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1.
<正>多龙铜金矿集区位于西藏阿里地区改则县境内,大地构造位置处于班公湖-怒江缝合带北侧、南羌塘板块南缘,是班公湖-怒江成矿带内规模最大的斑岩型铜金矿集区。多龙矿集区内的赛角铜金矿床研究程度相对较低,新近对赛角矿区内闪长岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素研究。获得闪长岩中锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为(120.5±1.2)Ma,表明赛角成矿岩体形成于早白垩世,  相似文献   

2.
西藏多龙矿集区地堡铜(金)矿位于班公湖—怒江缝合带北侧,羌塘地块南缘,是多龙矿集区中具有较好找矿前景的斑岩—浅成低温热液矿床。本文首次对地堡含矿斑岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年、微量元素和Hf同位素分析。含矿斑岩23个锆石点测试,获得锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均值年龄为122.0±2.5Ma(MSWD=0.34),与多龙矿集区成矿岩浆活动时限一致,是多龙矿集区的重要组成部分。锆石微量元素特征揭示地堡含矿斑岩中锆石为岩浆锆石,锆石Ti温度计计算出其结晶温度为663~850℃,平均为765℃,其岩浆源区可能经历了水饱和条件下的部分熔融作用。Hf同位素分析结果表明,地堡含矿斑岩锆石n(~(176)Hf)/n(~(177)Hf)值相对较高,为0.282726~0.283054,ε_(Hf)(t)为1.1~12.6,均为正值,其物质来源有幔源组分的加入,可能为壳幔混源的新生下地壳。  相似文献   

3.
通过对新疆东天山雅满苏岛弧带双龙铜矿成岩地质特征、岩石地球化学特征及Hf同位素分析,认为赋矿岩体为一套形成于后碰撞环境下的准铝质高钾钙碱性岩石系列的石英闪长岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为(300.9±1.2)Ma。岩石地球化学显示,赋矿岩石具富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)K,Rb等及高场强元素(HFSE)Th,U,Zr和Hf,贫Nb,Ta,Ti,Sr,P特征,可能形成于后碰撞构造环境。石英闪长岩锆石176Hf/177Hf变化范围0.282949~0.283002,平均值0.282979,εHf(t)值为12.32~14.40,平均13.40,tDM2(Hf)为375~482Ma,平均429Ma,表明岩浆物源可能来自志留纪新生地壳的部分熔融。  相似文献   

4.
邦铺矿床是发育于冈底斯成矿带东段的大型斑岩型钼铜矿床。其含矿岩体的岩浆源区及成矿机制依然存在争议。本次研究从含矿岩体全岩主微量元素、锆石U-Pb定年、Hf-O同位素组成等方面做了进一步的探讨。含矿石英二长斑岩年龄为13.9±0.3Ma~14.0±0.2Ma,落在冈底斯带上的其他中新世斑岩型矿床含矿岩体成岩年龄范围内。含矿岩体锆石氧同位素组成比较均一,δ18O值为4.72‰~7.22‰(均值5.99‰);锆石εHf(t)值为-2.3~+5.6。锆石原位Hf-O同位素结果表明岩浆源区具有二端元混合的特点,且主要来自亏损地幔(如MORB)组分。与驱龙斑岩铜钼矿床相比,邦铺钼铜矿床Hf-O同位素更接近陆壳端元,表明在岩浆演化过程中遭受了更多富Mo的陆壳物质的混入,因此导致了驱龙是以铜为主要成矿元素的斑岩铜钼矿床,而邦铺矿床为具有更低Cu/Mo值的斑岩型钼铜矿床。  相似文献   

5.
德兴矿集区位于赣东北地区,是中国东部中生代钦杭成矿带中的大型铜金铅锌矿集区之一,集中了铜厂、富家坞和朱砂红斑岩铜钼(金)矿、银山银铜铅锌多金属矿和金山金矿等大型、超大型矿床。本文在系统的野外地质调查与样品采集的基础上,对铜厂、富家坞、朱砂红及银山花岗闪长斑岩进行了LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和原位Hf同位素分析。德兴矿集区花岗闪长斑岩的LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb的4组年龄分别为:(171±1.2)Ma(铜厂)、(172±0.68)Ma(富家坞)、(173±1.3)Ma(朱砂红)、(176±1.5)Ma(银山),表明这些岩体均为中侏罗世的产物。样品Hf两阶段模式年龄平均值分别为861 Ma、876 Ma、904 Ma和941 Ma,正的εHf(t)平均值在4.34-5.54,Zr/Hf比值接近于上地幔的Zr/Hf比值。锆石Hf同位素组成显示,岩浆源区主要来源于亏损地幔组分,但在岩浆演化中遭受了古老地壳物质的混染,幔源物质在德兴矿集区花岗闪长斑岩的形成过程中发挥了重要作用。德兴矿集区4个矿床成岩成矿的最重要时期在170-175 Ma,该矿集区岩浆热液系统持续活动可能是该大型矿集区形成的重要原因。  相似文献   

