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该文提出了利用TOVS的MSU-1（微波辐射仪的第一通道、中心频率50.31 GHz）、HIRS/2-8（高分辨率红外辐射仪的第八通道、中心波长11.10 μm）、HIRS/2-19（中心波长3.70μm）及HIRS/2-20（中心波长0.70 μm）光谱特性的差异进行云的检测,以及在晴空条件下测雪的方法。该方法测出的1993年1月我国东部地区和1991年1月西藏高原东部地区降雪过程的积雪图,与实况相符。 相似文献
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利用2003-2016年的CERES SSF（Clouds and the Earth"s Radiant Energy System Single Scanner Foorprint） 数据，对东亚不同区域的单层卷云物理特性进行研究。结果表明：（1）单层卷云量在东亚地区为25％-46％，低值区分布在青藏高原和云贵高原；单层卷云云厚多为1.2-2.4 km，除南部地区外，东亚其他区域的单层卷云在冬季较厚。（2）东亚地区单层卷云冰粒子等效半径范围集中在22-32 μm，东部海域年平均值在14年中均为最大。冰水柱含量范围集中在12-30 g/m2，西部地区为主要高值区，14年的年平均值均大于24 g/m2。（3）单层卷云光学厚度的高值区（1.7-2.1）分布在青藏高原及其附近，低值多出现在西太平洋上空。东亚五个子区域的云光学厚度均在春季较大。 相似文献
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综合利用中国环境监测网公布的合肥市2013-2015年大气污染物浓度数据和合肥市气象站的常规气象资料,以及激光雷达探测资料、公益性行业（气象）专项（GYHY201206011）获得的气溶胶离子成分分析结果,分析了合肥市PM2.5重污染（日均浓度>150 μg/m3）特征。结果表明:（1）2013-2015年,合肥市PM2.5浓度和重污染天数空间分布差异明显,东北部多、西南部少,1月各站差异最大。除了低浓度日（日均浓度≤35 μg/m3）,PM2.5浓度都存在明显的日变化,午后低、早晚高,且随着污染程度加重,早上峰值出现时间推后。（2）重污染日臭氧以外的气态污染物浓度都显著上升。（3）重污染日常伴随着霾和轻雾天气,以稳定、小风天气为主,重污染日白天相对湿度偏高、风速偏小,600 m以下的消光系数显著增大且峰值高度降低。（4）重污染日PM2.5中水溶性无机离子含量增高,其中NO3-含量的占比增加最多,超过了SO42-的占比。 相似文献
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预估气候变化背景下中国未来近期、中期及远期温度热相关人群超额死亡风险,为未来热相关人群健康风险防范提供科学依据。基于中国网格化日均气温数据集与3种排放情景下未来日均气温数据、历史人口数据与3种生育率情景下未来人口数据以及死因数据资料计算的热效应暴露-反应关系,计算每日热相关死亡人数。结果表明:（1）未来中国平均气温将持续升高,且北方地区升温幅度较大。（2）1986—2005年中国热相关非意外总死亡人数约为7.1（95%置信区间:5.7—8.5）万。（3）RCP2.6、RCP4.5情景下未来中国热相关非意外总死亡人数均呈现先升后降的变化趋势。21世纪末,不同情景下的热相关非意外总死亡人数均高于基准年代。（4）未来不同情景下中国热相关非意外总死亡人数在黄淮海地区以及成渝地区均呈上升趋势,在RCP2.6、RCP4.5情景下北方地区热相关非意外总死亡人数呈下降趋势,东南沿海地区在21世纪30年代后开始呈下降趋势。总体而言在全球变暖的背景下未来中国热相关死亡风险将上升,而在RCP2.6情景下可以有效抑制其上升趋势。 相似文献
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基于最新的第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）14个耦合模式的数值模拟结果，预估研究了中等强迫情景（SSP2-4.5）和高强迫情景（SSP5-8.5）两种共享社会经济路径下21世纪中后期中亚极端降水事件的时空分布特征及其与区域气候增暖之间的关系。结果显示，大多数CMIP6模式基本能够模拟出历史观测降水气候态（1979～2018年）的空间分布特征，但在中亚西南及东南部偏干，北部及中南部偏湿。与历史基准期（1981～2010年）相比，21世纪末期（2071～2100年）中亚强降水强度在SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下分别增加0.54 mm/10 a和2.4 mm/10 a，而强降水发生频率则分别增加了5%～27%和6%～210%，尤其是中南部高海拔山区增加的幅度更大。预估结果的信噪比显示，天山以北的中亚东北部区域的极端降水强度及其发生频率的预估结果具有更高的可信度。气候变暖对未来中亚极端降水事件的发生频次具有明显的调控作用，在SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下，当气温每升高1 K时，极端强降水事件的发生频次在分别增加约7 d和9 d，而最大连续无降水日数则分别增加约3 d... 相似文献
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影响北京大气污染物变化的地面天气形势分析 总被引：49，自引：1，他引：49
首先对影响北京地区大气污染扩散的地面天气形势进行了分类，然后结合1998－2000年北京南郊观象台的地面、高空资料，重点分析了在各类地面天气形势控制下北京地区局地低空、地面的气象条件特征。发现当低压类地面天气形势控制时，容易引起污染物在北京地区的汇聚和累积。比较各类地面天气形势对二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、一氧化碳（CO）浓度的影响，说明同一种天气形势对不同污染的影响程度不同，进一步证实了在低压类地面天气形势控制时，容易出现重污染。 相似文献
8.
