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1.
An important question in Southwestern archaeological research is how social and economic ties between prehistoric groups changed through time. The chemical and mineralogical matching of stone tools and ceramics to source areas is one approach to addressing this question. Here we challenge the assumption that igneous rocks used for manufacturing stone tools and ceramics in the Mesa Verde region of Colorado were originally derived from the Chuska Mountains of New Mexico. Recent geological surveys suggest that small igneous features present in and around Mesa Verde National Park and Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Park contain similar lithologies and may represent a local source. We systematically visited seven of these igneous exposures and nine downstream gravel deposits, looking for geological sources and quarry sites matching the lithology of analyzed debitage from this region. Our results suggest that the ancestral Puebloans could have procured such igneous rocks as aphanitic minette and trachybasalt pottery temper from local areas. Because the trachybasalt is usually thought to have been imported from the Chuska Mountains, this discovery may require a revision of interpreted trade networks based on pottery temper and lithic raw material distinctions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
2.
庐山地区第四纪泥砾沉积物的成因探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
庐山第四纪泥砾沉积物的砾石组构特征表明, 砾石岩性与山体基岩基本一致, 砾石的等体积球径较小, 加权平均砾径较中值砾径大, 分选系数大于1, 分选性差, φ值相对较小, 平均为0.66, F值相对较大, 在2左右, F/φ比值介于2.75～4.75, ρ值集中且较小, 为22.75%～37.75%, 砾石以棱角、次棱角状为主, 磨圆较差; a轴和ab面都倾向沟谷下游, a轴倾角集中且较小, 为7～8°, ab面倾角为7～21°, a轴较ab面具有更为优势的组构倾向; 沉积物粒度频率曲线在4～5?范围内表现为峰; 石英砂颗粒为次棱角状, 贝壳状断口发育, 具平行擦痕、上翻解理片、V形坑和硅质沉淀。上述沉积学特征表明庐山第四纪泥砾沉积物系冰碛冰水沉积, 而非泥石流或河流堆积。 相似文献
3.
Don G. Wyckoff 《Geoarchaeology》1993,8(1):35-58
Alibates silicified dolomite is one of the principal knappable lithic materials indigenous to the Southern High Plains. Prehistorically, this material was extensively quarried along the Canadian River in Potter County, Texas. Some of these quarries are preserved in what is now the Alibates National Monument. Archaeologists working in Oklahoma traditionally interpret artifacts of Alibates silicified dolomite as evidence for long distance trade. However, a survey of three transects across the Canadian's valley in western Oklahoma reveals the persistent, but minor, presence of Alibates clasts in gravel deposits. Thirty-nine gravel exposures yielded 1365 clasts of the dolomite. The abundance, size, shape, and knappability of this material is comparable to most flakes and implements found on western Oklahoma archaeological sites, especially those of prehistoric and protohistoric Plains Villagers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
4.
Thrusting and Exhumation Processes of a Bounding Mountain Belt: Constraints from Sediment Provenance Analysis of the Hefei Basin 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
LIU Shaofeng LIU Wencan Faculty of Geosciences Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing DAI Shaowu Institute of Exploration Development Jianghan Petroleum Administration Guanghu Hubei ProvinceHUANG Siji China University of Geosciences Wuhan LU Wuyun Anhui Bureau of Geology Mineral Resources Hefei 《《地质学报》英文版》2001,75(2):144-150
Lithic (or gravel) composition analyses of the Jurassic Sanjianpu Formation and Fenghuangtai Formation in the Hefei basin show that the sediment provenance consists mainly of four kinds of rock units: the basement metamorphic complex, granitic rocks, medium- and low-grade metamorphic rocks, and sandy and muddy sedimentary rocks, which are distributed along the bounding thrust belt. The whole stratigrapnic section can be divided into 2 lithic sequences and 7 subsequences. The regular distribution and changes of lithic fragments and gravels in lithic (or gravel) sequences reflect that the bounding thrust belt of basin has undergone 2 thrusting cycles and 7 thrusting events. Lithic (or gravel) composition analyses of the basin fully reveal that the northern Dabie basement metamorphic complex was exhumed on the earth's surface in the Middle and Late Jurassic, and extensive intermediate and acid intrusive rocks were developed in the southern North Huaiyang or northern Dabie Mountains during the basin's synde 相似文献
5.
