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1.
Using a tight binding transfer matrix method, we calculate the complex band structure of armchair graphene nanoribbons. The real part of the complex band structure calculated by the transfer matrix method fits well with the bulk band structure calculated by a Hermitian matrix. The complex band structure gives extra information on carrier's decay behaviour. The imaginary loop connects the conduction and valence band, and can profoundly affect the characteristics of nanoscale electronic device made with graphene nanoribbons. In this work, the complex band structure calculation includes not only the first nearest neighbour interaction, but also the effects of edge bond relaxation and the third nearest neighbour interaction. The band gap is classified into three classes. Due to the edge bond relaxation and the third nearest neighbour interaction term, it opens a band gap for N=3M-1. The band gap is almost unchanged for N=3M+1, but decreased for N=3M. The maximum imaginary wave vector length provides additional information about the electrical characteristics of graphene nanoribbons, and is also classified into three classes. 相似文献
2.
Using density functional theory and quantum transport calculations based on nonequilibum Green's function formalism, we investigate the charge transport properties of endohedral M@C20 (M= Na and K) metallofullerenes. Our results show that the conductance of C20 fullerene can be obviously improved by insertion of alkali atom at its centre. Both linear and nonlinear sections are found on the I-V curves of the Au-M@C20-Au two-probe systems. The novel negative differential resistance behaviour is also observed in Na@C20 molecule but not in K@C20. 相似文献
3.
Suspended graphene devices are successfully fabricated by using a novel PMMA/MMA/PMMA tri-layer resist technique. The gap between graphene and dielectric substrate can be easily controlled by the thickness of the bottom PMMA layer, and no wet-etching with hazardous hydrofluoric acid is involved in our fabrication process. Electrical characterizations on suspended graphene devices are performed in vacuum when in-situ current annealing directly leads to a significant improvement on transport properties of graphene, i.e., the increase of carrier mobility with the reduction of width of Dirac peak. Our results make a new opportunity to study intrinsic properties of graphene. 相似文献
4.
5.
水环境中抗生素污染日益严重。本研究制备了掺杂氮、硫的新型石墨烯材料(GO-NS),研究了其对磺胺类抗生素(Sulfonamides,SAs)的吸附和去除能力,并阐明吸附机制。研究发现,GO-NS对SAs的最大吸附量达100.26 mg·g^-1,吸附能力优于多层石墨烯(Multilayer graphene,MG)和还原氧化石墨烯(Reduced graphene oxide,rGO)这两种传统石墨烯材料。疏水作用和氢键作用是GO-NS吸附SAs的主要机理。相比于MG和rGO,GO-NS适用的pH范围最广,在pH=2~10范围内均具有较强的吸附效果,并且离子强度和腐殖酸(Humicacid,HA)的加入提升了GO-NS的吸附性能。此外,GO-NS仅通过短时间超声可实现有效的剥离分散,使吸附量增加。故该新型石墨烯材料GO-NS具有优越地吸附SAs的能力和广泛的环境适应性,可作为治理水环境中SAs污染的一种有效吸附剂。 相似文献
6.
选择物质来源相对单一、区域较广的浙江沿岸东海内陆架区，以4种主要粘土矿物(伊利石、蒙皂石、高岭石、绿泥石)为研究对象，以探讨长江粘土矿物作为示踪标记的稳定性问题。研究区5组沉积物样品中粘土矿物的X射线衍射实验及含量分析结果表明，伊利石、蒙皂石和高岭石的相对含量较稳定，具有作为长江物源示踪标记的价值．而各区域的绿泥石含量之间不具有显著的统计相似性。现有资料还不能完全解释长江口及邻近东海内陆架区内粘土矿物组合的相对稳定状态，今后应对絮凝作用、沉积分异作用、海底生物地球化学作用等因素的效府做进一步的研究。 相似文献
7.
We have studied the cyclotron-resonance absorption and photoluminescence properties of the modulation n-doped ZnSe/BeTe/ZnSe type-II quantum wells. It is shown that only the doped sample shows electron cyclotron-resonance absorption. Also, the undoped sample shows two distinctive peaks in the spatially indirect photoluminescence spectra, and the doped one shows only one peak. The results reveal that the high concentration electrons accumulated in ZnSe quantum well layers from n-doped layers can tunnel through BeTe barrier from one well layer to the other. The electron concentration difference between these two well layers originating from the tunneling results in a new additional electric field, and can cancel out a built-in electric field as observed in the undoped structures. 相似文献
8.