蒸散发是水文循环和能量传输的中间环节,同时也是联结土壤、植被、大气过程的纽带。基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）12个全球气候模式数据,研究了SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5三种情景下,长江流域2020-2099年实际蒸散发ET（Evapotranspiration,简称ET）的时空变化及其影响因素。研究结果表明,在3种气候变化情景下长江流域ET相较基准期（1995-2014年）均存在显著增加趋势,且长江中下游地区增加趋势最为显著;SSP1-2.6情景ET较基准期先快速增加,21世纪60年代之后减缓并趋于平稳,SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下均呈持续增加趋势。研究了降水（Precipitation,简称Pr）、气温（Air Temperature,简称T）和叶面积指数LAI（Leaf Area Index,简称LAI）对长江流域ET的影响;SSP1-2.6和SSP2-4.5情景下,长江流域ET受T影响最为显著,而SSP5-8.5情景下,LAI是影响ET的主导因素。在3种气候情景下,辐射强迫越大,植被增加趋势越显著,对ET的影响越强（SSP5-8.5、SSP2-4.5、SSP1-2.6情景下影响逐渐减弱）,而ET对LAI的敏感性则逐渐降低（SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5情景下敏感性逐渐降低）。 相似文献
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利用2016-2019年贵州省人工影响天气作业站点上报信息、市（州）的灾情快报,以及毕节、贵阳、兴义3部新一代多普勒天气雷达资料等,分析贵州中西部7个具有多阶跃增特征的雹云单体的雷达参数演变特征,研究发现：（1）二阶跃增冰雹云演变呈发展-跃增-降雹-减弱-再发展-跃增-降雹的趋势;（2）降雹时刻,雹云的最大反射率因子（MaxREF）、45dBz回波高度（H45dBz）、回波顶高（H0dBz）、垂直累积液态水含量（VIL）平均值分别为63.4 dBz、7.55km、12.01km、39.08 kg/m2;大冰雹对应的MaxREF和VIL较小冰雹更大,大冰雹、小冰雹的H45dBz差别不大,大冰雹对应的H0dBz反而小于小冰雹;（3）冰雹发生前,MaxREF、H45dBz、H0dBz和VIL两个体扫间平均最大跃变分别为：5.89 dBz、2.19km、2.82km、17.5 kg/m2,跃变现象的出现比冰雹发生时刻平均提前21.4、22.2、28、28.8min,可以作为冰雹发生前的重要判断依据。 相似文献
10.