Mammoth fossils and other Pleistocene vertebrates from the Upper Missouri Basin, in the northern Plains and Rocky Mountains of the western interior of North America, have been dated to the late Pleistocene and are associated with Wisconsinan deposits. Mammoth remains have also been found in older stratigraphic contexts. For example, Mammuthus columbi and other fossils from the Doeden Locality are in pre-Wisconsinan terrace gravels along the Yellowstone River; the deposits are likely Illinoian or Sangamonian. Faunas that appear to be associated with the Wisconsinan interstadial, before the Last Glacial Maximum, are found in intermountain valleys and mountain settings (the Merrell Locality, Blacktail Cave, Natural Trap Cave) and on the Plains in both glaciated and unglaciated regions (Box Creek, Wibaux gravel pit). Localities containing faunas dated to the time interval from about the Last Glacial Maximum to the end of the Younger Dryas chronozone (late Wisconsinan) include the youngest fossil-bearing strata at Merrell, Blacktail Cave, Natural Trap Cave; deposits at Sheep Rock Spring, Indian Creek, MacHaffie, False Cougar Cave, Shield Trap Cave; and mammoths found at Sun River, Glendive, Colby, and the Deer Creek drainage. 相似文献
6.
Although developed in predominantly arid environments, desert geomorphology sometimes bears information about past environmental
change. China’s Kumtagh Desert has only recently been studied by researchers. These investigations revealed the existence
of several unique features compared with other Chinese deserts, including gravel bodies distributed in the northern part of
the desert. This paper summarizes the results of previous research in the region, as well as information obtained from remote
sensing and field investigations, then discusses the geological background, underlying Quaternary geomorphology, and the types,
development stages, and geomorphological implications of the desert’s gravel bodies. Four main types of gravel bodies and
four developmental stages were identified. It is suggested that the great elevation difference between the Altyn Tagh Mountains
and the Kumtagh Desert caused by uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau constitutes the overall background for the development
of gravel bodies, but subsequent climatic events were the direct causes of their evolution. The gravel bodies resulted from
alluvial deposits on loose fine sediments mainly of aeolian origin that were subsequently subjected to wind erosion. Erosion
cycles then progressively scattered these gravels to form gravel sheets. The gravel bodies have three main geomorphological
implications: they record anomalous ancient climate events after the dune field formed and have little influence on the development
of nearby seif dunes in the northeast, demonstrate that the Altyn Tagh Mountains are the main sediment source for the Kumtagh
Desert, and suggest that the evolution of the environment and geomorphology of the Kumtagh Desert have been influenced by
neotectonic movements. 相似文献
7.
对2006～2007年在东秦岭南洛河中游地区河南省卢氏和洛宁两县发现的8处旷野类型旧石器地点的160余件石制品进行了初步研究,并对产出石制品的黄土堆积剖面进行了地层学分析和光释光测年。初步结果表明,南洛河中游地区的旧石器工业很丰富,石制品的加工技术与上游洛南盆地一致,同样采取硬锤直接打击法;加工石制品的原料来自于河流堆积物中的石英岩和石英砾石等;石制品中有相当数量的小型石片和由小型石片二次加工修理而成的工具,还有直接由砾石加工而成的重型工具,如手镐等;除此之外,大型石片以及以大型石片加工而成的重型工具,如重型刮削器也多有所见。由于工作范围和力度的局限,南洛河中游地区目前尚未发现上游洛南盆地旧石器遗址中广泛存在的手斧、三棱手镐、薄刃斧和大型石刀等Acheulian类型两面加工技术生产的工具。新发现的南洛河中游旧石器地点分布在不同时期形成的河流阶地和黄土地层中。地层分析和光释光年代测试表明,南洛河中游地区的黄土堆积至少从中更新世便已经开始,并一直持续到全新世,至少在黄土剖面中S1,S3和S4的3个层位有石器分布;其黄土-古土壤旋回不仅可以用于石制品产出层位的准确定年,还指示了早期人类石器工业演化和人类生存环境变化的过程。 相似文献
8.
