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1.
The paper presents new data on the morphology of more than 3200 diamond crystals from kimberlite pipes of the Catoca field located in the Lunda diamond-bearing province of northeastern Angola. The diamond crystals from particular pipes of this field differ in their morphology and their physical and mineralogical properties. Octahedrons are predominant in the morphological spectrum of crystals from the Catoca and Kamitongo pipes, indicating more favorable conditions for diamond growth and preservation in comparison with diamonds from the Kakele pipe, where rhombic dodecahedrons are prevalent. In general, morphological and other mineralogical features of diamond crystals may be used in appraisal of the diamond-bearing potential of their primary sources in northeastern Angola. 相似文献
2.
First data on the geologic and geochemical compositions of kimberlites from nine kimberlite pipes of southwestern Angola are presented. In the north of the study area, there are the Chikolongo and Chicuatite kimberlite pipes; in the south, a bunch of four Galange pipes (I–IV); and in the central part, the Ochinjau, Palue, and Viniaty pipes. By geochemical parameters, these rocks are referred to as classical kimberlites: They bear mantle inclusions of ultrabasites, eclogites, various barophilic minerals (including ones of diamond facies), and diamonds. The kimberlite pipes are composed of petrographically diverse rocks: tuffstones, tuff breccias, kimberlite breccias, autolithic kimberlite breccias, and massive porphyritic kimberlites. In mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical compositions the studied kimberlites are most similar to group I kimberlites of South Africa and Fe-Ti-kimberlites of the Arkhangel’sk diamondiferous province. Comparison of the mineralogical compositions of kimberlites from southwestern Angola showed that the portion of mantle (including diamondiferous) material of depth facies in kimberlite pipes regularly increases in the S-N direction. The northern diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes are localized in large destructive zones of NE strike, and the central and southern diamond-free pipes, in faults of N-S strike. 相似文献
3.
The composition of the C-O-H fluid is estimated on the basis of the composition of ilmenite xenocrysts. The P-T parameters and oxygen fugacity were assessed for peridotitic ilmenites from the diamond and diamond-free kimberlites of Africa and Yakutia. The composition of the equilibrium C-O-H fluid for these conditions was calculated. The diamond and diamond-free pipes of Angola and Yakutia are characterized by the H 2O-rich and CO 2-rich fluids, respectively. The results indicate that estimation of the composition of the C-O-H fluid in equilibrium with picroilmenite fits the necessary petrological criteria and may be applied for assessment of the diamond potential of mantle objects. 相似文献
4.
The discovery of ultrabasic rocks and of diamonds in Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic kimberlite pipes in the Siberian platform gave impetus to the search for diamond deposits in this area. Also, the discovery of diamond placers in Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine and nonmarine sediments in 1948 intensified the search. The geology of the area is characterized, as is that of the African diamond fields, by considerable faulting and heterogeneous composition of the basement, the development of large depressions, and a magmatic cycle dominated by basic and ultrabasic magmas. Many unexplored areas within the platform, undoubtedly having similar characteristics, are potential diamond producers. --G. E. Denegar. 相似文献
5.
Although several hundred kimberlites have been discovered in the past 20 years in Brazil, the Brazilian diamond production
has been derived almost entirely from sedimentary deposits: diamond-bearing conglomerates of different ages and recent alluvials
or terraces. Conglomerates as a source of diamond production may not be very significant in economic terms but are extremely
important in geological terms because they are the main, known sources of the recent alluvial deposits of Brazil. In this
sense, Brazil shows a sharp contrast with other large-scale producing countries, such as South Africa, Botswana, Russia and
Australia, where the production comes largely from kimberlites. It has similarities with Angola and India. In the former,
the Calonda conglomerates and, in the latter, the Banganapalli conglomerates are as important as sources as are the kimberlites,
either because diamonds are recovered from them directly or because they feed the alluvials. But Brazil differs from these
countries regarding the age of the oldest diamond finds. While in Angola they are restricted to the Cretaceous and in India
to the Upper Proterozoic, in Brazil they spread from the Lower/Middle Proterozoic to the Cretaceous. Brazil is thus a very
privileged area to study diamond sedimentary deposits, not only because they are numerous and have economic importance, but
also and mainly because they occur in sedimentary sequences of at least four different ages. The recognition of common geological
features in diamond sedimentary sequences of different ages led to the conclusion that their recurrence through time reflect
fundamental processes which can be put together in a rift evolutionary model. In this study seven different diamondiferous
districts in Brazil are briefly described and their rift-related features are emphasised. These features include the position
in the sedimentary pile both of the diamond-bearing conglomerates and the volcanic events, as well as the proximal character
in relation to growth-faults and the horizontal linear distribution of the conglomerates. The proposed model, stems from a
sedimentary reasoning. It links primary diamond sources and related volcanism to rifts, and substantiates the idea that kimberlite/lamproite
extrusions predate tectonic paroxysm such that, after erosion, diamonds from those extrusions end up in proximal rift-infill
sediments. Here the timing of the extrusion of the primary diamond source rocks is similar to the one determined by White
et al. who produced structural evidence to establish their model.
