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1.
传统的星载SAR数据海面风场反演方法是利用海面风场与雷达后向散射系数之间的经验关系即CMOD5模式函数求解海面风场.但在台风条件下,由于降雨对雷达信号的影响及高风速条件下CMOD5模式函数的停滞效应,海面风场的反演精度迅速下降.针对降雨对雷达信号的影响,本文基于星载SAR卫星平台未搭载降雨测量载荷的特点,将多时次的静止气象卫星红外云图用于推导台风云系的运动矢量,并由该运动矢量及非同步观测降雨数据估算星载SAR数据过境时的降雨强度.最后,利用订正模型和降雨强度数据进行降雨订正.针对高风速条件下CMOD5模式函数的停滞效应,本文基于台风的SAR图像特征和改进的HOLLAND台风模型,提出了台风参数估计及风场构建方案.首先,利用基于小波分析的风向提取算法提取台风风场的海面风向信息,并通过地球物理模式函数和风向信息反演海面风速.然后,根据台风眼的SAR图像特征计算台风中心位置和最大风速半径,并将其代入改进的HOLLAND台风模型.最后,利用中低风速数据通过最小二乘法拟合台风中心气压和最大风速,并将台风风向、中心位置、最大风速半径、中心气压和最大风速等参量代入改进的HOLLAND模型构建台风海面风场.为了验证方案的精度,选择台风"艾利"、"卡努"和"奥菲利娅"的星载SAR数据进行试验,并利用美国联合台风预警中心和飓风研究中心的最佳路径数据和风场数据进行精度检验.结果表明,本文利用星载SAR数据估算的台风中心位置、中心气压、最大风速与最佳路径数据基本一致,构建的海面风场精度较高,其中,海面风速的均方差为1.4 m s-1,风向的均方差为2.1°,为台风监测提供了新的技术途径. 相似文献
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OSMAR2000高频地波雷达系统采用线性调频中断连续波体制，天线阵收发共用，应用多重信号分类法（MUSIC）和最小方差法（MVM）获得海面回波到达角. 2000年10月23～29日进行了OSMAR2000同传统海洋测量设备以及其他雷达系统的对比验证试验. 文中首先介绍雷达系统和提取海流信息所用的回波到达角估计算法，然后给出这次试验中海洋表面矢量流的有关对比测量结果. 结果表明了所研制雷达系统以及所采用信号处理方法在海洋表面流探测中的有效性. 相似文献
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成像雷达海浪成像机制 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
从海浪平衡方程出发推导出一般情况下海浪高频谱的解析表达式和变化流场引起海浪谱变化的表达式.利用海面微波散射理论导出了真实孔径雷达(RAR)海面成像公式,并描述了海面风场、流场及其变化对RAR的调制.另外,从合成孔径雷达(SAR)工作原理出发,推导出了由于海浪运动引起的相位调制的一般表达式,并讨论了成像雷达测量海流和海底地形的可能性,为成像雷达探测海浪、海面风场、海面流场、海底地形以及内波等海洋现象提供了理论基础. 相似文献
4.
提出了一种从高频地波雷达海面回波谱中提取海浪方向谱的新方法:基于高频电波海洋探测基本原理将线性化后的非线性积分方程离散为矩阵方程组,通过引入正则化数学模型将不适定方程转化为正规方程,然后采用奇异值分解法求解.对于正则化方法中正则化参数,采用L曲线法来确定.为了验证本文算法的有效性,分别在单部雷达和双部雷达探测下进行了不同噪声水平下的数值模拟,结果表明了该正则化反演方法的有效性.文中还给出了实测数据分析初步结果.该算法的工程性应用还需进一步研究.对于实际的地波雷达海浪反演具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
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举力效应是指方向性切变气流经过地形激发的重力波能够使平均气流发生水平旋转.本文首先根据日本气象厅台风数据集统计了2006—2015年登陆台湾的台风个例,分析台风路径的偏转情况.然后利用二维傅里叶变换对欧洲中间尺度天气预报中心的再分析数据进行滤波,得到台风的环境大气层结和水平风场.最后根据台风环境风场以及台湾地形计算地形重力波举力,分析举力对台风路径偏转的可能贡献.结果表明,近十年共有20个台风登陆台湾,其中2006—2008年有10个.除去5个路径较为复杂的台风,本文对15个台风的地形重力波举力进行分析,发现有14个台风的路径偏转方向与举力方向一致.对于路径偏转最为明显的6个台风(偏转角度大于30°),地形重力波举力对台风路径偏转的贡献可达10%,部分解释了台风经过台湾地形时发生的路径偏转. 相似文献
8.
