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1.
曾惠芳 《岩矿测试》1996,15(2):92-96
研究了共沉淀分离富集贵金属元素的条件，选定在ｐＨ１．５溶液中，Ｍｎ作捕集剂，ＮａＢＨ４为还原剂，使Ｒｕ（Ⅵ），Ｒｈ（Ⅲ）、Ｐｔ（Ⅳ）、Ｐｄ（Ⅱ）、Ｉｒ（Ⅳ）和Ａｕ（Ⅲ）贵金属离子还原成金属态沉淀物，沉淀经体积分数为５０％的王水溶解后用ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ测定。样品测定限Ｒｈ、Ｉｒ、Ａｕ为１ｎｇ／ｇ，Ｒｕ、Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ人２ｎｇ／ｇ。方法的ＲＳＤ（ｎ＝１０）为１０％￣２５％，经几种岩石标样验证，其结果与标准值相  相似文献   

2.
峨眉山玄武岩的铂族元素地球化学特征   总被引：38，自引：4，他引：34  
张成江  李晓林 《岩石学报》1998,14(3):299-304
采用镍锍试金预处理中子活化分析方法,系统地测定了峨眉山玄武岩的铂族元素含量。１４个样品的平均值为：Ｏｓ＝０．３９ｎｇ／ｇ,Ｉｒ＝０．０６９８ｎｇ／ｇ,Ｒｕ＝０．４９ｎｇ／ｇ,Ｒｈ＝０．２５ｎｇ／ｇ,Ｐｔ＝７．７１ｎｇ／ｇ,Ｐｄ＝５．４８ｎｇ／ｇ。相对于原始上地幔,峨眉山玄武岩的铂族元素分异明显,Ｏｓ、Ｉｒ、Ｒｕ、Ｒｈ亏损,Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ富集。（Ｐｔ＋Ｐｄ）／（Ｏｓ＋Ｉｒ＋Ｒｕ）比值（平均１３．９６）和Ｐｄ／Ｉｒ比值（平均７８．５）显著高于原始上地幔、地幔捕虏体、阿尔卑斯型橄榄岩及科马提岩。铂族元素配分模式为铂钯富集型。以上这些特征表明其原始岩浆为上地幔低程度部分熔融形成的玄武岩浆。  相似文献   

3.
云南墨江金矿和陕西煎茶岭金矿中Ａｇ、Ａｕ和ＰＧＥ（铂族元素）的丰度和共生状况如下：（１）两矿床中的Ａｇ－Ａｕ关系呈三种情况：硅质岩型矿石和其他类型低品位金矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ基本上不具相关关系；石英脉型矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ呈明显的正相关关系；氧化矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ呈负相关关系。（２）所有样品中的ＰＧＥ均低于７１×１０（－６），其ＰＧＥ的特征是Ｐｔ≥Ｐｄ和Ｒｕ＞Ｏｓ、Ｉｒ、Ｒｈ。（３）这些样品的地幔标准化ＰＧＥ分布模式是以Ｒｈ为峰的上凸曲线，而墨江样品又具Ｉｒ的负异常。与一般超基性岩的情况不同，这些样品的模式曲线中Ｐｄ－Ａｕ部分呈陡弯折，它表明矿化元素金可能主要由区域成矿流体提供。  相似文献   

4.
纯化了捕集剂，用锍试金结合Ｔｅ共沉淀富集，等离子体质谱法测定了地质样品中的铂族元素。全流程铂族元素回收率大于９４％。一次熔样可同时测定６个铂族元素。按２０ｇ取样计算，方法检出限（ｎｇ／ｇ）分别为：００２４Ｒｕ，００１３Ｒｈ，０２０Ｐｄ，００３３Ｏｓ，０３９Ｉｒ，０１２Ｐｔ；对标准ＧＰｔ６平行测定５次，铂族元素相对标准偏差为１％（Ｏｓ）～８％（Ｐｔ）；对不同类型标样进行测定，测得结果与标准值基本吻合  相似文献   

5.
将锍试金改成小锍试金，用小锍扣捕集法把分解样品同富集贵金属与分离基体成份结合在一起进行，炼得的锍扣经酸处理除去贱金属硫化物，富集的贵金属采用无火焰原子吸收光谱测定。取一份样可以测定Ａｕ、Ｐｔ、Ｒｈ和Ｐｄ。测定方法的特征质量（ｇ）：Ａｕ１．１×１０￣（－１１），Ｐｔ１．３×１Ｏ￣（－１０），Ｐｄ１．３×１０￣（－１１），Ｒｈ１．２×１０￣（－１１）；线性范围（ｇ／ｍｌ）：Ａｕ０～０．０４０，Ｐｄ和Ｒｈ为０～０．０５０，Ｐｔ为０～０．５０。方法用于超基性岩标样的测定，结果与推荐值相符。  相似文献   