《Coastal Engineering》2005,52(2):119-137
The autonomous nearshore bar behaviour along the barrier island of Terschelling, The Netherlands, is characterised by the presence of net seaward cyclic migrating sand bars generated near the shoreline. In 1993, a perturbation of the cyclic bar system was introduced by the implementation of a 2 Mm3 shoreface nourishment supplied to the nearshore bar zone, filling up the trough between the middle and outer bar. The morphodynamic response of the nearshore bars to the nourishment perturbation is investigated using a bathymetric data set with an alongshore extent of 12 km and sampled for 10 years. Bar behaviour is quantified in terms of bar crest position in relation to morphometric parameters such as bar depth, height, width and volume. Along with a pronounced development of a three-dimensional bar system unseen in the autonomous behaviour, the nearshore bars exhibited a 6–7 year arrest in their migrational behaviour during which bar morphology remained stable at immediate pre-nourishment morphometric values. At the subsequent onset of bar movement, bars resumed their migration at a rate predicted by autonomous behaviour in parallel development with morphometric parameters along their predicted trends. It is shown that the observed onshore transport of nourished sediment in the 6–7 year arrest results from a gradual deepening of troughs. Cross-shore sediment transport modelling is used to assess the effect of the nourishment on yearly averaged onshore (short-wave nonlinearity) and offshore (undertow) sediment transport rates. The gradual reappearance of the pre-nourishment bar-trough morphology is shown to engender a normalisation in the cross-shore distribution of sediment transport rates to pre-nourishment rates. 相似文献
9.
Onshore sandbar migration at Tairua Beach (New Zealand): Numerical simulations and field measurements 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B. van Maanen P.J. de Ruiter Giovanni Coco K.R. Bryan B.G. Ruessink 《Marine Geology》2008,253(3-4):99-106
We observed the onshore migration (3.5 m/day) of a nearshore sandbar at Tairua Beach, New Zealand during 4 days of low-energy wave conditions. The morphological observations, together with concurrent measurements of waves and suspended sediment concentrations, were used to test a coupled, wave-averaged, cross-shore model. Because of the coarse bed material and the relatively low-energy conditions, the contribution of the suspended transport to the total transport was predicted and observed to be negligible. The model predicted the bar to move onshore because of the feedback between near-bed wave skewness, bedload, and the sandbar under weakly to non-breaking conditions at high tide. The predicted bathymetric evolution contrasts, however, with the observations that the bar migrated onshore predominantly at low tide. Also, the model flattened the bar, while in the observations the sandbar retained its steep landward-facing flank. A comparison between available observations and numerical simulations suggests that onshore propagating surf zone bores in very shallow water (< 0.25 m) may have been responsible for most of the observed bar behaviour. These processes are missing from the applied model and, given that the observed conditions can be considered typical of very shallow sandbars, highlight a priority for further field study and model development. The possibility that the excess water transported by the bores across the bar was channelled alongshore to near-by rip-channels further implies that traditional cross-shore measures to judge the applicability of a cross-shore morphodynamic model may be misleading. 相似文献
10.
H.-R. Kudrass 《Marine Geology》1974,16(1):M9-M12
Direct observation of the transport behaviour of pebbles with attached algae, purposely laid out in the nearshore zone, showed that they can be easily transported by oscillatory water movements, if the ratio weight of pebble)/(wet weight of algae) is less than or equal to about 3. 相似文献
11.
This paper presents the development and application of two-dimensional and three-dimensional oil trajectory and fate models for coastal waters. In the two-dimensional model, the oil slick is divided into a number of small grids and the properties of each grid due to spreading, advection, turbulent diffusion, evaporation and dissolution are studied. This model can predict the movement of the oil slick on the water surface. In order to simulate the distribution of oil particles in the water column, a three-dimensional oil fate model is developed based on the mass transport equation and the concentration distribution of oil particles can be solved. A comparison of numerical results with the observed data shows good conformity. 相似文献
12.
