. At later stages regional shortening was accommodated by newly formed lower angle shear planes (dipping around 30–40°), consistently with predictions from fault mechanics. 相似文献
2.
反转构造在我国含油气盆地中广泛发育,对于油气勘探具有重要意义.本文采用离散元颗粒流方法研究了先存正断层的陡缓程度、倾向组合关系和距离挤压端的远近等因素对断层的反转构造发育及其反转量的影响.模拟结果显示,先存断层的产状及其距离挤压端的远近会影响先存断层的反转次序、反转量,进而影响盖层内反转构造的发育.当先存正断层倾向指向... 相似文献
3.
The Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) of southern Bavaria and northern Tyrol constitute a carbonate-dominated polyphase fold-thrust wedge; together with its Grauwacken Zone Basement, it is the northernmost part of the far-travelled Upper Austroalpine thrust complex of the Eastern Alps. The present geometry developed in several kinematic stages. Jurassic extensional faults that affected large parts of the NCA and their basement originated when the main part of the NCA was still located southeast of the Central Alpine Ötztal-Silvretta complex. These faults and related facies transitions influenced the later style of detachment of the NCA thrust sheets. Mid to Late Cretaceous detachment, thrust-sheet stacking and motion over the Central Alpine complex are registered in clastic deposits of syntectonic basins. The latest Cretaceous to Cenozoic NNE- to N-directed motion of the NCA towards Europe in front of the Central Alpine complex created another set of significant contraction structures, which at depth overprinted all previous structures. During Cretaceous to Cenozoic deformation, the NCA experienced about 80 km of shortening, i.e., about 73% along the TRANSALP Profile. The European basement and autochthonous Mesozoic cover beneath the allochthonous NCA thrust sheets and flysch complexes seem to have remained relatively undeformed. 相似文献
4.
Balancing lateral orogenic float of the Eastern Alps 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Hans-Gert Linzer Kurt Decker Herwig Peresson Rudi Dell'Mour Wolfgang Frisch 《Tectonophysics》2002,354(3-4)
Oligocene to Miocene post-collisional shortening between the Adriatic and European plates was compensated by frontal thrusting onto the Molasse foreland basin and by contemporaneous lateral wedging of the Austroalpine upper plate. Balancing of the upper plate shortening by horizontal retrodeformation of lateral escaping and extruding wedges of the Austroalpine lid enables an evaluation of the total post-collisional deformation of the hangingwall plate. Quantification of the north–south shortening and east–west extension of the upper plate is derived from displacement data of major faults that dissect the Austroalpine wedges. Indentation of the South Alpine unit corresponds to 64 km north–south shortening and a minimum of 120 km of east–west extension. Lateral wedging affected the Eastern Alps east of the Giudicarie fault. West of the Giudicarie fault, north–south shortening was compensated by 50 to 80 km of backthrusting in the Lombardian thrust system of the Southern Alps. The main structures that bound the escaping wedges to the north are the Inntal fault system (ca. 50 km sinistral offset), the Königsee–Lammertal–Traunsee (KLT) fault (10 km) and the Salzach–Ennstal–Mariazell–Puchberg (SEMP) fault system (60 km). These faults, as well as a number of minor faults with displacements less than 10 km, root in the basal detachment of the Alps. The thin-skinned nature of lateral escape-related structures north of the SEMP line is documented by industry reflection seismic lines crossing the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) and the frontal thrust of the Eastern Alps. Complex triangle zones with passive roof backthrusts of Middle Miocene Molasse sediments formed in front of the laterally escaping wedges of the northern Eastern Alps. The aim of this paper is a semiquantitative reconstruction of the upper plate of the Eastern Alps. Most of the data is published elsewhere. 相似文献
5.