库车坳陷中部新近系-第四系砾岩层的沉积特征及分布规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解决库车坳陷新近系-第四系砾岩层引起的速度变化和工程决策问题,利用砾岩层野外露头和钻井岩屑等资料,对砾岩层的沉积特征及分布规律进行了系统研究。分别对野外砾岩层和钻井岩屑的厚度、岩性、结构构造及砾石成分进行统计分析,在区域上对各层系的砾岩层进行划分和对比。认为库车坳陷新近系-第四系砾岩层可以划分为四期,具有冲积扇、扇三角洲及冲积平原三种沉积成因,它们的规模、水动力条件及沉积构造等具有较大差异。以冲积扇砾岩层规模大,发育四大物源体系,各物源体系的砾石成分分区明显,砾石粒径随相带分异。库车坳陷砾岩层整体具有纵向上多期次连续发育、相带差异明显,横向上相变快、集中分布的特点,新生代构造演化、构造样式及南北向断裂是控制砾岩层发育、沉积特点及分布规律的主要因素。 相似文献
9.
岩体破碎成岩块,经不同方式搬运后形成砾石。因此,砾石在世界上分布极为广泛。早就引起了许多地质学家的重视,作了许多研究,积累了丰富的资料[1、2、3、4]。 在漫长的地质年代中,虽然砾石仍能在地层中保持着有规律的空间分布形态,而提供了形成条件的信息,但必然会受到各种地质作用的影响,这些影响也一定会在砾石上反映出来,这就是本文研究的主题。 相似文献
10.
Andrew R. Farrant Peter M. Hopson James B. Riding 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2011,122(5):888-905
Recent geological mapping on the Isle of Wight by the British Geological Survey has shown the ‘Plateau Gravel’ to be a mixture of fluvial, solifluction, pedogenic and marine deposits ranging from pre-Anglian to Holocene age. As part of the resurvey of the island, several new exposures of the ‘Plateau Gravel’ between Newport and Downend were examined. A working gravel pit on St George's Down, near Newport, revealed a succession of flint gravels with an inter-bedded sequence of laminated silts. An upper in situ succession of pre-Anglian fluvial gravels caps the plateau, but a second, probably younger suite of gravel-rich sediments is exposed in a quarry on a topographically lower spur. These overlie in situ Clay-with-flints resting on Upper Cretaceous Chalk. These lower sediments are well exposed and display a complex stratigraphy. They consist predominantly of flint gravel, but include a dipping succession of laminated silts and palaeosols preserved in a hollow or small channel feature, intercalated between two distinct soliflucted cold-stage gravel sheets. Palynological and pedological evidence analysis suggests that these laminated silts and sands were deposited under a temperate climate but with frequent episodes of disruption caused by mass-movement and possibly freeze-thaw. The age of these laminated sediments are not known with any certainty but are likely to date to a temperate interval within the Late Pleistocene. The top of the laminated unit is cut by a heavily cryoturbated horizon presumed to be of Devensian age. 相似文献
11.
通过地层沉积序列、粒度特征、砾石特征综合分析认为,成都平原东郊台地中更新统合江组为河流相沉积,垂向上具有明显的"河流二元"结构特征,主要以细粒沉积物为主,底部砾石层多为中-粗砾,磨圆较好,具有定向性。该组可细分为河道、边滩、堤岸-河漫3种沉积微相类型,对应发育3种岩相类型。河道砾石岩相沿十陵镇-红河镇-大面镇一带呈北西-南东向展布,边滩砂坝岩相集中发育于大面镇-西河镇东侧古河道凹岸处,堤岸-漫滩粘土岩相广泛分布于研究区内。这3种岩相特性及分布对工程建设的影响存在差异:河道砾石层作为地下水储集层的同时,水溶蚀使其地层结构稳定性被破坏,影响工程稳固技术的选择;边滩砂坝分布较为集中,对区内工程建设影响面最小;堤岸-河漫粘土广泛分布,是一种分布稳定的软弱层,对地下水有一定的封闭效果,同时软弱层的特性使其降低了边坡、坝体的稳定性。 相似文献
12.
