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1.
宁南盆地古近纪沉积岩地球化学特征对沉积环境的反映 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《地质科技情报》2016,(5)
沉积物元素地球化学特征是盆地沉积环境变化的响应。通过分析沉积岩的微量元素和稀土元素含量变化特征,研究了宁南盆地古近纪气候条件、古盐度和氧化还原环境。Cu、Cs质量分数变化以及Rb/Sr比值、Sr/Cu比值特征,揭示寺口子组沉积时期至少存在一期由潮湿-干旱转变的气候事件,从寺口子组沉积末期到清水营组沉积初期,古气候由干旱变为潮湿。Sr/Ba比值和B/Ga比值反映清水营组沉积水体盐度与寺口子组相差不大,仅在石峡口水库处古盐度值极大,其他地区略有减小。寺口子组沉积过程中,水体盐度有所增加。氧化还原指标V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、V/(V+Ni)、δU、δCe、Ce/La和Ce_(anom)以及氧化还原敏感元素V、U、Ni、Zn和Cr的质量分数变化指示清水营组沉积时期水体氧含量整体小于寺口子组沉积时期。寺口子组沉积环境以氧化环境为主,清水营组沉积水体为氧-贫氧环境。 相似文献
2.
《地质科技情报》2015,(5)
为了探讨大巴山早寒武世黑色岩层的稀土元素特征及古沉积环境,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对大巴山城巴断块内的水井沱组黑色岩层的稀土元素及V、Ni、Cr、U、Th、Zn、Co等微量元素质量分数进行了测定,并与前人研究的鲁家坪组黑色岩层进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,城巴断块内的黑色岩层轻稀土元素相对重稀土元素富集,Ce异常值δCeN为0.47~0.94(平均值0.69),δCeS为0.46~0.91(平均值0.67)呈负异常,Eu异常值δEuN=0.27~1.03(平均值0.57),δEuS=0.42~1.57(绝大多数小于0.87),δEu基本呈现负异常;U/Th比值为2.52~67.51,Sr/Cu比值为5.83~27.96,V/(V+Ni)比值为0.65~0.98,V/Cr比值为1.35~17.79及δU值为1.77~1.99,结合REE的北美页岩标准化曲线、La-Ce图解、Zn-Ni-Co三角图解及La/Yb-REE判别图解的分析表明,大巴山城巴断块内的早寒武世黑色岩层沉积时所处的古气候为干热型气候,黑色岩层形成于被动大陆边缘的缺氧浅海陆棚-斜坡过渡带的沉积环境,且明显受到热液作用的影响。 相似文献
3.
笔者采用ICP-MS测试分析技术,对川东南-黔中及其周边地区震旦-志留纪地层28件样品进行了B、V、Ni、Sr、Ba、Th、U等指示沉积环境的敏感微量元素做了系统测试分析,采用GB/T14506.28-93硅酸盐岩石化学分析方法和X射线荧光光谱法测定主要元素和微量元素含量,并探讨了Sr/Ba、V/Ni、V/(V+Ni)、Sr/Ca、Ca/Mg、Th/U比值与沉积环境的对应关系.分析结果表明,本区下组合沉积环境主要为半深海、深海及浅海滞流环境.元素空间分布的差异性反映了沉积环境的区域性变化. 相似文献
4.
中上扬子地区广泛发育着完整的奥陶系地层,其中的上奥陶统宝塔组中出现地球化学异常。綦江观音桥剖面中上奥陶统地层的地球化学研究表明,宝塔组中V、Ni出现亏损,V/(V+Ni)值表现为低值,而Th/U、Ni/Co与Sr/Ba值却表现为高值,判断晚奥陶世中宝塔期为强氧化气候,海水突然加深,是一次明显的海侵过程。中上奥陶统地球化学异常是华夏板块与扬子板块相互作用的结果。 相似文献
5.
沉积岩的地球化学特征可以反映盆地沉积环境。为了探讨鄂尔多斯盆地延长组沉积时期古气候、氧化还原条件、古盐度等特征,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部铜川延长组长7段的5个砂岩、8个页岩样品进行主量、微量以及稀土元素地球化学分析。结果显示,长7段细粒沉积物Al2O3/SiO2值与K2O/Na2O值指示样品成分成熟度差别不大,黏土矿物含量较高。∑REE平均值为132.65×10-6,明显低于北美页岩平均稀土元素含量,也低于全球平均大陆上地壳值;LREE分异程度较高,呈微弱的Eu正异常,无Ce异常。“C值”、Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、Mg/Ca等指标显示延长组沉积期整体处于温暖潮湿的气候区。研究区样品富集微量元素U、Sc、Cs(平均20.11×10-6、9.66×10-6、6.08×10-6),结合V、δU、Th/U、V/Cr、V/Sc、V/(V+Ni)等指标分析,结果指示延长组沉积期以底层水体呈强分层的还原环境为主。Li、Sr、Ni、Sr/Ba、(MgO/Al2O3)×100等值显示沉积期水体总体为淡水-微咸水。 相似文献
6.