利用CMIP6中的CESM2-WACCM模式逐日资料，预估未来2020—2099年SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5三种不同排放情景下北半球对流层顶附近反气旋型Rossby波破碎（Anticyclonic Rossby Wave Breaking， AWB）的空间分布、发生频率、水平尺度、对称结构及其长期趋势。总体而言，未来四个季节AWB都在北太平洋和北大西洋有高频区。夏季北太平洋高频区发生频数显著多于北大西洋高频区，其他三季相反。两高频区在三种不同情景下，AWB物质经向输送通常以对称输送为主，但北太平洋区内冬、春、秋三季在SSP2-4.5情景下AWB物质向极净输送，北大西洋区内夏季在SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下AWB物质向赤道净输送。未来的长期趋势显示，两高频区内各季节的AWB发生频数、水平尺度和物质向极输送主要呈减小（减少）趋势，且温室气体排放量越大，减小趋势越显著。在SSP5-8.5情景下，北太平洋夏季AWB总面积变化趋势为-365.5个1°×1°标准经纬度网格/10 a，该变化由区域内AWB平均尺度减小（-2.7个标准化网格/10 a）和发生频率减少（-1.9个/10 a）共同导致；该区域的向极输送率变化率为-0.016 5/10 a。北大西洋秋季AWB发生频数变化率为-2.3个/10 a，导致其总面积则以-440.4个标准化网格/10 a的速度减小。 相似文献
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研究了pH和盐对活性炭纤维吸附对硝基苯酚的影响,测定了其吸附等温线,分析了吸附热力学和动力学.结果表明,pH对吸附影响较大,pH为4.3时,吸附量最大.氯化钠的存在对吸附有利.Freundlich方程比Langmuir方程更好地描述活性炭纤维吸附对硝基苯酚的行为,表明此吸附可能存在多分子层吸附,此吸咐是优惠吸附,低温有利于吸附;此吸咐是放热的物理吸附,也是一自发的过程.假二级反应动力学模型很好地拟合吸附动力学实验数据. 相似文献
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B. Krcher 《Atmospheric Research》1998,46(3-4)
The chemical conversion of emitted SO2 and SO3 to gaseous H2SO4 in nascent aircraft exhaust plumes and subsequent adsorption of the fully oxidized sulfur species on the surfaces of emitted combustion aerosols (soot) is investigated. Results are presented for the mass fractions of SO3 and H2SO4 acquired per soot particle early in the plume, suggesting that sulfur-induced activation is an efficient pathway to increase the ability of exhaust soot emitted at altitude to host heterogeneous chemical reactions and to trigger the formation of cirrus clouds. 相似文献
13.
Characterisation of Soot Emitted by Domestic Heating,Aircraft and Cars Using Diesel or Biodiesel 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The characterisation of aggregates, like soot, firstly requires the determination of the size distribution of the primary
particles. The primary particle size of combustion generated aggregates depends upon the combustion environment and the formation
conditions, such as temperature, pressure and fuel-to-air ratio, among others. Since the combustion characteristics are different
in the different types of burners, the characterisation of primary particles may offer the possibility to distinguish soot
from different sources. In this paper, we present the signature of the primary particles and the aggregates of soot emitted
by cars using diesel or biodiesel, by domestic heating, and by aircraft exhausts, which can be considered as the major sources
as derived from measurements on transmission electron micrographs. The size distributions of all aggregates types with different
aerodynamic diameter were log-normal and quasi-monodisperse. The size distribution of the primary particles for soot emitted
by different sources showed minor differences. However, a comparison between the diameter of the primary particles and those
obtained using a standard method for carbon black revealed discrepancies. The median diameter of the primary particles was
combined with the median number of primary particles in an aggregate to calculate the relative particle surface area available
for adsorption. In a similar way, the relative specific surface area was determined. The surface area was measured using the
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (B.E.T.) nitrogen adsorption method and the relative surface area available for adsorption was calculated. 相似文献
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黑碳气溶胶是环境大气中浓度较低的一种气溶胶粒子组分,因其对光的吸收作用,及其对空气质量和人体健康的影响,而成为当前国际气候变化和环境研究中关注的热点问题之一。本文围绕黑碳的减排问题,介绍黑碳的来源、全球分布,讨论全球温室气体减排和区域空气质量控制对黑碳减排的影响,综述控制和改善燃烧条件、减少开放式生物质燃烧和黑碳封存等减排黑碳的措施。文章还分析了黑碳未能成为全球减排共识的原因,并对中国有关黑碳减排的政策选择提出了建议。 相似文献
17.
The effect of temperature (296–238 K) on the reaction of combustion soot (n-hexane) with ozone at low concentration (6–8 ppm) has been measured. Long optical path FTIR spectroscopy has revealed the rate law for ozone loss beyond initial stages, second order in O3, to be the same over this range of conditions. The reaction rate is 3.5 times lower at 238 K than at 296 K, and reveals an activation energy of 12.9 ± 0.5 kJ mol–1. The effect of humidity on the reaction has been estimated using its recently determined rate law dependence (p0.2). These data, differing from O3 reaction kinetics obtained from other types of carbonaceous particles used as surrogates for atmospheric soot, have implications for the role of combustion soot in atmospheric chemistry. Any involvement of aircraft soot in ozone depletion near the tropopause, for example, should be estimated using these temperature and humidity dependences. 相似文献
18.