Facies relationships in Pleistocene outwash gravels, southern Ontario: a model for bar growth in braided rivers 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Facies relationships in Pleistocene braided outwash deposits in southern Ontario demonstrate the presence of a large braid bar with adjacent side channel. The core of the bar is up to 6 m high, and consists of crudely horizontally stratified gravels. Downstream from the core is the bar front facies, consisting of large gravelly foresets up to 4 m high, rounded off in many places by reactivation surfaces. Upstream from the core is the bar stoss side facies consisting of several sets (individually up to 35 cm thick) of tabular cross-bedding, arranged in coarsening-upward sequences. The stoss side—core—bar front relationships are continuously exposed in one 400 m long quarry face which is cut almost parallel to the palaeoflow direction. A transverse quarry face shows the side channel facies, which consists of trough cross-bedded sands. Gravel layers can be seen to finger from the main gravelly bar into the sandy side channel, but they do not reach the base of the channel. This surprising relationship indicates that gravel moved only in the topographically higher parts of the system. After deposition in the side channel, and growth upstream and downstream from the bar core, the entire system aggraded. Crudely horizontally stratified, and imbricated gravel sheets were laid down as a bar top facies. Grain size analyses indicate strongly bimodal distributions, implying that much of the sand in the spaces between pebbles and boulders filtered in after the gravel had been deposited. This interpretation is strengthened by velocity calculations—mean velocities in excess of 300 cm/s would be needed to roll the gravel as bed load, but at such a velocity, a large amount of sand would be transported entirely in suspension. In a final section of the paper, our results are combined with other work on braided systems in an attempt to formulate a more general facies model. 相似文献
13.
砾岩相通常作为构造事件的标志,对探讨造山带隆升过程有着重要的意义.选取位于帕米尔构造带东北缘的奥依塔格剖面开展砾石统计分析.新生代不同时期砾石的统计结果显示,奥依塔格剖面砾石成分主要为火成岩和变质岩,这与帕米尔造山带岩性相符.其中,花岗岩砾石作为特征组分首次出现在上新统阿图什组底部.砾石主要为巨砾,且以长短轴比值为1~2的近圆状为主;砾石的磨圆度中等,绝大部分为次磨圆-次棱角状;分选中等-差.结合砾石所处地层的沉积环境和热年代学记录,认为帕米尔东北缘新生代可能存在3期构造隆升事件,包括渐新-中新世克孜洛依组沉积早期、中新世中期(安居安组中-上段和帕卡布拉克组下段沉积时期)和上新世以来(阿图什组下段沉积以来). 相似文献
14.
砂砾岩水力压裂裂缝扩展规律的数值模拟分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
砂砾岩储层一般具有岩性和渗透性变化大、孔隙度低、连通性差、孔隙结构复杂和非均匀性严重等特点,因此,在水力压裂过程中,裂缝扩展形态难以控制,大规模改造难度大。针对国内某典型砂砾岩油藏特征,采用数值计算方法对砂砾岩压裂裂缝的扩展规律进行了研究,包括地应力场、砾石含量和粒径等对裂缝扩展形态及压裂压力的影响。研究表明,砾石的存在增加了压裂裂纹扩展的复杂性,裂纹主要有止裂、偏转、穿透和吸附4种表现模式,但主应力差严格控制着裂纹的走向,随着主应力差的增大,裂纹由总体绕砾扩展转变为总体穿砾扩展,失稳压力随着主应力差的增大而明显减小;砾石含量的多少体现了砂砾岩试样宏观的非均匀性,含量越高均匀性越差,随着砾石含量的提高,裂纹与砾石的相互作用占据主导地位,失稳压力随砾石含量的增加而增大;当砾石体积含量一定时,砾石粒径对压裂压力的影响主要取决于砾石排列的随机性,失稳压力随砾石粒径的增大而略有增大。 相似文献
15.