0.003~1 Hz频段的地脉动主要来源于海浪运动与固体地球的耦合作用,台风引起的强烈海浪运动往往可使地脉动能量显著增强.由于涉及大气-海洋-固体地球三个圈层之间的复杂动量传递与耦合过程,迄今为止,关于台风激发地脉动的具体源区位置及激发机制尚存在争议.本文选取日本、中国东南沿海及台湾地区的地震台站波形连续记录,研究了2008年台风"森拉克"和"黑格比"激发地脉动的时频特征,开展相应数值模拟,并与观测数据进行了对比分析研究.结果表明台风激发第二类地脉动存在两种主要模式:(1)近岸源区激发,即台风引起波浪入射至海岸反射并与后续来波相互作用形成驻波作用于海底而激发;(2)台风中心附近源区激发,即台风中心移动过程中不同时期激发的同频率波浪相向传播、相互作用产生驻波作用于海底而激发,源区位置主要集中于台风中心左后方.此外,结合波浪再分析数据、台风风场特征,我们进一步对第二类地脉动激发过程中的影响因素进行了分析,发现:第一种模式激发的地脉动与近岸源区波浪场强度、观测点至源区距离及台风中心至海岸线距离等因素相关;而第二种模式激发的地脉动则主要受台风中心附近波浪场的频率成分与传播方向影响. 相似文献
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北京MST雷达是子午工程建设的国内仅有的两部MST雷达之一,为研究其在中间层-低热层MLT区域的探测能力以及数据可靠性,本文应用北京MST雷达2012、2013两年高模式数据,从数据获取率、与廊坊流星雷达测风对比以及风场时空分布特征三个方面进行初步分析.结果是:(1)数据获取率日变化特征为:白天65~100km均可获取数据,数据获取率的高值区主要集中在70~80km,最大值可达80%;夜间主要集中在80~100km,数据获取率在30%及以下.表明该MST雷达白天可以探测到电离层D层和E层低层,夜间D层消失,只探测到E层低层.季节变化特征为:夏季白天可获取数据的时间和高度区间都比较大,春季次之,冬季最小.夏季白天以及日落后1h内可探测到120km.(2)对北京MST雷达与廊坊流星雷达2012年5月份、80~100km高度区间测量的水平风进行对比分析,二者测风结果在时空分布上有很好的一致性,表明MST雷达探测数据是可靠的.(3)2012年和2013年相应月份平均的纬向风、经向风时空分布特征有较高的一致性,并与HWM07模式结果也基本一致.上述初步分析结果表明,北京MST雷达对中间层-低热层60~120km高度区域已具备较强的探测能力,所得结果将可用于MLT过程揭示与驱动因子研究,并可与该高度上其他探测手段作综合研究. 相似文献
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作为一种新兴的被动遥感技术,全极化微波辐射计不仅可以提供海面风速产品,还可以提供海面风向产品.以往利用全极化微波辐射计观测亮温进行海面风场反演仅在晴空条件下进行,本文通过对观测亮温结合台风区域海面风场的分布特征进行分析,验证了全极化微波辐射计具有在台风等恶劣天气条件下进行海面风场观测的能力.基于敏感性分析实验,确定使用6.8 GHz和10.7 GHz等低频通道组合可进行台风区域内海面风场反演.其中,海面风速反演使用基于统计的多元线性回归算法,同时对海面温度、大气水汽含量、云中液态水含量及降水强度等物理量进行反演计算,为海面风向反演做准备.海面风向反演使用物理统计法进行,借鉴散射计风向反演使用的最大似然估计法.通过在全极化辐射传输前向模型中加入降水对大气透过率的影响、设计第三和第四Stokes通道亮温环境影响修正函数,在实现台风区域内海面风向反演的同时减小了反演误差.通过对“云娜”台风境内海面风场进行数值计算,验证了本文反演算法的可行性,并对反演误差的空间分布特征进行了分析.将2004年各台风过程的海面风场反演结果与散射计风场产品进行对比,海面风速和海面风向反演的均方根误差分别为1.64 m·s-1和18.02°. 相似文献
11.