《Geodinamica Acta》1999,12(2):113-132
The Aguilón Subbasin (NE Spain) was originated daring the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rifting due to the action of large normal faults, probably inherited from Late Variscan fracturing. WNW-ESE normal faults limit two major troughs filled by continental deposits (Valanginian to Early Barremian). NE-SW faults control the location of subsidiary depocenters within these troughs. These basins were weakly inverted during the Tertiary with folds and thrusts striking E-W to WNW-ESE involving the Mesozoic-Tertiary cover with a maximum estimated shortening of about 12 %. Tertiary compression did not produce the total inversion of the Mesozoic basin but extensional structures are responsible for the location of major Tertiary folds. Shortening of the cover during the Tertiary involved both reactivation of some normal faults and development of folds and thrusts nucleated on basement extensional steps. The inversion style depends mainly on the occurrence and geometry of normal faults limiting the basin. Steep normal faults were not reactivated but acted as buttresses to the cover translation. Around these faults, affecting both basement and cover, folds and thrusts were nucleated due to the stress rise in front of major faults. Within the cover, the buttressing against normal faults consists of folding and faulting implying little shortening without development of ceavage or other evidence of internal deformation. 相似文献
6.
The NW-dipping Fiery Creek Fault System, located in the northern Mount Isa terrane, comprises numerous sub-parallel faults that record multiple episodes of Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic movement. Hanging wall wedge-shaped stratal geometries and marked stratal thickness variation across the fault system indicate that the earliest movement occurred during episodic intracontinental extension (Mount Isa Rift Event; ca. 1710–1655 Ma). Reactivation of the fault system during regional shortening and basin inversion associated with the Mesoproterozoic Isan Orogeny (ca. 1590–1500 Ma) resulted in complex three-dimensional hanging wall geometries and highly variable strain in the hanging wall strata along the fault system. This has resulted in the development of discrete hanging wall deformation compartments, that are characterised by different structural styles. High strain compartments are characterised by relatively intense folding and the development of break-back thrusts, whereas low strain compartments are only weakly folded. Variations in hanging wall strain are attributed to selective reactivation of normal fault segments, controlled by the pre-inversion fault dip and lithological contrasts across the faults. Variation of the pre-inversion fault dip is interpreted to have been caused by episodic tilt-block rotation during crustal extension. Moderately dipping faults active early in the Mount Isa Rift Event show the greatest degree of reactivation, whereas younger and steeper normal faults have behaved as buttresses during inversion with strain focussed in zones of upright folding in the hanging wall. 相似文献
7.
库车前陆褶皱-冲断带基底断裂对盐构造形成的影响 总被引：15，自引：7，他引：8
地震剖面解释和构造物理模拟实验表明,库车前陆褶皱—冲断带前古近系基底构造对上覆盐构造的形成演化有重要的控制作用。位于冲断带前缘的秋里塔格构造带西段前古近系基底表现为古隆起形态,并发育有丰富的基底断裂和盐构造。基底断裂大多表现为逆断裂,其走向与地表山系基本一致,倾向主要为NNW和SSE,具有较明显的分段特征。古近系库姆格列木组膏盐层塑性流动变形形成的盐构造主要有盐枕、盐推覆、盐焊接和鱼尾构造等。前古近系基底断裂通过影响古近系库姆格列木组膏盐层的塑性流动方式和平面展布特征,进而控制盐层及上覆层的构造变形过程,最终导致在盐层和上覆层形成了大量形态各异的盐相关构造。 相似文献
8.
J. -L. Mansy G. M. Manby O. Averbuch M. Everaerts F. Bergerat B. Van Vliet-Lanoe J. Lamarche S. Vandycke 《Tectonophysics》2003,373(1-4):161
The geometry and dynamics of the Mesozoic basins of the Weald–Boulonnais area have been controlled by the distribution of preexisting Variscan structures. The emergent Variscan frontal thrust faults are predominantly E–W oriented in southern England while in northern France they have a largely NW–SE orientation.Extension related to Tethyan and Atlantic opening has reactivated these faults and generated new faults that, together, have conditioned the resultant Mesozoic basin geometries. Jurassic to Cretaceous N–S extension gave the Weald–Boulonnais basin an asymmetric geometry with the greatest subsidence located along its NW margin. Late Cretaceous–Palaeogene N–S oriented Alpine (s.l.) compression inverted the basin and produced an E–W symmetrical anticline associated with many subsidiary anticlines or monoclines and reverse faults. In the Boulonnais extensional and contractional faults that controlled sedimentation and inversion of the Mesozoic basin are examined in the light of new field and reprocessed gravity data to establish possible controls exerted by preexisting Variscan structures. 相似文献
9.