Received: 13 January 1997 / Accepted: 22 July 1997 相似文献
6.
156 samples of naturally‐occurring molybdenite from 87 localities in Australia have been examined to determine the distribution of the hexagonal (2H 1) and rhombohedral (3R) polytypes. 90% of the specimens examined are 2H 1 polytypes, the remainder being 3R and mixtures of 2H 1 and 3R polytypes. The 3R and mixed polytypes are more abundant in porphyry copper deposits or as disseminations, in veins, and in garnet‐quartz pipes in granite. 2H 1 polytypes are the sole modification observed in pegmatites, quart‐pegmatite pipes, simple quartz veins, and skarns. The highest average concentrations of rhenium are in molybdenite from porphyry copper deposits, quartz porphyry pipes, skarn deposits, garnet‐quartz pipes, and pegmatites. Low concentrations occur in molybdenite which is disseminated or in quartz veins in granite and in quartz or pegmatitic pipes. Molybdenites in which the 2H 1 polytype is dominant have a lower average rhenium content than those with dominant 3R polytype. 相似文献
7.
辽宁省瓦房店金刚石矿田位于华北陆块辽东新元古代- 古生代坳陷带。区内各时代地层均有出露,其中新元古界出露面积最大。区内断裂构造发育,较大的有北北东向的金州断裂,已发现的金伯利岩体基本上分布在该断裂以西。矿田内金刚石矿均为金伯利岩型,已发现100多个金伯利岩体,划分成4条矿带,已提交4个大型原生金刚石矿床和3个近源小型金刚石砂矿床,资源量占全国的一半以上,是我国重要的金刚石矿集区,其中50号金伯利岩管因其出产的金刚石质量优越而在宝石界享有盛誉。但本区的金伯利岩绝大部分是20世纪70年代、80年代发现的,为了更好地开展金刚石勘查工作,对本区金伯利岩的成矿条件和控矿因素进行了研究,金伯利岩体的平面分布位置表明,瓦房店地区的金伯利岩体成群、成带分布,既有岩管也有岩脉,以岩脉为主,岩管约占20%左右,岩体大小不等、形态各异,钻孔控制的岩管、岩脉大多具有向下延伸突然中断的特征,钻孔中见到的金伯利岩显示,很多金伯利岩管底界平直或具有多个水平标高上出现平移错动的现象,典型岩管、岩脉与等轴或近等轴状构造盆地的关系密切。通过对区内金伯利体岩空间分布特征、岩体形态特征进行分析,并探讨了本区金伯利岩的侵位过程和就位机制后认为,瓦房店地区的金伯利岩在侵位的浅成阶段,由于岩浆携带大量挥发分,在上升通道不顺畅的地段使上覆地层隆起,当挥发分泄漏掉以后隆起的地层塌陷形成浅碟子状的构造盆地,挥发分泄漏的通道就是金伯利岩体的产出位置,也有部分岩浆沿次级断裂运移固结成岩;由于被晚期推覆构造改造,使岩管、岩脉出现水平错动,造成了钻孔中所见的平底岩管或岩脉向下延伸不大的现象,这一认识为合理部署勘查工作提供了新的思路。 相似文献
8.
The Central Mackenzie Valley (CMV) area of Northwest Territories is underlain by Precambrian basement belonging to the North American Craton. The potential of this area to host kimberlitic diamond deposits is relatively high judging from the seismologically-defined lithospheric thickness, age of basement rocks (2.2–1.7 Ga) and presence of kimberlite indicator minerals (KIMs) in Quaternary sediments. This study presents data for a large collection of KIMs recovered from stream sediments and till samples from two study areas in the CMV, the Horn Plateau and Trout Lake. In the processed samples, peridotitic garnets dominate the KIM grain count for both regions (> 25% each) while eclogitic garnet is almost absent in both regions (< 1% each). KIM chemistry for the Horn Plateau indicates significant diamond potential, with a strong similarity to KIM systematics from the Central and Western Slave Craton. The most significant issue to resolve in assessing the local diamond potential is the degree to which KIM chemistry reflects local and/or distal kimberlite bodies. Radiogenic isotope analysis of detrital kimberlite-related CMV ilmenite and rutile grains requires at least two broad age groups for eroded source kimberlites. Statistical analysis of the data suggests that it is probable that some of these KIMs were derived from primary and/or secondary sources within the CMV area, while others may have been transported to the area from the east-northeast by Pleistocene glacial and/or glaciofluvial systems. At this stage, KIM chemistry does not allow the exact location of the kimberlitic source(s) to be constrained. 相似文献
9.
