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马海盐湖经地质勘查提交的KCl品位在8%以下的固体钾矿达486.73×104t,相当于一个中型钾镁盐矿的规模,对于这部分资源目前尚未得到利用。我国从上世纪90年代后期在盐湖矿产的开发中运用溶解采矿的方法,取得了显著的成效。文章主要通过与察尔汗盐湖的对比研究,认为对马海盐湖低品位固体钾矿完全可以进行水溶开采,并就水溶开采的必要性及其可行性进行了论述,对水溶开采的方法进行了初步的探讨。综合分析马海钾矿区的地质条件,包括固体钾矿的分布、厚度、品位以及埋藏深度等,从溶矿的效果和成本对比考虑,提出在矿区低品位固体钾矿厚度较小的东部进行沟渠式溶矿,在低品位固体钾矿厚度较大的西部进行井—渠结合式溶矿,在整个钾矿区根据固体钾矿层埋藏深度选用沟渠溶采和井—渠溶采相结合的溶矿方案,最后指出了溶解开采需要注意的几个方面的问题,这对于马海盐湖低品位固体钾矿进行工业化水溶开采具有重要的参考意义。 相似文献
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最优粒子群算法(PSO)近年在非线性方程模拟计算中广泛应用。应用文献报道的Pitzer方程参数与温度的关联方程计算了323 K时该四元体系中有关盐的Pitzer方程单盐参数、混合离子相互作用参数和盐的溶解平衡常数K,在此基础上应用Matlab工程计算软件和粒子群优化算法(PSO)编写了相应的Pitzer方程计算程序,对323 K时四元体系Na+,K+,K+//Cl+//Cl-,SO_4-,SO_4(2-)-H_2O的溶解度数据进行理论模拟计算,并用计算出的溶解度数据绘制出该四元体系323 K时的相图。计算结果表明,溶解度的模拟计算值与实验值吻合较好,验证了该算法的适用性和实验数据的可靠性,同时也表明含有合理Pitzer模型参数的PSO算法程序可以计算多温条件下的水盐体系相平衡关系。 相似文献
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我国是缺钾大国,探明的可溶性钾盐十分有限,柴达木盆地是我国盐湖钾盐的聚集地,含水层骨架中含有数亿吨低品位固体钾矿,开发出这些低品位固体钾盐对增加国内钾肥供给,保障粮食安全具有重大意义。青海盐湖工业股份有限公司历经十年开发出低品位固体钾盐的浸泡式溶解转化方法,试验表明,固体钾盐的溶解转化率随固体钾品位的增加而增加,累计溶解转化率为56%~98%。该技术在柴达木多个盐湖得到推广应用,察尔汗盐湖保有固体钾盐达2.96×10~8 t,平均品位KCl为1.24%,根据试验数据回归分析溶解转化率77%,可溶解转化出钾盐(KCl)约2.28×10~8 t,柴达木盆地盐湖保有3.43×10~8 t固体钾盐,平均品位KCl为1.25%,溶解转化率78%,可溶解转化出钾盐(KCl)2.68×10~8 t,大幅度增加了钾盐储备量。 相似文献
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青海察尔汗盐湖采卤试验区中固体钾矿储量很大,固体钾矿与液体钾矿在静态条件下存在着一定的平衡关系,但单独开采价值不大.应考虑在开采液体钾矿的同时,我钻孔的不同部位从下至上轮流抽卤,使整个钾矿层中的固体钾矿转化到液相中来,则能充分利用其资源。 相似文献
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用等压法测定了298.15 K下氯化物型含铷卤水的三元子体系KCl-Rb Cl-H2O的等压平衡浓度,混合溶液的离子强度范围从0.5 mol·kg-1到4.9 mol·kg-1。由实验结果计算了混合溶液的渗透系数、水活度,根据Pitzer离子相互作用模型对实验结果进行参数化研究,拟合得到了描述KCl-Rb Cl-H2O混合溶液中离子间相互作用的Pitzer混合参数。用Pitzer模型计算的混合溶液的渗透系数、水活度与实验结果相一致。 相似文献
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F. A. Dahlen 《Geophysical Journal International》1976,46(2):363-406
A general theory is developed which allows the exact numerical computation of the static equilibrium response of a non-rotating spherically symmetric Earth model covered by thin oceans with geometrically irregular coastlines to the action of an imposed static tidal or centrifugal potential. The theory is self-consistent, and takes into account the gravitational self-attraction of the oceans and the elastic-gravitational response of the Earth model to both the applied potential and the equilibrium oceanic tidal load on the surface. The results are used to determine the influence of an equilibrium pole tide on the free period and the associated rotational eigenfunction of the Chandler wobble. If the pole is globally well represented by this equilibrium approximation, its effect is to increase the Chandler wobble period by 27·6 days. It is shown that a fully self-consistent theory of the rotation of an Earth model with oceans predicts that changes in spin and wobble will be coupled, and that the Chandler wobble should, as a result, be accompanied by an associated periodic change in the length of day. The consequences of spin-wobble coupling are explored quantitatively, and found to be slight. 相似文献
