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1.
20世纪90年代由世界多个国家的地震学家围绕“地震可否预测”问题进行国际讨论后, 人们开始思考适用于地震预测研究的规则应该有哪些, 尤其是地震学家针对地震预测研究中所采取的途径和工作思路开始发生了变化。 2007年开始的“区域地震似然模型”(Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models, RELM)工作组和由此进一步而来的“地震可预测性国际合作研究”(Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability, CSEP)计划开始之后, 一大批地震预测模型和与评估其预测效能有关的统计检验方法加入进来, 在设立相同的预测规则和使用统一的数据来源下, 通过全球设立不同测试中心的方式, 共同参与到对地震可预测性问题的系统研究中来。 当前, CSEP计划已由开始的1.0阶段发展至2.0阶段, 为使读者了解与这几项国际合作研究相关的工作主旨和发展历程, 本文总结了与CSEP工作1.0阶段相关的工作理念和工作成果以及存在的问题, 以期为下一步工作的开展提供参考。 相似文献
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New Zealand Earthquake Forecast Testing Centre 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The New Zealand Earthquake Forecast Testing Centre is being established as one of several similar regional testing centres under the umbrella of the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP). The Centre aims to encourage the development of testable models of time-varying earthquake occurrence in the New Zealand region, and to conduct verifiable prospective tests of their performance over a period of five or more years. The test region, data-collection region and requirements for testing are described herein. Models must specify in advance the expected number of earthquakes with epicentral depths h ≤ 40 km in bins of time, magnitude and location within the test region. Short-term models will be tested using 24-h time bins at magnitude M ≥ 4. Intermediate-term models and long-term models will be tested at M ≥ 5 using 3-month, 6-month and 5-year bins, respectively. The tests applied will be the same as at other CSEP testing centres: the so-called N test of the total number of earthquakes expected over the test period; the L test of the likelihood of the earthquake catalogue under the model; and the R test of the ratio of the likelihoods under alternative models. Four long-term, three intermediate-term and two short-term models have been installed to date in the testing centre, with tests of these models commencing on the New Zealand earthquake catalogue from the beginning of 2008. Submission of models is open to researchers worldwide. New models can be submitted at any time. The New Zealand testing centre makes extensive use of software produced by the CSEP testing centre in California. It is envisaged that, in time, the scope of the testing centre will be expanded to include new testing methods and differently-specified models, nonetheless that the New Zealand testing centre will develop in parallel with other regional testing centres through the CSEP international collaborative process. 相似文献
3.
地震可预测性研究的CSEP计划及其启示 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
地震可预测性是当前地震预测预报研究关注的前沿问题,对此问题的关注也代表了地震预测预报研究的现状,即采用更务实的态度、“循序渐进”地研究地震的可预测属性。本文介绍了国际上目前在地震可预测性研究中影响较大的“地震可预测性合作研究”（Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability,CSEP）计划,通过对CSEP计划的历史背景、研究现状和技术特点的介绍,讨论了其对中国地震预测预报研究的可能的启发意义。 相似文献
4.
We present estimates of future earthquake rate density (probability per unit area, time, and magnitude) on a 0.1-degree grid for a region including California and Nevada, based only on data from past earthquakes. Our long-term forecast is not explicitly time-dependent, but it can be updated at any time to incorporate information from recent earthquakes. The present version, founded on several decades worth of data, is suitable for testing without updating over a five-year period as part of the experiment conducted by the Collaboratory for Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP). The short-term forecast is meant to be updated daily and tested against similar models by CSEP. The short-term forecast includes a fraction of our long-term one plus time-dependent contributions from all previous earthquakes. Those contributions decrease with time according to the Omori law: proportional to the reciprocal of the elapsed time. Both forecasts estimate rate density using a radially symmetric spatial smoothing kernel decreasing approximately as the reciprocal of the square of epicentral distance, weighted according to the magnitude of each past earthquake. We made two versions of both the long- and short-term forecasts, based on the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) and Preliminary Determinations of Epicenters (PDE) catalogs, respectively. The two versions are quite consistent, but for testing purposes we prefer those based on the ANSS catalog since it covers a longer time interval, is complete to a lower magnitude threshold and has more precise locations. Both forecasts apply to shallow earthquakes only (depth 25 km or less) and assume a tapered Gutenberg-Richter magnitude distribution extending to a lower threshold of 4.0. 相似文献
5.