一般认为原生或伴生金矿床在成因上与中酸性火成岩有关.文章通过我国金伯利岩型金刚石矿床伴生金的试验研究,确定该类型伴生金矿与超基性火成岩有关.金伯利岩中个别样品w(Au)=0.46×10-6,金刚石选矿尾矿及其重选精矿金的质量分数均较高,具有一定的学术研究价值和开发利用前景. 相似文献
10.
An essentially new method for the allocation of diamondiferous kimberlite pipes against surrounding rocks is proposed. The method is based on the interpretation of multispectral LANDSAT-7 ETM+ satellite images; it allows one to find the most promising areas within perspective sites revealed by other methods. It is demonstrated that application of GIS technologies for comprehensive use of geological, geophysical, and mineralogical data and the results of the interpretation of satellite images is efficient for predicting kimberlite diamond deposits in both studied areas and poorly explored territories. 相似文献
11.
通过对新疆康古尔塔格地区Ⅵ号和Ⅷ号金矿进行的试验研究,结合测区的地质与地貌的实际情况,确立了空中和地面地球物理测量条件,建立了本区寻找金矿的综合地质-地球物理标志;应用综合找矿标志,圈出了该区金矿远景区10个,经地面查证发现了其中含金矿化蚀变
带5处,并确认该区石炭系苦水组地层为新的含矿层。 相似文献
12.
Conventional diamond exploration guidelines predict that economic diamond occurrences will be restricted to Archaean cratons, where the lithosphere is thick and cool, and diamond is the stable form of carbon in the lower portions of the lithosphere. However, Australia's current economic diamond deposits are not well predicted by these conventional exploration guidelines. Tomographic images show that Australia's economic diamond deposits lie at step changes in lithospheric thickness within dominantly cratonized Proterozoic provinces with thick (≥ 200 km) lithosphere. The thickest portions of the seismic lithosphere in Australia occur not under the major Archaean cratons, rather the central Proterozoic regions of the continent. We use a numerical code to show that such features are stable, and that the longevity of the diamond stability field is dependent on distance to the continent–ocean boundary, local depth of the chemical boundary layer (CBL), and proximity to changes in CBL depth. We also show that abrupt changes in lithospheric thickness focus lithospheric stress gradients, affecting melt migration paths, and that continental melt production is enhanced in regions adjacent to major cratons. Diamond pipes occur where conditions conducive to diamond stability and deep-seated alkaline volcanism (kimberlite or lamproite) occur simultaneously, and the common confluence of these factors at abrupt changes in lithospheric thickness marks them as potential exploration targets. 相似文献
13.
The Letšeng Diamond Mine comprises two ~91 Ma kimberlite pipes. An update of the geology is presented based on the 2012–2017 detailed investigation of open pit exposures and all available drillcores which included mapping, logging and petrography. Each of the steep-sided volcanic pipes comprises a number of phases of kimberlite with contrasting diamond contents which were formed by the emplacement of at least four batches of mantle-derived magma. The resulting range of textures includes resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlite (RVK), Kimberley-type pyroclastic kimberlite (KPK), coherent kimberlite (CK) and minor amounts of hypabyssal kimberlite (HK). The pipes are compared with KPK occurrences from southern Africa and worldwide. Many features of the Letšeng pipes are similar to KPK infilled pipes particularly those of the widespread Cretaceous kimberlite province of southern Africa. The differences displayed at Letšeng compared to other large KPK pipe infills described from around the world are attributed to the marginal or melnoitic nature of the magma and the upper diatreme to crater setting of the Letšeng pipes, where processes become extrusive. It is concluded that the pipes comprise a variant of Kimberley-type pyroclastic kimberlite emplacement. The classification of many of the Letšeng rocks as KPK is important for developing the internal geology of the pipes as well as for predicting the distribution of diamonds within the bodies. 相似文献
14.