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Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag, the solid waste produced in the steelmaking process, is reused in industry, agriculture and environmental treatment. However, as an adsorbent for wastewater, the removal effect of BOF slag on anionic pollutants needs to be improved. In this study, acid and alkali were used to modify BOF slag, and the removal efficiency and mechanism of arsenic(V) with modified BOF slag in solution were studied. The effects of the As(V) initial concentration, solution pH and reaction time on the removal efficiency were determined by batch experiments, and the removal mechanism of As(V) using modified BOF slag was studied by an adsorption kinetic model and isothermal adsorption model and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectral analysis. The results showed that the slag modified by 15% sulfuric acid had the best removal effect on As(V), while the removal effect of As(V) by alkali-modified slag was not ideal. The removal rate of As(V) by acid-modified slag increased with the increase in the initial concentration, decreased slowly with the increase in pH and reached equilibrium in 180 min. The adsorption kinetic model and isothermal adsorption model of As(V) by acid-modified BOF slag showed that the chemical adsorption was the limiting step. The FTIR and XPS analysis results showed that the silicate and ferrite in the acid-modified slag could remove As(V) in the solution by ion exchange to form an arsenate precipitate. Therefore, modified BOF slag can be used as a potential adsorbent for large scale arsenic polluted waterbody to realize the ecological utilization of industrial solid waste. 相似文献
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“一带一路”倡议下欧亚大陆陆海运输的空间均衡分析 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
在“一带一路”背景下,解析欧亚大陆陆海运输成本竞合基础上形成的空间均衡格局,是兼具理论与现实意义的重大经济地理问题。以北京和柏林为欧亚大陆两端终点,基于现有铁路路网,采用可达性分析方法,构建了陆海运输空间均衡分析模型,勾划出了欧亚大陆陆海运输平衡线,理清了“一带一路”背景下欧亚大陆的陆海运输空间竞合格局。研究发现,仅比较运费成本时,海运运输方式具有绝对优势,陆海运输平衡线沿俄罗斯近波罗的海区域—哈萨克斯坦—土库曼斯坦—塔吉克斯坦—中国西北部—蒙古—俄罗斯远东地区,将欧亚大陆划分为占比约1∶2的陆海运输空间竞合格局;考虑时间成本后,陆海运输空间竞合的平衡线向沿海地区明显推移,以德国柏林—黑海北岸—里海南岸—土耳其—青藏高原—中国宝鸡—大兴安岭—俄罗斯丘米坎为界,陆海运输基本形成了占比约1∶1的空间均衡态势。上述基于陆海运输成本角度的欧亚大陆陆海运输平衡线,与地缘政治学中陆权论和边缘地带论的相关结果在空间上高度吻合。基于此,本文进一步给出了欧亚大陆内陆区(陆运优势区)、海洋区(海运优势区)和陆海复合区的空间分区方案。由此,陆海运输空间均衡关系的综合分析可以成为探讨欧亚大陆地缘政治与经济空间格局的新视角,并为“一带一路”倡议的实施提供扎实的地理学科学基础。 相似文献