From Earthquake Prediction Research to Time-Variable Seismic Hazard Assessment Applications 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Peter Bormann 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(1-2):329-366
The first part of the paper defines the terms and classifications common in earthquake prediction research and applications. This is followed by short reviews of major earthquake prediction programs initiated since World War II in several countries, for example the former USSR, China, Japan, the United States, and several European countries. It outlines the underlying expectations, concepts, and hypotheses, introduces the technologies and methodologies applied and some of the results obtained, which include both partial successes and failures. Emphasis is laid on discussing the scientific reasons why earthquake prediction research is so difficult and demanding and why the prospects are still so vague, at least as far as short-term and imminent predictions are concerned. However, classical probabilistic seismic hazard assessments, widely applied during the last few decades, have also clearly revealed their limitations. In their simple form, they are time-independent earthquake rupture forecasts based on the assumption of stable long-term recurrence of earthquakes in the seismotectonic areas under consideration. Therefore, during the last decade, earthquake prediction research and pilot applications have focused mainly on the development and rigorous testing of long and medium-term rupture forecast models in which event probabilities are conditioned by the occurrence of previous earthquakes, and on their integration into neo-deterministic approaches for improved time-variable seismic hazard assessment. The latter uses stress-renewal models that are calibrated for variations in the earthquake cycle as assessed on the basis of historical, paleoseismic, and other data, often complemented by multi-scale seismicity models, the use of pattern-recognition algorithms, and site-dependent strong-motion scenario modeling. International partnerships and a global infrastructure for comparative testing have recently been developed, for example the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP) with test regions in California, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, and the Western Pacific. Algorithms and data bases are operated in a permanently learning and upgrading mode. Future perspectives and research requirements and the feasibility and possible problems encountered with the implementation of earthquake predictions in practice are briefly summarized. 相似文献
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Analysis of Italian Earthquake catalogs in the context of intermediate-term prediction problem 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We perform a comparative analysis of regional and global earthquake catalogs currently available for the territory of Italy. We consider: (a) instrumental seismic catalogs provided by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma (INGV) for earthquake forecasting experiment in Italy within the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP); (b) Global Hypocenters’ Data provided by the USGS/NEIC, which is currently used in the real-time earthquake prediction experiment by CN and M8S algorithms in Italy, and (c) seismological Bulletin provided by the International Seismological Centre (ISC). We discuss advantages and shortcomings of these catalogs in the context of intermediate-term middle-range earthquake prediction problem in Italy, including the possibility of the catalog’s combined or integrated use. Magnitude errors in the catalog can distort statistics of success-to-failure scoring and eventually falsify testing results. Therefore, the analysis of systematic and random errors in magnitude presented in Appendixes can be of significance in its own right. 相似文献
8.
本文类比分析了1950年以来帕米尔东北缘—西昆仑地区7级左右地震发生后3年内新疆地区中强以上地震的活动状态, 并进一步讨论了2008年于田7.3级和乌恰6.8级地震后新疆地区的地震活动特点。 结果表明, 1950年以来帕米尔东北缘—西昆仑地区7级左右地震发生后, 新疆地区应变能释放相对较为充分, 震后3年通常无6.5级以上强震发生; 7级左右地震后3年新疆地区5级以上地震频度总体呈下降趋势, 2008年于田7.3级地震后5级以上地震出现的活跃—平静的显著差异性活动特征与1974年乌兹别里山口7.3级地震和1996年喀喇昆仑山口7.1级地震后较为相似。 此外, 结合新疆地区强震活动的动力学环境作用和帕米尔东北缘—西昆仑地区7级左右地震的震源机制特征, 初步探讨分析了该区 7级左右地震后3年内新疆地区中强以上地震空间活动特征的可能成因。 相似文献
9.