金刚石及其寄主岩石是人类认识地球深部物质组成和性质、壳幔和核幔物质循环重要研究对象。本文总结了中国不同金刚石类型的分布,着重对比了博茨瓦纳和中国含金刚石金伯利岩的地质特征,取得如下认识:(1)博茨瓦纳含矿原生岩石仅为金伯利岩,而中国含矿岩石成分复杂,金伯利岩主要出露在华北克拉通,展布于郯庐、华北中央和华北北缘金伯利岩带,具有工业价值的蒙阴和瓦房店矿床分布于郯庐金伯利岩带中;钾镁煌斑岩主要出露在华南克拉通,重点分布在江南和华南北缘钾镁煌斑岩带中;(2)钙钛矿原位U-Pb年龄和Sr、Nd同位素显示,86～97 Ma奥拉帕金伯利岩群和456～470 Ma蒙阴和瓦房店金伯利岩均具有低87Sr/86Sr(0.703～0.705)和中等εNd(t)(-0.09～+5)特征,指示金伯利岩浆源自弱亏损地幔或初始地幔源区;(3)博茨瓦纳金伯利岩体绝大多数以岩筒产出,而中国以脉状为主岩筒次之;博茨瓦纳岩筒绝大部分为火山口相,中国均为根部相,岩筒地表面积普遍小于前者;(4)奥拉帕A/K1和朱瓦能金伯利岩体是世界上为数不多的主要产出榴辉岩捕虏体和E型金刚石的岩筒之一,而同位于奥拉帕岩群的莱特拉卡内、丹姆沙和卡罗韦岩体与我国郯庐带的金伯利岩体类似,均主要产出地幔橄榄岩捕虏体以及P型和E型金刚石;(5)寻找含矿金伯利岩重点注意以下几点:克拉通内部和周缘深大断裂带是重要的控岩构造;镁铝榴石、镁钛铁矿、铬透辉石、铬尖晶石和铬金红石等是寻找含金刚石金伯利岩重要的指示矿物;航磁等地球物理测量需与土壤取样找矿方法相结合才能取得更好效果;(6)郯庐金伯利岩带、江南钾镁煌斑岩带和塔里木地块是中国重要含矿岩石的找矿靶区,冲积型金刚石成矿潜力巨大。 相似文献
15.
[摘 要]钾镁煌斑岩是金刚石的成矿母岩、组成岩筒的基本物质。基于区内区域重磁异常分布特征,以北部镇远马坪及周边县域(施秉、三穗、雷山、剑河、麻江)出露的钾镁煌斑岩和南部从江一带镶嵌的基性-超基性岩为线索及岩体露头上的重磁场异常特征响应值为标尺,与地表出现的金刚石原生矿、砂矿、指示矿物、重砂异常分布为依据,圈定了数个基性-超基性岩体(带),结合物探资料推断的岩浆岩带、火山机构、板块结合带、深大断裂带以及地质矿产资料,共划分了6 个金刚石找矿远景区。预测在台江-剑河-锦屏-黎平一线,出现的1 处大型重磁(航磁环状异常)正异常分布区为区内金刚石找矿的重要靶区和找到具有工业价值金刚石原生矿的重点突破口,这里(G3 异常区)极有可能是破解贵州原生金刚石找矿瓶颈的福地,是揭示金刚石矿床赋矿岩筒神秘面纱的有利地段。 相似文献
16.
随着找矿的深入,在鲁中东-苏西北地区新发现了一批大中型金、铁和金刚石矿床,该区已成为我国重要的矿产资源基地。本文在新的研究成果和认识基础上,通过综合分析,在该地区划分新的重要成矿部署区带,厘定边界并命名为"鲁中东-苏西北Au-Fe金刚石成矿带",初步建立了该成矿带成矿谱系,结果显示成矿带内存在太古宙、元古宙、古生代、中生代以及新生代等5期成矿。区内矿产以金、铁以及金刚石为主,金矿床类型主要有石英脉型、破碎蚀变岩型,铁矿类型主要有沉积变质型和矽卡岩型,金刚石矿主要为岩浆型。结合研究区找矿最新进展和全国矿产资源潜力评价最新成果,认为本区Au、Fe、金刚石资源潜力巨大。在此基础上划分了6处远景区,为进一步实现找矿突破及地质找矿战略部署提供了科学依据。 相似文献
17.