沉积岩的微量、稀土元素对沉积环境的水介质变化有着较高的敏感度,对于研究古环境、沉积物源性质和构造背景方面具有重要的意义。前人对于东台坳陷元素地球化学方面的研究相对薄弱,利用元素地球化学资料解释古环境和源区性质方面的研究尚属空白。本文以苏北东台坳陷古新统阜宁组三段20件泥岩样品为研究对象,对其进行微量、稀土元素测定,并分析其地球化学特征及所揭示的地质意义。结果表明:(1)Sr含量、Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、La_n/Yb_n比值指示干热气候;Li、Sr、Ni、Ga微量元素含量和Sr/Ba比值均指示淡水—半咸水的水体环境,整体以淡水环境为主,偶有咸水注入盆地,局部为半咸水环境;而V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、δCe指示氧化—弱还原的水体环境。(2)Co/Th—La/Sc、La/Th—Hf判别图解和稀土元素配分模式,表明阜宁组三段沉积岩应来自于上地壳的长英质物质。(3)La—Th—Sc、Th—Co—Zr/10和Th—Sc—Zr/10构造背景判别图解反映了大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘的构造背景,且与Bhatia不同构造背景杂砂岩的微量、稀土元素特征值的对比分析结果一致。 相似文献
7.
结合露头剖面、岩石薄片观察、碳氧同位素及微量元素等资料,综合分析了陕西富平地区上奥陶统赵老峪组海相碳酸盐岩沉积时的古水深、古盐度、古温度及氧化还原条件变化规律,以期恢复其沉积环境。研究表明,赵老峪组下部0～12层的δ13C平均值为-0. 95‰、δ18O值为-5. 67‰、Sr/Ba值为80. 31、B/Ga值为7. 93、U/Th值为5. 57、V/Cr值为5. 44,主要是以泥晶灰岩为主的深水原地沉积,其沉积环境总体表现为水体较深、离岸较远、水温较高、盐度较高的贫氧-厌氧环境;上部13～35层δ13C平均值为0. 55‰、δ18O值为-4. 03‰、Sr/Ba值为19. 05、B/Ga值为9. 17、U/Th值为2. 78、V/Cr值为4. 77,主要发育深水原地沉积、重力流沉积和等深流沉积,但深水原地沉积的发育层数相比于下部大大减少,沉积环境逐渐演变为水深相对较浅、水温较低、盐度较低的贫氧-厌氧环境,这一阶段的整体古水深、古温度和古盐度及氧化还原条件相比于0～12层沉积时较稳定,变化幅度较小。结果表明,用地球化学指标研究深水碳酸盐岩沉积时期的海平面变化、古温度、古盐度及氧化还原条件等环境因素也是可行的。 相似文献
8.
《地球化学》2019,(6)
奥陶-志留纪之交的地表环境异常活跃,全球冰川事件、海洋缺氧事件以及生物灭绝等事件频发。为了解扬子地区晚奥陶世海洋沉积环境与古气候之间的关系,对四川盆地的双河剖面进行了主元素、微量元素分析。古生产力指标(Ba/Al、Ni/Al)表明晚奥陶世扬子海域初级生产力较高,氧化还原指标(V/Cr、U/Th和U-Mo协变模式)指示凯迪期(五峰组)海水氧化还原条件由早期次氧过渡为厌氧还原条件,赫南特冰期发生氧化,鲁丹期(龙马溪组)则再次缺氧还原。五峰组和龙马溪组的化学风化指数(ICIA)平均值分别为71和72,指示温暖潮湿气候条件,赫南特期观音桥段平均值为61,指示寒冷干旱气候特征。同时,晚奥陶世δ13Corg正偏表明气候变化可能是有机质埋藏和黑色页岩广泛发育的结果。 相似文献
9.
鄂尔多斯盆地纸坊组微量元素地球化学特征及沉积环境指示意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
沉积岩中的微量元素对沉积环境的水介质变化有着较高的敏感度,是研究沉积物沉积时的古气候、古环境的有效手段。鄂尔多斯盆地纸坊组是三叠系具有油气显示的新层系,其古气候及古水体环境对于恢复该时期盆地沉积格局、重建古地理及成藏研究具有重要意义。采用ICP-MS对鄂尔多斯盆地纸坊组剖面及岩芯21件泥岩及粉砂岩样品进行了微量元素测试,选择对沉积环境介质较为敏感的锶（Sr）、钡（Ba）、钍（Th）、铀（U）、钒（V）、镍（Ni）、钴（Co）等元素作为判别指标,并结合沉积学标志及孢粉分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地纸坊组沉积环境及古气候特征进行研究。结果表明:通过Li、Sr、Ni、Ga含量及Sr/Ba值判别研究区为淡水-微咸水沉积环境;U/Th值分布在0.09~0.38,δU值分布在0.43~1.07,V/（V+Ni）值分布在0.69~0.89,V/Cr值分布在0.87~5.57、Ni/Co值分布在1.21~2.93,指示水体分层不强的氧化-弱还原过渡环境;纸坊组水体深度平均深度小于30 m,大型"汇水"湖泊尚未形成;Sr/Cu比值在0.85~16.7之间,大部分小于10,仅个别值大于10,表明纸坊组古气候已由和尚沟组干热气候趋于温暖气候。 相似文献
10.
山东东部灵山岛地区发育一套火山碎屑岩、硅质岩、火山碎屑岩夹火山弹的特殊沉积层,为查明这套地层中硅质岩的形成原因及其大地构造背景,对硅质岩进行岩相学和地球化学分析。结果表明,研究区SiO2平均含量为70. 08%,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、δEu、Ba/Sr、Ni/Co及地球化学示踪投影指示其为热水成因;Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、MnO/TiO2、V/Cr、Ni/Co、Th/Sc、U/Th、δCe、(La/Ce)N表明其形成于大陆边缘环境;K2O/Na2O、Al2O3/TiO2、SiO2/Al2O3、SiO2/MgO、Ni/Co值暗示其形成与火山作用有关。研究区硅质岩应为热水成因,且形成过程中受到陆源物质和火山作用的双重影响,形成于大陆边缘裂谷沉积环境。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
15.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
16.
17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
19.
Preston Cloud 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):678-696
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
20.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献