In the northern Flinders Ranges, Neoproterozoic and Cambrian sedimentary rocks were deformed and variably metamorphosed during the ca 500 Ma Cambro‐Ordovician Delamerian Orogeny. Balanced and restored structural sections across the northern Flinders Ranges show shortening of about 10–20%. Despite the presence of suitable evaporitic detachment horizons at the basement‐cover interface, the structural style is best interpreted to be thick‐skinned involving basement with only a minor proportion of the overall shortening accommodated along stratigraphically controlled detachments. Much of the contractional deformation was localised by the inversion of former extensional faults such as the Norwest and Paralana Faults, which both controlled the deposition of Neoproterozoic cover successions. As such, both faults represent major, long‐lived structures which effectively define the present boundaries of the northern Flinders Ranges with the Gawler Craton to the west and the Curnamona Craton to the east. The most intense deformation, which resulted in exhumation of the basement along the Paralana Fault to form the Mt Painter and Babbage Inliers, coincides with extremely high heat flows related to extraordinarily high heat‐production rates in the basement rocks. High heat flow in the northern Flinders Ranges suggests that the structural style not only reflects the pre‐Delamerian basin architecture but is also a consequence of the reactivation of thermally perturbed, weakened basement. 相似文献
10.
A series of regional deformation phases is described for the metamorphic basement and the Permian cover in an area in the central Orobic Alps, northern Italy. In the basement deformation under low-grade amphibolite metamorphic conditions is followed by a second phase during retrograde greenschist conditions. These two phases predate the deposition of the Permian cover and are of probable Variscan age. An extensional basin formed on the eroded basement during the Late Carboniferous, filled with fan conglomerates and sandstones, and rhyolitic volcanic rocks. Well-preserved brittle extensional faults bound these basins. Further extension deformed basement and cover before the onset of Alpine compressional tectonics. Cover and basement were deformed together during two phases of compressional deformation of post-Triassic age, the first giving rise to tectonic inversion of the older extensional faults, the second to new thrust faults, both associated with south-directed nappe emplacement and regional folding. Foliations develop in the cover only during the first phase of deformation as part of the activity on “shortening faults”. Main activity on the Orobic thrust actually postdates the first phase of thrusting and foliation development in the cover. 相似文献
11.
奥连特盆地是一个位于南美安第斯山前的弧后前陆盆地,盆地东部斜坡带发育大量低幅度构造,并与油气有密切关系。为明确奥连特盆地东部斜坡带低幅度构造的形成过程及其主控因素,深入分析了低幅度构造的发育特征,针对性地开展了构造物理模拟实验研究。结果表明,奥连特盆地东部斜坡带低幅度构造主要与逆断层、反转断层和走滑断层相伴生,一般位于断层上盘,控制其发育的动力学机制主要是断层的正反转作用和走滑作用,而且先存正断层向深部变缓,有利于断层后期的反转以及低幅度构造的发育。 相似文献
12.
《Journal of Structural Geology》1988,10(4):405-411
Geometrical analysis of planar domino-style normal faults rooted into a dipping basal detachment fault allows derivation of equations which relate: (1) horizontal extension within the upper plate; (2) dip of the detachment; (3) final fault dips; (4) rotation that faults and beds undergo; and (5) net slip on domino-style faults. Past geometrical models have focused on extremely idealized and non-unique geometries, in which domino-style faults are parallel and similar cut-off points are all at the same elevation after faulting. This corresponds to evenly spaced domino-style faults above a horizontal detachment. Considering non-parallel faults and dipping detachments introduces unique geometries, which allows calculation, for example, of permissible depth ranges to the detachment. Horizontal extension varies significantly: (1) with dip of the detachment; and (2) for synthetic and antithetic cases, in which the domino-style faults dip in the same or opposite direction, respectively, as the detachment. When other factors (e.g. rotation and fault dips) are held constant, horizontal extension greatly increases for moderate detachment dips and moderately decreases for antithetic detachment dips, as compared to the horizontal detachment case. This is important because the synthetic case has been widely reported. 相似文献
13.