赣杭构造带中、新生代红色粗碎屑岩发育,对红层中砾石组构分析有助于理解红盆形成、演化过程.运用砾组分析方法,对江西抚崇盆地晚白垩世—古新世莲荷组砾岩层的砾性、砾度、砾态及砾向进行分析,并在此基础上对研究区红盆砾岩的物质来源、成因和形成条件等进行综合判断.研究结果表明,莲荷组砾岩为晚白垩世—古新世半干旱—干旱条件下的一套冲积扇相粗碎屑沉积,具有多物源和快速堆积的特点.总体上,砾石成分复杂,风选程度较差,呈次棱角—次圆状,风化程度较低.盆地不同地区砾石成分组合特征具有明显差别,反映了盆地周围复杂的物源供应条件.根据盆地周边出露基岩地层和扁平状砾石产状统计玫瑰花图判断,莲荷组沉积时期,物源主要来自盆地内部的基岩地层以及盆地西南部、西部和东北部. 相似文献
16.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(8):753-760
The sediments of the upper Swartkops River are almost exclusively gravels and boulder beds derived from the Cretaceous Uitenhage Group and the Paleozoic Cape Supergroup rocks. Many of the cobbles and boulders are second-cycle clasts, the great majority of which are quartzitic in composition. Pebble size and shape were examined and fabric analysis was performed on samples from 22 sites in the study area. Pebble imbrication planes dip consistently upstream at angles of 20? to 50? and pebble long axes generally are aligned normal to the flow direction. Clasts in the braid-plain deposits range from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters (large boulders over a meter in diameter are not uncommon). Pebble roundness ranges from 0.2 to 0.9 (averaging 0.43) and sphericity values range from 0.3 to 0.9 (averaging 0.59). The gravel clasts are angular to well-rounded, but are predominantly subrounded. Zingg diagram plots show a majority of discoidal pebbles, but there is a diversity of shapes reflecting the complex source area from which some resedimented clasts originated. Channel and bar morphology is complex, with gravel bars often merging laterally and longitudinally with main and secondary channels. Both channels and bars are terraced stepwise downstream and across the braid plain. Bar tops are armored by both small and large clasts, whereas channels may be lined with cobbles or boulders, but often exhibit small pebble lags. Algal mats occur as fresh curtains in all standing pools of water and dried crusty deposits on pebbly substrates in inactive channels. Imbrication studies demonstrate conclusively that pebble imbrication is the most meaningful indicator of flow direction in a gravel deposit and is far more reliable than rare cross-bedding encountered in bar-top sands, where bedforms often migrate laterally rather than downstream. The Swartkops braid-plain gravels resemble the ancient deposits of the Ventersdorp Contact Reef, both deposits being characterized by boulder-rich gravels, poor clast sorting, resedimented pebbles from a proximal fault-bounded source, and algal mats. Although heavy minerals are lacking in the Swartkops, trapping of fines by algal filaments appears to occur during low-flow conditions. 相似文献
17.