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国土空间均衡是生态文明建设与国土空间治理的重要目标。本文首先在“两山”理论与强弱可持续理论的指导下,基于生态财富与物质财富的二分法,探究国土空间均衡的内涵要义及状态评估模型;其次,通过生态财富与物质财富的特性差异及互动机制分析来探讨国土空间均衡的实现机制;最后,基于具体国土空间单元均衡状态的演进分析,研究整体国土空间均衡实现的可行路径。结果显示:① 基于两种财富的国土空间均衡的内涵即人均物质财富以及人均生态财富在空间上的双收敛,且各空间均收敛于较理想的水平值。② 整体性的国土空间均衡状态将会出现“一均衡、三失衡”四种情形。促进两种财富的良性互动,增强协同效应,减少权衡关系,是实现国土空间均衡的关键。③ 国土空间单元的均衡状态可划分为低等均衡或全面失衡、发展失衡、生态失衡、协调均衡四种,促进各具体国土空间单元向高阶均衡状态演进是实现整体国土空间均衡的可行路径。依循两种财富的互动机制与国土空间单元均衡状态的演进规律来指导具体国土空间单元的开发与保护,有利于实现整体的国土空间均衡。 相似文献
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LIU Hong-yan ZHU Fa-yan ZHOU Yong-quan WANG Guang-guo FANG Yan ZHANG Wen-qian HAN Li 《盐湖研究》2019,27(2):53-68
The microhydration structure of nickel sulfate aqueous solution has been determined via density functional theory( DFT) calculation and extended X-ray absorption fine structure( EXAFS) spectroscopy. The geometric optimization and energy calculation of nickel sulfate hydrated clusters of the molecular formula [NiSO_4( H_2 O)_n]~0( n = 1-12) were determined via DFT using the B3 LYP method. Several possible initial structures were considered for clusters of each size to locate the equilibrium geometry.Based on the DFT calculation,the favorable structure of Ni~(2+)includes the six-coordinated form of [NiSO_4( H_2 O)_n]~0 clusters. The results of hydration energy calculation suggest that the six-coordinated contact ion pair( CIP) is the stable configuration for small hydration clusters( n≤5),while the solventshared ion pair( SSIP) represents the favorable structure for medium hydration clusters( 6≤n≤10).The solvent is separated by x water molecules( xSIP,x ≥2 is the number of water molecule between Ni~(2+)and SO_4~(2-)) in larger hydration clusters( n≥11). The EXAFS analysis of the NiSO_4 aqueous solutions and NiSO_4·6 H_2 O solid established that Ni~(2+)was surrounded by six water molecules tightly forming an octahedral structure in the first hydration shell,and no CIP was found from 0. 70 mol/L to 2. 22 mol/L( near saturation). The Ni-O distance and coordinated number were 2. 040 ± 0. 020 ? and 6. 0 ± 1. 0,respectively. These results are consistent with the DFT calculations for [NiSO_4( H_2 O)_n]~0 clusters. DFT and EXAFS are powerful techniques that can be used to enhance the resolution of NiSO_4 solution microstructure. 相似文献
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城乡融合与乡村振兴:理论探讨、机理阐释与实现路径 总被引:17,自引:4,他引:13
缩小城乡差距,促进城乡均衡发展,实现城乡居民生活质量等值,是乡村振兴和城乡融合发展的重要目标。通过基础理论的分析,探讨了城乡融合与乡村振兴科学内涵,剖析了城乡融合与乡村振兴的相互关系,构建了城乡空间均衡模型和定义城乡等值线,提出了中国城乡融合与乡村振兴实现途径及需要深入研究的方向。结果表明:① 城乡融合发展是基于空间布局优化和制度供给创新的经济、社会、环境全面融合发展,“乡村振兴五边形”和“人—地—钱—业”是乡村振兴的核心内涵;城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相互支撑,城乡融合和乡村振兴的过程是城乡空间动态均衡的过程。② 城乡发展的空间均衡模型可以较好地阐释促进城乡融合发展、实施乡村振兴的关键问题,通过城乡要素的重新优化配置和人口的流动,城乡人均综合发展效益逐渐趋于相等;城乡等值线可以进一步解释城乡发展空间均衡的动态过程与传导机理。③ 从政策制度构建、“点轴”渐进扩散、分区分类推进、典型发展模式提炼等方面探讨乡村振兴的科学路径,可以为中国乡村振兴战略实施提供理论参考。 相似文献
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对鲤鱼鳃部微环境进行了定量测量,建立了鲤鱼鳃部微环境的定量模型,对鱼鳃微环境进行了定量描述,通过暴露实验验证了EDTA络合态铜与高岭土颗粒吸附态铜对鱼鳃的生物有效性,并从形态变化的角度分析其存在有效性的原因,即络合态与颗粒吸附态金属随水流经过鱼鳃时,将会部分地发生离解,转变成为可以直接被鱼鳃吸收的形态。 相似文献