Sea ice thickness measurement and its underside morphology analysis using radar penetration in the Arctic Ocean 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Sea ice, as an important component of the Arctic climate system, has drawn significant sci-entific interest. Sea ice thickness and its morphology have dramatic impacts on ocean-atmos- phere-ice interactions[1—4], which directly affect the exchange proces… 相似文献
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The impact of the gustiness on surface waves under storm conditions is investigated with focus on the appearance of wave groups with extreme high amplitude and wavelength in the North Sea. During many storms characterized by extremely high individual waves measured near the German coast, especially in cold air outbreaks, the moving atmospheric open cells are observed by optical and radar satellites. According to measurements, the footprint of the cell produces a local increase in the wind field at sea surface, moving as a consistent system with a propagation speed near to swell wave-traveling speed. The optical and microwave satellite data are used to connect mesoscale atmospheric turbulences and the extreme waves measured. The parameters of open cells observed are used for numerical spectral wave modeling. The North Sea with horizontal resolution of 2.5?km and with focus on the German Bight was simulated. The wind field “storm in storm,” including moving organized mesoscale eddies with increased wind speed, was generated. To take into account the rapid moving gust structure, the input wind field was updated each 5?min. The test cases idealized with one, two, and four open individual cells and, respectively, with groups of open cells, with and without preexisting sea state, as well the real storm conditions, are simulated. The model results confirm that an individual-moving open cell can cause the local significant wave height increase in order of meters within the cell area and especially in a narrow area of 1–2?km at the footprint center of a cell (the cell's diameter is 40–90?km). In a case of a traveling individual open cell with 15?m·s?1 over a sea surface with a preexisting wind sea of and swell, a local significant wave height increase of 3.5?m is produced. A group of cells for a real storm condition produces a local increase of significant wave height of more than 6?m during a short time window of 10–20?min (cell passing). The sea surface simulation from modeled wave spectra points out the appearance of wave groups including extreme individual waves with a period of about 25?s and a wavelength of more than 350?m under the cell's footprint. This corresponds well with measurement of a rogue wave group with length of about 400?m and a period of near 25?s. This has been registered at FiNO-1 research platform in the North Sea during Britta storm on November 1, 2006 at 04:00 UTC. The results can explain the appearance of rogue waves in the German Bight and can be used for ship safety and coastal protection. Presently, the considered mesoscale gustiness cannot be incorporated in present operational wave forecasting systems, since it needs an update of the wind field at spatial and temporal scales, which is still not available for such applications. However, the scenario simulations for cell structures with appropriate travel speed, observed by optical and radar satellites, can be done and applied for warning messages. 相似文献
13.
Richard M. Worthington 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(2):257-272
A simple method is described, based on standard VHF wind-profiler data, where imbalances of echo power between four off-vertical radar beams, caused by mountain waves, can be used to calculate the orientation of the wave pattern. It is shown that the mountain wave azimuth (direction of the horizontal component of the wavevector), is given by the vector
are radar echo powers, measured in dB, in beams pointed away from vertical by the same angle towards north, south, east and west respectively, and W is the vertical wind velocity. The method is applied to Aberystwyth MST radar data, and the calculated wave vector usually, but not always, points into the low-level wind direction. The mean vertical wind at Aberystwyth, which may also be affected by tilted aspect-sensitive layers, is investigated briefly using the entire radar output 1990–1997. The mean vertical-wind profile is inconsistent with existing theories, but a new mountain-wave interpretation is proposed. 相似文献
14.