罗家窝棚组是哈尔滨地区的第四纪下限地层,其岩性是紫红色砂砾石,被认为是冰碛物堆积。早期的区测资料对其进行了岩性描述,对于其它地层属性,特别是地球化学属性的认识尚未涉及。为此,本文选择黑龙江五常拉林镇罗家窝棚村层型剖面作为研究对象,首次对其沉积学、矿物学、元素地球化学展开综合研究,以揭示其沉积过程和沉积环境。结果表明,这套砾石分选和磨圆较差,风化程度很高,无定向性排列,砾石成分以陆源碎屑岩(砂岩和粉砂岩,44.2%)和花岗岩(37.4%)为主,其次为凝灰岩(11.2%),石英质、闪长岩、流纹岩和玄武岩等少量出现。重矿物组成以赤/褐铁矿占绝对优势(87.5%),其次是白钛石(5.0%),其它重矿物含量较少。元素地球化学揭示,罗家窝棚组中的细颗粒碎屑以及泥质基质经历了很强的化学风化过程,是初次循环的结果。砾石岩性和地球化学组成共同揭示了这些碎屑主要来源于长英质母岩,但中性和铁镁质母岩也有少量贡献。综合沉积学、矿物学和地球化学地层属性,本文认为罗家窝棚组地层是在炎热气候条件下的洪积物堆积,而非寒冷气候条件下的冰碛物。这项研究对于哈尔滨地区第四纪地层的划分和早更新世构造—地貌—气候—水系演化等地质事件的重建具有重要意义。 相似文献
18.
峨眉山玄武岩作为长江上游攀西地区广泛分布的岩类,具有形成环境独特、出露面积大、岩石易鉴定的特点,可作为长江三峡贯通物源示踪研究的指示标志.通过对长江中上游阶地和江汉平原周老孔第四纪岩心沉积物中的玄武岩砾石和岩屑(1~2 mm)进行研究发现,峨眉山玄武岩砾石在长江上游很常见,在三峡以下很少;玄武岩岩屑在长江上游沉积物中非常普遍,而且在周老孔岩心沉积物中的很多层位都有出现.对玄武岩岩屑基质中的斜长石做了微量元素微区原位分析(LA-ICP-MS),分析表明,在周老孔中含峨眉山玄武岩岩屑的岩心层位最大深度为156 m,该层位古地磁年龄约为1.7 Ma,此时长江已经形成且三峡已经贯通. 相似文献
19.
Ronit Nativ 《Environmental Geology》1992,19(1):21-32
The High Plains aquifer in the Southern High Plains (Texas and New Mexico), consisting of Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Triassic formations, has traditionally been considered to be recharged by its uppermost water-bearing unit, the Tertiary Ogallala aquifer. This article provides hydrologic, chemical, and isotopic evidence that in the Southern High Plains: (1) Cretaceous rocks actually contain independent recharge sources; (2) Triassic rocks cannot currently be recharged by the Ogallala aquifer in significant quantities; and (3) in places, both Cretaceous and Triassic aquifers recharge the overlying Ogallala aquifer. On the basis of chemical and isotopic data, playa lakes seem to act as the predominant recharge source of the Ogallala aquifer, suggesting recharge rates greater than 30 mm/yr, as opposed to the much lower rates reported by others. The Cretaceous aquifers are being recharged by cross-formational flow from the Ogallala aquifer but also from overlying Quaternary sands and the underlying Triassic aquifer in eastern New Mexico. Current recharge into the Triassic aquifer may be insignificant. 相似文献
20.
江西抚崇盆地上白垩统河口组砾石统计特征及其地质意义 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
华东南晚白垩世陆相断陷盆地以发育红色粗碎屑岩为特征。通过对赣杭构造带西段的江西抚崇盆地上白垩统河口组19个砾岩露头测点的砾组分析,对河口组砾岩的砾性、粒度、砾态和砾向等进行了详细研究。总体上砾石成分复杂,分选性较差,磨圆程度中等,呈次棱角－次圆状,风化程度较低。结合红盆周边基岩地层特点,对红盆不同区域砾岩的物质来源、成因和形成条件等进行分析和讨论。研究结果表明,河口组砾岩为晚白垩世半干旱－干旱气候条件下的一套冲积扇和辫状河相粗碎屑沉积,具有多物源和快速堆积的特点。盆地不同地区砾石成分组合特征具有明显差别,反映了盆地周围复杂的物源供应条件。根据盆地基岩地层岩性特点和扁平状砾石倾向玫瑰花图,认为河口组沉积时期,红盆碎屑沉积物主要来自盆地的北东、北、北西和南东部。 相似文献