Emissions of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by savanna fires 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Pierre Masclet Hélène Cachier Catherine Liousse Henri Wortham 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,22(1-2):41-54
Although Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are known as anthropogenic compounds arising from the combustion or the pyrolysis of fossil fuels, they may be also emitted by the combustion of vegetation. A field study was carried out in January 1991 at Lamto (Ivory Coast) as part of the FOS DECAFE experiment (Fire Of Savanna). Some ground samplings were devoted to the qualitative and quantitative characterization of atmospheric emissions by savanna fires during prescribed burns and under background conditions. Specific collections for gaseous and particulate PAHs have shown that the African practice of burning the savanna biomass during the winter months is an important source of PAHs. These compounds are emitted mainly in gaseous form but a significant fraction, essentially heavy PAHs, is associated with fine carbonaceous particles and can therefore represent a hazard for human health, since some of these compounds are mutagenic and carcinogenic. Twelve compounds were identified during the fire episodes and in the atmospheric background. The total concentration in the fires is of the order of 10 ng m–3 for the gas phase and from 0.1 to 1 ng m–3 in the aerosols. In the atmospheric background the mean concentrations are regular, 0.15 ng m–3 and 2 pg m–3, respectively. These concentrations are comparable with what is observed in European rural zones. The particulate emissions of PAHs by the savanna fires are distinguished by the abundance of some compounds which can be considered as tracers, although they are also slightly emitted by fossil fuel sources. These compounds are essentially pyrene, chrysene and coronene. In the gas phase, although no individual PAH may be considered as specific of the biomass combustion emissions, the relative abundances of the main PAHs are characteristic of the biomass burning. The concentrations of pyrene and fluorene are always predominant; these compounds could be considered as characteristic emission products of smoldering and flaming episodes, respectively. In the background the PAH composition shows that in a tropical region the air consists of a mixture coming from the various sources, but the biomass combustion is by far the most important source.The fluxes of total PAH emitted by savanna biomass burning in Africa were estimated to be of the order of 17 and 600 ton yr–1, respectively, for the particulate PAHs and the gaseous PAHs, respectively. 相似文献
19.
Roadside, Urban, and Rural comparison of size distribution characteristics of PAHs and carbonaceous components of Beijing, China 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Jingchun Duan Jihua Tan Shulan Wang Fahe Chai Kebin He Jimin Hao 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2012,69(4):337-349
Size-segregated aerosol samples were collected with a low-pressure impactor (LPI) at urban, roadside and rural sites in winter in Beijing. The size distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were measured and this study focused on their size distributions and relationships of PAH to OC/EC. All PAHs show uni-modal at the accumulation mode (0.1–1.8 μm) and almost all PAHs are associated with fine particles. The absence of PAHs in the nucleus mode contributes to the coagulation under the condition of high concentration of the accumulation mode particles. The absence of PAHs in the coarse mode was probably attributed to the low temperature that restrained the redistribution of PAHs from the accumulation mode to the coarse mode. Flu(fluoranthene) and Pyr(pyrene, 4-ring) were the most abundant particulate PAHs ; however, IcdP(indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) and BghiP(benzo[ghi]perylene, 6-ring) were rather low. Diagnostic ratios show vehicle and coal burning were the major sources of PAHs in winter. Ratios at rural site are obviously different from those found at roadside and urban sites. Lower value of OC/EC in the rural area than that in the urban area was probably resulted from coal burning prevailed in the rural area. OC1 and OC2 exhibit uni-mode distribution similar to their particle surface area distribution indicating their existence on particles by adsorption. OC3 and OC4 show bi-mode distribution. Grinding of biomass debris can be a probable source of OC3 and OC4 in the coarse mode. EC1 is mostly from the pyrolysis of OC; however, both the natural and anthropogenic emissions contribute to EC2. The correlation between size-segregated PAHs and carbonaceous component is also discussed to identify their sources. 相似文献
20.
The uptake of water vapor on MgCl2×6H2O and NaCl salt dry solid films was studied over the temperature range 240 to 340 K and at 1 Torr pressure of helium using
a flow reactor coupled to a modulated molecular beam mass spectrometer. The H2O to salt uptake data were obtained from the kinetics of H2O loss on salt coated Pyrex rods. The following Arrhenius expression was obtained for the initial uptake coefficient of H2O on MgCl2×6H2O films: γ
0
(MgCl2) = (6.5 ± 1.0) × 10−6 exp[(470 ± 40)/T] (calculated with specific BET surface area, quoted uncertainties are 1σ statistical). The rate of H2O adsorption on NaCl was found to be much lower than on MgCl2×6H2O, and only an upper limit was determined for the corresponding uptake coefficient: γ (NaCl) ≤ 5.6 × 10−6 at T = 300 K. The results show that the rate of H2O adsorption to salt surfaces is drastically dependent on the salt sample composition. 相似文献