The periodicity, dynamics, and kinematics of the insufficiently studied Cenozoic (Alpine) movements in the Donets Fold Edifice
and its framework are considered. The synthesis of the available data on the Donets Basin (Donbass) and the adjacent territories
of the Russian and Scythian plates shows that the Early Alpine, or Laramian epoch of deformation in the Paleocene and the
Late Alpine, or recent epoch of deformation in the early Miocene-Quaternary were divided by a tectonic pause in the Eocene
and Oligocene. Judging from macrostructural pattern and results of mesotectonic observations, both epochs were characterized
by meridional compression and latitudinal extension but substantially differed in the scope of deformation and the style of
structure. The former developed to the west of the Donbass and resulted in compression of diapirs in the Dnieper-Donets Aulacogen,
whereas the latter created the recent Donets-Azov Swell and brought about right-lateral strike-slip faulting along the North
Donets and Persianovsky faults bounding the Donbass. The recent movements and related deformation in the eastern area, including
the substantial role of right-lateral strike-slip faulting, more intense deformation in comparison with Laramian movements,
and the mobilization of the basement not only in the Dnieper-Donets Aulacogen but also far beyond its limits allow us to connect
these phenomena with coeval orogeny in the Greater Caucasus. The nature of the moderate Laramian movements confined to the
axial zone of the aulacogen is more questionable; however, it can be explained in terms of within-plate reactivation of western
and part of eastern Europe as a response to plate collision in the Alps, Dinarides, and Pontides in combination with coeval
onset of spreading in the North Atlantic and Arctic, which created counter-pressure from the north. The eventual result of
both processes was inversion and compression of some European aulacogens, including the Dnieper-Donets Aulacogen. 相似文献
14.
R. Hetzel R. L. Romer O. Candan C. W. Passchier 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1998,87(3):394-406
The Menderes massif consists of a Precambrian Core Series that preserves evidence for a polymetamorphic history and a Paleozoic/Mesozoic Cover Series that experienced only the Alpine tectonometamorphic evolution. Structural, petrographic, and geochronologic investigations in the central Menderes massif demonstrate that (a) part of the metamorphic and structural evolution of the Precambrian basement is older than the undeformed 551±1.4-Ma-old Birgi metagranite, and (b) inferred Alpine fabrics overprinting the Cover Series largely have the same attitudes as the old structures in the much older Core Series. The inferred Alpine fabrics include both contractional and extensional structures. Contraction under greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions resulted in the imbrication of the Core and Cover Series and generated an inverted metamorphic sequence by north-directed thrusting. During Alpine extension, most of the south-dipping thrust faults were reactivated as extensional shear zones under decreasing greenschist facies conditions. 相似文献
15.