This paper presents the results of an investigation into the structure of eolian kimberlite indicator minerals (KIMs) haloes present within Quaternary Kalahari Group sediments (up to 20 m thick) overlying the Late Cretaceous kimberlites in the Orapa field in North-East Botswana. A database of more than 8000 samples shows that kimberlites create a general mineralogical blanket of KIMs of various distances of transportation from primary sources in the Orapa area. Models of the reflection and dispersion patterns of KIMs derived from kimberlite pipes including AK10/ AK22/AK23 have been revealed based on 200 selected heavy mineral samples collected during diamond prospecting activities in Botswana from 2014 to 2017. Short distance eolian haloes situated close to kimberlite bodies cover gentle slopes within plains up to 500 × 1000 m in size. They have regularly have oval or conical shapes and are characterized by the presence mainly of unabraded or only slightly abraded KIMs. A sharp reduction of their concentration from hundreds and thousands of grains / 20 l immediately above kimberlites toto 10 grains/20 l at a distance of only 100–200 m from the pipes is a standard feature of these haloes. The variation of concentration, morphology and abrasion of specific KIMs with increasing distance from the primary sources has been investigated and presented herein. Sample volumes recommended for pipes present within a similar setting as those studied, with different depth of sedimentary cover are as follows: up to 10–20 m cover at 20–50 l, 20–30 m cover at 50–100 l and 30–80 m cover at 250 l. It is important to appreciate that the discovery of even single grains of unabraded or slightly abraded KIMs in eolian haloes are of high prospecting significance in this area. The results of the research can be applied to in diamond prospecting programs in various regions with similar environments. 相似文献
18.
Mn-rich ilmenites (up to 7 % MnO) have been identified in dykes cutting the Malanjkhand porphyry copper mining area in Madhya Pradesh. The dykes are hydrothermally altered and are of tholeiitic affinities. Lamprophyres have been reported from nearby areas. The presence of Mn-rich Ilmenites in the Malanjkhand copper mine dykes and the occurrence of lamprophyres and the pervasive potassium metasomatism in the area strongly suggests a possibility of finding diamondiferous rocks in the area. Such high-Mn bearing ilmenites are associated with diamondiferous deposits in other parts of the world, e.g. Juina kimberlites, Brazil. Mn-bearing ilmenite is considered as an indicator mineral for kimberlite/diamond occurrences. The presence of kimberlite pipes in Raipur district and the association of Mn-rich ilmenite with kimberlites is a fortuitous coincidence for venture-some mining companies. A probable explanation for the origin of manganese layers in the context of ‘rift’ tectonic environment is offered. Also a possible link between the dykes, quartz veins in the Malanjkhand granitic rocks and the copper mineralization is proposed. 相似文献
19.
郗山和龙宝山稀土矿具有相似的成矿地质背景、控矿岩体特征及矿床地质特征。燕山早期碱性侵入岩与稀土矿关系密切,稀土矿体主要赋存于杂岩体内及其附近围岩中;稀土元素和同位素研究表明,含矿质的富碱岩浆可能属壳幔混源型,碱性岩浆及成矿物质最初可能都来源于上地幔同一部位,而在岩浆上侵过程中同化混染了地壳物质。郗山稀土矿为单一富轻稀土矿床,矿脉类型以含稀土石英重晶石碳酸盐脉为主,含稀土矿物以氟碳铈矿和氟碳钙铈矿为主,碳酸铈钠矿和菱钙锶铈矿属国内首次发现。龙宝山稀土矿为稀土、金共生矿,矿脉类型主要为石英脉和硅化角砾岩;含稀土矿物主要有氟碳铈矿、氟碳铈镧矿、氟碳钙铈矿;金矿物有自然金、银金矿等。成矿时代稍晚于岩浆岩形成时代,属中生代燕山晚期;矿床成因类型为碱性岩浆期后中-低温热液稀土矿床。 相似文献
20.
为全面了解中国金刚石资源的矿床类型、资源分布特点、储量以及开发利用现状,以期对金刚石矿资源勘查及开发利用有所裨益。采用野外实地考察、文献检索与专家咨询相结合的方法,对我国金刚石资源进行了综合分析整理。结果显示,我国金刚石矿床主要有金伯利岩型原生金刚石矿床和冲积型金刚石砂矿床。原生金刚石矿床最为重要,主要分布于华北克拉通的辽宁瓦房店和山东蒙阴,其次是湖南沅水流域的金刚石砂矿床。中国金刚石产地的勘查和开发利用程度较高,优质金刚石资源已近枯竭,目前可供开发的矿产地有限,找矿突破迫在眉睫。 相似文献
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