6.
纯化了捕集剂，用锍试金结合Ｔｅ共沉淀富集，等离子体质谱法测定了地质样品中的铂族元素，全流程铂族元素回收率大于９４％，一次熔样可同时测定了６个铂族元素，按２０ｇ取样计算，方法检出限（ｎｇ／ｇ）分别为０．０２４，Ｒｕ，０．０１３，Ｒｈ，０．２０，Ｐｄ，０．０３３，Ｏｓ０．３９，Ｉｒ０．１２Ｐｔ；对标准ＧＰｔ－６平行测定５次，铂族元素相对标准偏差为１％（Ｏｓ）～８％（Ｐｔ）对不同类型标样进行测定，测得结  相似文献   

7.
冉红彦  甘先平 《地球化学》1996,25(5):520-528
云南墨江金矿和陕西煎茶岭金矿中Ａｇ，Ａｕ和ＰＧＥ的丰度和共生状况如下：（１）两矿床中的Ａｇ－Ａｕ关系呈三种情况：硅质岩型矿石和其他类型低金矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ基本上不具相关关系；石英脉型矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ呈明显的正相关关系；氧化矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ呈负相关关系。（２）所有样品中的ＰＧＥ均低于７１×１０＾－９，其ＰＥＧ的特征是Ｐｔ≥Ｐｄ和Ｒｕ〉Ｏｓ，Ｉｒ，Ｒｈ。（３）这些样品的地幔标准化ＰＧＥ分布模式是以ＲＨ  相似文献   

8.
将锍试金改成小锍试金，用小锍和捕集法把分解样品同富集金属与分离基体成份结合在一起进行，炼得的锍和经酸处理除去贱金属硫化物，富集的贵金属采用无火焰原子吸收光说测定。取一份样可以测定Ａｕ，Ｐｔ，Ｒｈ和Ｐｄ。测定方法的特征质量：Ａｕ１．１×１０＾－１１，Ｐｔ１．３×１０＾－１９Ｐｄ１．３×１０＾－１１，Ｒｈ１．２×１０＾－１１；线性范围（μｇ／ｍｌ）；Ａｕ０－０．４０Ｐｄ和Ｒｈ为０－０．０５０，ＰｔＯ  相似文献   

9.
等离子体质谱法快速测定地质样品中的痕量铂族元素和金   总被引：46，自引：9，他引：37  
漆亮  胡静 《岩矿测试》1999,18(4):267-270
１￣５ｇ试样于刚玉坩埚经Ｎａ２Ｏ２熔融分解,王水浸取后蒸发脱水除ＳｉＯ２,碲共常常富集铂族元素和金,用同位素稀释－等离子体质谱法测定Ｒｕ、Ｐｄ、Ｉｆ和Ｐｔ,内标法测定Ｒｈ和Ａｕ。按取样５ｇ计算,方法的测定限小于０．３５ｎｇ／ｇ,经ＣＣＲＭＰ６个铂族元素标样分析验证,其结果与标准值基本吻合,５次平行测定的ＲＳＤ在１．５￣６．５％  相似文献   

10.
中子活化分析铂族元素的干扰反应问题   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
探讨了中子活化分析铂族元素的一些干扰反应，如Ａｕ对Ｐｔ的干扰，Ｕ对Ｒｕ和Ｐｄ的干扰，并就Ａｕ对Ｐｔ的干扰程度进行了详细的计算。在照射时间为１ｄ，中子注量率为１×１０１３ｎ·ｃｍ－２·ｓ－１的条件下进行计算，对于ｍＰｔ／ｍＡｕ＝１的样品，Ａｕ对Ｐｔ的干扰达７５％；ｍＰｔ／ｍＡｕ＝１０时，干扰达２３％；ｍＰｔ／ｍＡｕ＝２０，干扰为１３％，ｍＰｔ／ｍＡｕ＝３０，干扰降低为９％。这表明对于多数岩石样品Ａｕ干扰Ｐｔ相当严重，在采用中子活化法测定地质试样中Ｐｔ时必须对Ａｕ进行预分离。此外还就Ｕ对Ｒｕ和Ｐｄ的干扰情况进行了讨论，指出对于大多数超镁铁岩和硫化物矿石其干扰可以忽略或只需进行较小的校正，但对于基性岩和酸性岩就必须进行校正  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

15.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

16.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
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17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

19.
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians  相似文献   

20.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.  相似文献   

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