Ewald Lüschen Daniela Borrini Helmut Gebrande Bernd Lammerer Karl Millahn Franz Neubauer Rinaldo Nicolich TRANSALP Working Group 《Tectonophysics》2006,414(1-4):9
The TRANSALP consortium, comprising institutions from Italy, Austria and Germany, carried out deep seismic reflection measurements in the Eastern Alps between Munich and Venice in 1998, 1999 and 2001. In order to complement each other in resolution and depth range, the Vibroseis technique was combined with simultaneous explosive source measurements. Additionally, passive cross-line recording provided three-dimensional control and alternative north–south sections. Profits were obtained by the combination of the three methods in sectors or depths where one method alone was less successful.The TRANSALP sections clearly image a thin-skinned wedge of tectonic nappes at the northern Alpine front zone, unexpected graben or half-graben structures within the European basement, and, thick-skinned back-thrusting in the southern frontal zone beneath the Dolomite Mountains. A bi-vergent structure at crustal scale is directed from the Alpine axis to the external parts. The Tauern Window obviously forms the hanging wall ramp anticline above a southward dipping, deep reaching reflection pattern interpreted as a tectonic ramp along which the Penninic units of the Tauern Window have been up-thrusted.The upper crystalline crust appears generally transparent. The lower crust in the European domain is characterized by a 6–7 km thick laminated structure. On the Adriatic side the lower crust displays a much thicker or twofold reflective pattern. The crustal root at about 55 km depth is shifted around 50 km to the south with respect to the main Alpine crest. 相似文献
16.
Christian Brandes Carolin Schmidt David Colin Tanner Jutta Winsemann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(8):2239-2254
Analysing the paleostress field in sedimentary basins is important for understanding tectonic processes and the planning of drilling campaigns. The Subhercynian Basin of northern Germany is a perfect natural laboratory to study the paleostress field in a developing foreland basin. The simple layer-cake geometry of the basin-fill is dominated by several piercing and non-piercing salt structures. We derived the paleostress field from the orientation of fracture sets, faults, slickensides and stylolites. On a regional scale, the basin-fill is characterized by a horizontal compressional paleostress vector that is mainly NNE-SSW-oriented, which reflects the Late Cretaceous inversion phase in Central Europe. We show that the local paleostress field is distinctly perturbated due to the salt structures. Along the edge of the salt pillows, the maximum horizontal paleostress vector is deflected by up to 90° from the regional trend. In the case of the Elm salt pillow, it forms a radial pattern. Restoration of balanced cross-sections demonstrates at least 9 % of the shortening of the north-western part of the Subhercynian Basin was achieved by folding. The salt structures in the north-western Subhercynian Basin are the result of varying stress conditions. Initial extension in the Triassic caused first salt movements that prevailed during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Most important is the Late Cretaceous contractional phase that shortened the diapirs and led to the formation of the salt pillows between diapirs due to detachment folding. We derive four main controlling factors for such salt-dominated contractional basins: (1) the wedge-shape basin-fill is the product of the dynamic load at the southern margin of the basin, (2) a basal salt layer fed the diapirs and acted as a detachment horizon during the later shortening, (3) detachment folding was the dominating deformation mechanism during contraction, and (4) the pre-existing diapirs controlled the position of the detachment folds. 相似文献
17.
钟凌林 钟康惠 秦覃 严钊 杨雄 何智远 张洪杰 彭杰 Johan De GRAVE Stijn DEWAELE 周慧文 何兴杰 韩文文 龚晓波 杨海锐 董随亮 常宇鹏 李开智 窦杰 李林 何明峰 刘毅龙 《地学前缘》2022,29(1):266-284
雅鲁藏布江洋俯冲及印度-欧亚陆陆碰撞导致了强烈的大陆岩石圈挤压变形与青藏高原的隆升。研究青藏高原内部破碎带构造-沉积演化,对理解相关变形如何向欧亚大陆腹地扩展传递至关重要。班公湖—怒江缝合带内发育一系列白垩纪—新生代陆相沉积盆地,保存了关于该时期高原内部构造-沉积演化的丰富信息。针对该类盆地的构造性质和形成机制有走滑拉分盆地、断陷盆地、前陆盆地3类不同观点。若要检定上述观点,需要开展如下工作:(1)查明盆地基底与充填建造变形特征;(2)结合构造背景探究其演化机制。鉴于此,本文对该带内尼玛盆地开展大比例尺地质填图与构造分析,结合前人成果,对盆地构造背景、构造性质和构造演化进行了探讨。主要取得了如下认识:(1)尼玛盆地基底为班公湖—怒江洋闭合形成的软碰撞缝合带内的变质岩与海相沉积岩。基底断裂为近东西走向,倾向或南或北的逆冲断裂。(2)盆地充填建造为上白垩统—新近系多旋回河湖相沉积。其变形样式主要为轴向近东西延伸的非对称褶皱,局部卷入基底断裂变形。多幕次变形自边缘向盆地中心前展式递进发展。(3)盆地可以划分为盆北掀斜隆起、南部推覆扇状隆起两处主要剥蚀物源区、中部基底断片掀斜隆起一处次要剥蚀物源区,以及北部叠瓦状压陷区与南部对冲压陷区两处主要构造沉积单元,其构造格架可以概括为“三隆夹两坳”。(4)尼玛盆地肇始于班公湖—怒江洋闭合导致的南北向地壳缩短。其后,雅鲁藏布江洋北向俯冲与印度-欧亚碰撞所致南北向挤压,导致盆地基底断裂发生周期性活动,伴有多旋回磨拉石建造与递进变形。简言之,尼玛盆地为软碰撞缝合带之上发育的山间压陷盆地。 相似文献
18.