Wei Shen Klaus-Werner Gurgel George Voulgaris Thomas Schlick Detlef Stammer 《Ocean Dynamics》2012,62(1):105-121
Land-based high-frequency (HF) radars have the unique capability of continuously monitoring ocean surface environments at
ranges up to 200 km off the coast. They provide reliable data on ocean surface currents and under slightly stricter conditions
can also give information on ocean waves. Although extraction of wind direction is possible, estimation of wind speed poses
a challenge. Existing methods estimate wind speed indirectly from the radar derived ocean wave spectrum, which is estimated
from the second-order sidebands of the radar Doppler spectrum. The latter is extracted at shorter ranges compared with the
first-order signal, thus limiting the method to short distances. Given this limitation, we explore the possibility of deriving
wind speed from radar first-order backscatter signal. Two new methods are developed and presented that explore the relationship
between wind speed and wave generation at the Bragg frequency matching that of the radar. One of the methods utilizes the
absolute energy level of the radar first-order peaks while the second method uses the directional spreading of the wind generated
waves at the Bragg frequency. For both methods, artificial neural network analysis is performed to derive the interdependence
of the relevant parameters with wind speed. The first method is suitable for application only at single locations where in
situ data are available and the network has been trained for while the second method can also be used outside of the training
location on any point within the radar coverage area. Both methods require two or more radar sites and information on the
radio beam direction. The methods are verified with data collected in Fedje, Norway, and the Ligurian Sea, Italy using beam
forming HF WEllen RAdar (WERA) systems operated at 27.68 and 12.5 MHz, respectively. The results show that application of
either method requires wind speeds above a minimum value (lower limit). This limit is radar frequency dependent and is 2.5
and 4.0 m/s for 27.68 and 12.5 MHz, respectively. In addition, an upper limit is identified which is caused by wave energy
saturation at the Bragg wave frequency. Estimation of this limit took place through an evaluation of a year long database
of ocean spectra generated by a numerical model (third generation WAM). It was found to be at 9.0 and 11.0 m/s for 27.68 and
12.5 MHz, respectively. Above this saturation limit, conventional second-order methods have to be applied, which at this range
of wind speed no longer suffer from low signal-to-noise ratios. For use in operational systems, a hybrid of first- and second-order
methods is recommended. 相似文献
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机载SAR对海探测时,探测范围小和时空匹配难等局限使其无法借助风条纹和辅助资料反演海面风矢量.本文在仿真研究CMOD5.N地球物理模型参数的函数关系,实例分析机载SAR探测图像中距离向均值曲线变化规律的基础上,发现相同风向、风速条件下,CMOD5.N模型构建的标准曲线和探测图像的距离向均值曲线遵循统一的归一化雷达截面随入射角变化规律,且两者具有良好的相关性.据此,本文提出将距离向均值曲线与标准曲线逐条匹配,采用相关系数判定两者的相关程度,选择使得相关系数绝对值最大的标准曲线作为最优匹配曲线,进而直接确定风向和风速的海面风矢量反演方法.机载SAR飞行探测实验结果表明,海面风矢量反演结果与浮标观测结果的均方根误差为风向11.3°,风速0.9m·s-1,高于反演精度指标要求,原因在于该方法既避免了机载SAR探测图像中斑点噪声的影响,又不会产生局部最优解,提高了海面风矢量反演精度. 相似文献
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Because of weak dissipation effects, swells generated by fierce storms can propagate across an entire ocean basin; therefore, observing swell generation and decay and retrieving storm characteristics from a swell by satellite remote sensing are possible. In this study, based on the dispersion relation and geometrical optics principle, we used SAR wave mode data from 2003 to 2010 provided by GlobWave to track swells with peak wavelengths of more than 300 m to locate a storm-generated far-traveling swell and present the swell field related to this “static” origin. Through a comparison with ECMWF wind datasets, we conducted validations and explored some conditions that cause misjudgments in swell origins. Finally, we obtained the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of satellite-observed swell origins (i.e., the fierce wind condition) and their evolution. This work can be used as a reference for wave models, providing early swell warnings, determining air-sea surface interactions, and determining global climate change. 相似文献