In this paper, the research progress of the Operational Earthquake Forecasting (OEF) is introduced from the major areas of concern, the concept of probability gain, hybrid model development,and the application to earthquake disaster reduction.Due to the development of OEF based on the global "Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP)" plan, it provides a significant technical foundation for earthquake forecast modeling and a practical foundation for solving the actual problems in earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation.Therefore, related research and technical ideas provide inspirational and referential significance for earthquake forecasting/prediction. 相似文献
10.
可操作的地震预测(OEF)国际研究动态综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对目前国际上正持续开展的"可操作的地震预测"的研究动态,从主要关注的领域、"概率增益"概念的引入、混合模型研发及其在地震减灾中的应用等方面进行了重点介绍。由于OEF是在全球"地震可预测性合作研究"计划基础上逐步发展起来,具有重要的地震预测模型研发的技术基础以及解决地震减灾决策实际问题的实践基础,因此,相关研究动态和技术思路对我国的地震预测预报工作具有重要的启发和借鉴意义。 相似文献
11.
2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉地震的前震及其预测意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过分析2009年1月1日～4月5日意大利及周边地区中小地震的时空分布特征发现,2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉地震是一次具有明显前震的中强地震.震前中小地震从频度和强度上在时间和空间向未来震中聚集的现象,为探索利用前震序列进行地震预测提供了较好的研究案例. 相似文献
12.
印尼MS8.7地震对中国大陆3次后续中强地震的动应力触发研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
印尼8.7级地震发生后,在不到2个月时间内,在中国大陆相继发生了3次后续中强地震(2004年12月26日云南双柏MS5.1地震、2005年1月26日云南思茅MS5.1地震、2005年2月15日新疆乌什MS6.2地震),印尼地震和这3次后续地震是否存在触发关系?计算了印尼地震在3次后续地震破裂面上的动库仑应力变化和静库仑应力变化。静应力变化量小,低于一般认为的触发阈值(0.01 MPa);动应力变化峰值为10-1MPa,可能是这3次后续地震的触发因素。 相似文献
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Y. Y. Kagan 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1999,155(2-4):233-258
—Our purpose is to analyze the causes of recent failures in earthquake forecasting, as well as the difficulties in earthquake investigation. We then propose that more rigorous methods are necessary in earthquake seismology research. First, we discuss the failures of direct earthquake forecasts and the poor quantitative predictive power of theoretical and computer simulation methods in explaining earthquakes. These failures are due to the immense complexity of earthquake rupture phenomena and lack of rigor in the empirical analysis of seismicity. Given such conditions, neither "holistic," interdisciplinary analysis of geophysical data nor greater reliance on the currently available results of earthquake physics is likely to work without revising scientific methodology. We need to develop more rigorous procedures for testing proposed patterns of earthquake occurrence and comparing them to predictions of theoretical and computer modeling. These procedures should use methods designed in physics and other sciences to formulate hypotheses and carry out objective validation. Since earth sciences study a unique object, new methods should be designed to obtain reliable and reproducible results. It is likely that the application of sophisticated statistical methods will be needed. 相似文献
15.
本文分析了华北地区(30——42N,105——124E)自16世纪以来8次7.5级以上大地震发生之前的地震活动图象.发现在这些大地震发生之前的若干年(绝大多数不超过20年),都表现出一个M4(3/4)地震在某一范围內相对较集中活动的区域,然后在该区中部或边缘发生大地震。 唐山7.8级地震前,随着大地震发生时间的逼近,Ms4.0地震的震中分布,在大范围活动的基础上,分阶段地逐步自外围向主震震中收缩,然后发生大地震。这种地震活动图象的演变过程可分成若干阶段的现象,对于研究震源性质、地震孕育过程和中长期地震预报等,可能具有一定意义。 相似文献
16.
V. N. Chebrov V. A. Saltykov Yu. K. Serafimova 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2013,7(1):76-85
This paper describes the activities of the Kamchatka Branch of the Russian Expert Council on Earthquake Prediction, Assessment of Seismic Hazard and Risk (KB REC) over a 14 year period. We provide brief information on how the KB REC functions, the methods that are used for earthquake prediction in expert assessments, forecasts, and precursors of M ≥ 6.0 Kamchatka earthquakes for the 1998–2011 period. The efficiency of prediction using several methods is estimated. 相似文献
17.