AbstractThis article presents a study of liquefaction resistance behaviour of sand using a cyclic triaxial test. The site investigation was performed, and frozen undisturbed specimens were taken from the Izumio site in Osaka, Japan. According to the evidence in 1995 Kobe Earthquake, the first two sand layers are vulnerable to undergo liquefaction. The effect of deviatoric stress on liquefaction resistance was focused on in this study. The excess pore pressure ratio, hysteresis loop, and effective stress path from the cyclic triaxial tests were reported. A multispring element model was employed to simulate the soil behaviour under cyclic loading. The results showed that applied deviatoric stress could influence the liquefaction resistance of sandy soil samples. The plots of the cyclic stress ratio versus the number of cycles to generate liquefaction known as a liquefaction resistance curve can be then constructed and compared with other sands. 相似文献
13.
Many existing practical sand transport formulae for the coastal marine environment are restricted to a limited range of hydrodynamic and sand conditions. This paper presents a new practical formula for net sand transport induced by non-breaking waves and currents. The formula is especially developed for cross-shore sand transport under wave-dominated conditions and is based on the semi-unsteady, half wave-cycle concept, with bed shear stress as the main forcing parameter. Unsteady phase-lag effects between velocities and concentrations, which are especially important for rippled bed and fine sand sheet-flow conditions, are accounted for through parameterisations. Recently-recognised effects on the net transport rate related to flow acceleration skewness and progressive surface waves are also included. To account for the latter, the formula includes the effects of boundary layer streaming and advection effects which occur under real waves, but not in oscillatory tunnel flows. The formula is developed using a database of 226 net transport rate measurements from large-scale oscillatory flow tunnels and a large wave flume, covering a wide range of full-scale flow conditions and uniform and graded sands with median diameter ranging from 0.13 mm to 0.54 mm. Good overall agreement is obtained between observed and predicted net transport rates with 78% of the predictions falling within a factor 2 of the measurements. For several distinctly different conditions, the behaviour of the net transport with increasing flow strength agrees well with observations, indicating that the most important transport processes in both the rippled bed and sheet flow regime are well captured by the formula. However, for some flow conditions good quantitative agreement could only be obtained by introducing separate calibration parameters. The new formula has been validated against independent net transport rate data for oscillatory flow conditions and steady flow conditions. 相似文献
14.
The behaviour of an axially pre-loaded cylindrical member of an offshore structure, hit by a supply ship, has been investigated. The effects of axial pre-loading on the dynamic properties of members, the extent of damage and propagation of dynamic instability in the tubular members have also been investigated. Numerical models have been validated using available experimental data from the literature although these are mostly static with no pre-loading. Axial pre-loading was found to change the dynamic characteristics of some cylindrical members quite dramatically while it had no significant effect on others. The study examined whether there was any change in the behaviour between local and global modes when the loading was dynamic rather than static. The effect of damping on the dynamic instability of axially pre-loaded tubes under lateral dynamic loads was also studied. It was observed that for some geometries the quasi-static response can be used to define the boundary between bounded and unbounded dynamic responses. The main contribution of this study, compared with previous investigations reported in the literature, is that both pre-loading and dynamic effects have been included. 相似文献
15.
Quantity of bed load is an important physical parameter in sediment transport research. Aiming at the difficulties in the bed load measurement, this paper develops a bottom-mounted monitor to measure the bed load transport rate by adopting the sedimentation pit method and resolving such key problems as weighing and desilting, which can achieve long-time, all-weather and real-time telemeasurement of the bed load transport rate of plain rivers, estuaries and coasts. Both laboratory and field tests show that this monitor is reasonable in design, stable in properties and convenient in measurement, and it can be used to monitor the bed load transport rate in practical projects. 相似文献
16.
For the Raman interaction between an atom and a two-mode cavity field prepared in the state |01> or |10>, the atom and the field can be disentangled periodically. Such a property of Raman atom--field interaction allows the full entanglement transfer among many atoms and bimodal cavities. In the calculations, each atom is assumed to interact with its own cavity at a different time and so non-identical atoms can be treated conveniently. Entanglement sudden death is discussed too. Though atom--field interaction greatly changes the values of the concurrence for two atoms, configuration of the concurrence is almost not affected. When there is entanglement sudden death, atoms and cavities can still be entangled with one another. However, full entanglement transfer cannot be achieved for such systems with Raman atom--field interaction. 相似文献
17.