19.
The ENE-tilted Mesta half-graben contains a 3-km-thick section of Priabonian (Late Eocene) to Oligocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks that rest unconformably on basement metamorphic rocks along its west side. Basal strata dip 50–60° E and dip at progressively lower angles upward, indicating synrotational deposition. The southern part of the half-graben contains nested volcanic caldera complexes, formed during the deposition of the middle part of the sedimentary sequence, which have been rotated by about half the total rotation of the sedimentary succession. The half-graben is bounded on the east by a fault that steepens from more deeply exposed structural levels in the south (8–18° W) to shallower exposed structural levels in the north (70° W) and together with the rotation of Paleogene strata during deposition indicate the Mesta half-graben is underlain by a listric detachment fault, the Mesta detachment. Subhorizontal Middle Miocene strata that unconformably overlie tilted Paleogene strata yield an upper age limit to the extension. West and northwest of the Mesta half-graben are many other NNW-trending NE-tilted Paleogene half-grabens which we suggest are part of an important extended area in SW Bulgaria and eastern Macedonia that lies above one or more west-dipping detachment faults and date the beginning of Aegean extension in the southern Balkan region as at least as old as Priabonian. The Mesta detachment is oblique to the trend of a contemporaneous Paleogene magmatic arc in the southern Balkans and the origin of the detachment is probably related to gravitationally induced spreading of thickened hot arc crust and Hellenic trench roll back. 相似文献
20.
Andrew McCaig 《Tectonophysics》1986,129(1-4)
A comparison is made between the Gavarnie thrust and the Mérens Fault in the Axial zone of the Pyrenees. The former has a gentle dip and quite a large displacement (at least 12 km) but does not cut through either Hercynian or Alpine isograds. The latter has a smaller displacement (~ 5 km) but dips steeply and cuts through both Hercynian and Alpine isograds at a high angle. On this basis and on the basis of shear zone geometries immediately north of it, it is proposed that the Mérens Fault nucleated as a steeply (65°–80°) dipping structure, while the Gavarnie thrust nucleated with a shallow attitude. The Mérens Fault is not a backward-rotated thrust fault, nor is it the root zone for any major nappe structure. Similar steep ductile structures occur within the Gavarnie nappe and may reflect considerable internal strain in basement lithologies.The relationship between steep and shallow structures is not yet clear; the shear zones may pre-date the thrusting in which case they may be thick-skinned structures affecting the whole lithosphere, or they may be contemporary with thrusting reflecting only local thickening above a décollement.Rheological models can be used to test proposed geometrical and kinematic models for the lithosphere-scale evolution of the Pyrenees. Suggested models are dominated by a cool, rigid, high-level mantle wedge beneath the North Pyrenean zone which probably controlled the location of north-dipping thrust faults. Thick-skinned shortening is possible in thick crust in the Axial zone but is very unlikely in the North Pyrenean zone where steeply rooted structures would have to cut through the strongest part of the lithosphere. 相似文献