选取华北地区１９９０￣１９９８年８月较完整的水氡观测资料,笔者采用ｘ＾２统计检验法识别前兆异常,利用笔者建立的Ｂａｙｅｓ判别分析方法,对该地区水氡异常与中强震活动性的关系进行了内符检验和外推预测。在风险代价比Ｋｄｎ取４的情况下,内符检验的有震报准率ｃ为０．７１,预报占时率ｂ为０．３３,Ｒ值可达０．３８;外推有震报效率ｃ为０．５,时空占有率０．０５,Ｒ值为０．４５,能够正确预测１９９８年１月１０日张 相似文献
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The reason for the failure to forecast the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake is under study, based on the systematically collection of the seismicity anomalies and their analysis results from annual earthquake tendency forecasts between the 2001 Western Kunlun Mountains Pass M_S8.1 earthquake and the 2008 Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake. The results show that the earthquake tendency estimation of Chinese Mainland is for strong earthquakes to occur in the active stage, and that there is still potential for the occurrence of a M_S8.0 large earthquake in Chinese Mainland after the 2001 Western Kunlun Mountains Pass earthquake. However the phenomena that many large earthquakes occurred around Chinese Mainland, and the 6-year long quietude of M_S7.0 earthquake and an obvious quietude of M_S5.0 and M_S6.0 earthquakes during 2002～2007 led to the distinctly lower forecast estimation of earthquake tendency in Chinese Mainland after 2006. The middle part in the north-south seismic belt has been designated a seismic risk area of strong earthquake in recent years, but, the estimation of the risk degree in Southwestern China is insufficient after the Ning’er M_S6.4 earthquake in Yunnan in 2007. There are no records of earthquakes with M_S≥7.0 in the Longmenshan fault, which is one of reasons that this fault was not considered a seismic risk area of strong earthquakes in recent years. 相似文献
19.
东汉早期(公元25—127年)的地震史料十分宝贵, 它反映了从远古零散、 不系统的地震记载转入连续记载并逐渐认识地震的过程. 这时的地震事件较多, 但研究不充分, 地震参数基本呈空白状. 史料的记载方式以“郡国地震”和“京师地震”为主; 时间上, 基本在汉和帝以后; 地点上, 以大华北为主. 本文具体分析了东汉早期的33次地震事件, 利用新的地震烈度衰减关系, 采用郡国平均地理面积和有感面积的概念, 比照地震范例的标准, 按《中国地震目录》的烈度震级表进行参数估算. 研究期间最主要的地震事件是4次震级≥6 1/2 的强震, 即公元46年10月和119年3月南阳地震、 121年10月冀南-鲁西地震和123年5月汉阳地震, 震后都有持续1—2年的余震活动. 公元118年前的地震主要分布于大华北, 震中至京师洛阳的距离多在200 km以外. 除两次5 1/2 —6级地震外, 均属5—5 1/2 级中等强度地震, 少数小于4 3/4 级. 京师洛阳虽经历过多次地震, 但其受影响程度并不强, 基本为有感或强有感的水平, 没有遭受过破坏性或中等强度的震害. 相似文献
20.
Jordan Van Aalsburg John B. Rundle Lisa B. Grant Paul B. Rundle Gleb Yakovlev Donald L. Turcotte Andrea Donnellan Kristy F. Tiampo Jose Fernandez 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2010,167(8-9):967-977
In weather forecasting, current and past observational data are routinely assimilated into numerical simulations to produce ensemble forecasts of future events in a process termed “model steering”. Here we describe a similar approach that is motivated by analyses of previous forecasts of the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP). Our approach is adapted to the problem of earthquake forecasting using topologically realistic numerical simulations for the strike-slip fault system in California. By systematically comparing simulation data to observed paleoseismic data, a series of spatial probability density functions (PDFs) can be computed that describe the probable locations of future large earthquakes. We develop this approach and show examples of PDFs associated with magnitude M > 6.5 and M > 7.0 earthquakes in California. 相似文献