《Coastal Engineering》2006,53(2-3):265-275
Sand waves form a prominent regular pattern in the offshore seabeds of sandy shallow seas and pose a threat to a range of offshore activities. A two-dimensional vertical (2DV) flow and morphological simulation model describing the behaviour of these sand waves has been developed. The simulation model contains the 2DV shallow water equations, with a free water surface and a general bed load formula. The water movement is coupled to the sediment transport equation with a seabed evolution equation. The domain is non-periodic in both directions. The spatial discretisation is performed by a spectral method based on Chebyshev polynomials. A fully implicit method is chosen for the discretisation in time. Firstly, we validate the simulation model mathematically by reproducing the results obtained using a linear stability analysis for infinitely small sand waves. Hereby, we investigate a steady current situation induced by a wind stress applied at the sea surface. The bed forms we find have wavelengths in the order of hundreds of metres when the resistance at the seabed is relatively large. The results show that it is possible to model the initial evolution of sand waves with a numerical simulation model. This paper forms the necessary first step to investigate the intermediate term behaviour of sand waves. 相似文献
18.
A previously published wave-averaged version of Bailard's sediment transport formulation, intended for use in a numerical model of shelf sand transport, is compared against available field observations from literature. The objective was to test the performance of the transport relation over the wide range of hydrodynamical conditions that can occur at sea. A modified data analysis method was used to assess the reliability of the field observations. The modification consists of a method to cluster the data into classes to enable statistical analysis. The sediment transport formulation is part of the classification method. The method is in principle also suitable to reduce the size of data sets of non-cohesive sediment transport obtained with modern electronic equipment. The results show that the quality of the published field observations is fair, and that the wave-averaged Bailard formulation performs well for low and medium transport regimes in both currents and waves. For those conditions, it yields a slight overprediction of the transports, and a nearly uniform behaviour as a function of the conditions. The formulation underestimates transport rates for very high flow velocities in absence of waves, which is in agreement with earlier findings. The present version of Bailard's wave averaged sediment transport formulation is suitable for computing the local transport rates of fine to coarse sand on continental shelves in conditions ranging from small currents to moderate currents combined with non-breaking waves. 相似文献
19.
冬、夏季东海北部悬浮体分布及海流对悬浮体输运的阻隔作用 总被引：33，自引：10，他引：33
依据1987年6月、1996年12月、1997年2月和1998年7月在东海北部所取得的悬浮体、温度和盐度资料就该区冬季和夏季的悬浮体分布、影响因素和输运进行了研究,结果表明该区悬浮体分布具有明显的季节性变化,在中、外陆架区悬浮体含量冬季明显高于夏季.悬浮体的分布及输运受到东海环流、风暴和潮流等的影响,其中东海环流的季节性变化是主要影响因素.受台湾暖流的阻隔,冬季和夏季长江入海泥沙在东海基本不能越过124°00'E以东海域.黄海沿岸流携带着老黄河口水下三角洲的再悬浮沉积物向陆架东南扩散,其搬运的量和在中、外陆架区的扩散范围冬季显著大于夏季.在黄海暖流的阻隔下,陆架悬浮体冬季和夏季在32°N断面很少能扩散至126°30'E以东海域.台湾暖流和黑潮爬升水的阻隔作用使得冬季和夏季陆架悬浮体在P-N断面也基本不能扩散至陆架边缘.冬季在东海北部可有部分陆架悬浮体输送到冲绳海槽,但有区域性,其输送的可能位置是在P-N断面以北、32°N断面以南之黄海沿岸流向东南延伸的陆架边缘;夏季陆架悬浮体基本滞留在陆架区. 相似文献
20.
The effects of chaotic advection in a three-layer ocean model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A three-layer model of an inviscid incompressible fluid is considered in a quasigeostrophic approximation within the concept
of background currents. A singular topographic obstacle yields the formation of a vortical motion in the layers. It is always
present in the lower layer, while in the upper and middle layers it can be observed only at certain velocities of the external
flows. Three current functions describing a singular topographic flow in the lower layer and two regular flows in the upper
layer are obtained. In case of a nonstationary harmonic perturbation of the external flow, chaotic particle transport is possible
in these flows. This paper analyzes the chaotic properties of this model. Depending on the type of unperturbed frequency curves
of the fluid particle revolution is determined by the model parameters (stratification) and the incident flow, the patterns
of the chaotic transport will substantially differ. Two of the limiting dependences of the revolution frequency are determined,
namely, the dependence for a singular vortex and that for a regular vortex with the smallest area. Other dependences are intermediate
ones. Two limiting types of revolution frequencies determine the two different scenarios of chaotic advection. 相似文献