6.
赵苗  杨竹森  张洪瑞 《地球科学》2019,44(6):2187-2196
伊朗乌尔米耶-达克塔尔弧岩浆带(Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc,UDMA)是特提斯域最重要的斑岩铜矿省,发育大量中新世大型超-大型斑岩铜矿床;同时,该带也发育大量同时代无矿岩体,但控制岩体成矿潜力的关键因素尚不清楚.为此,选择该带中段、成矿及无矿岩体同时发育的大理矿区,针对成矿及无矿岩体开展了系统的锆石岩相学、年代学、微量元素地球化学及Hf同位素地球化学对比.结果显示,无矿闪长岩(锆石U-Pb年龄:17.4±0.3 Ma)比成矿石英闪长斑岩(锆石U-Pb年龄:15.6±0.1 Ma)形成略早,但近乎同期;闪长岩εHf(t)值变化介于+2^+4,石英闪长斑岩εHf(t)值变化介于+2^+5,两者具有类似的Hf同位素组成;闪长岩中锆石常含老的继承核(172~920 Ma),石英闪长斑岩则不发育继承锆石;闪长岩及石英闪长斑岩中的中新世锆石具有类似的稀土配分模式,且Eu负异常不明显,而闪长岩中的锆石继承核则显示出明显的Eu负异常,配分模式与中新世锆石不同.基于上述结果,我们提出大理矿区的两套中新世岩体具有相同的岩浆源区,但经历了不同的地壳演化过程,成矿的石英闪长斑岩浆形成后,与古老地壳没有明显交互,而无矿的闪长岩浆,在上升过程中与地壳物质、特别是古老还原性物质发生了交互,交互过程中岩浆氧逸度降低,是该套岩浆不成矿的主要原因.进而我们提出UDMA带中段斑岩成矿与否不仅与前人所认为的受岩浆源区控制,也与岩浆演化过程密不可分.  相似文献   

7.
多龙矿集区色那东岩体年龄、成因与动力学背景   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
多龙矿集区是我国首个铜金属资源量达到2 000万t以上的世界级铜金矿集区,外围找矿潜力依然十分巨大.首次报道矿集区东部色那东地区花岗斑岩体和闪长玢岩体的地质年代学及地球化学测试结果,为总结区域成矿规律提供基础数据.通过精确的锆石测年,全岩主、微量元素和锆石Hf同位素测试发现,上述岩体的成岩年龄均为123±2 Ma,岩石的形成与俯冲洋壳板片部分熔融有关,源区有明显幔源组分加入.色那东地区侵入岩与矿集区含矿斑岩空间上集中侵入,且同属早白垩世岩浆活动产物,暗示其具有相同动力学背景,是班公湖-怒江洋俯冲末期-碰撞初期弧-弧"软"碰撞的产物,其侵入过程为成矿提供了热量和流体来源,显示该地区仍有较好的成矿潜力.   相似文献   

8.
黑龙江小多宝山Fe-Cu矿床是多宝山-三矿沟多金属成矿带内一典型的矽卡岩型矿床。根据矿物共生组合及矿脉穿切关系,将其成矿作用划分为两期:矽卡岩期和石英-硫化物期;进一步划分为五个阶段:石榴子石-辉石干矽卡岩阶段;绿帘石-阳起石等含水硅酸盐湿矽卡岩阶段;磁铁矿-镜铁矿-石英氧化物阶段;黄铁矿-黄铜矿-石英早期硫化物阶段以及方铅矿-闪锌矿-方解石晚期硫化物阶段。本文报道了该矿床成矿岩体花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学及锆石Hf同位素数据。花岗闪长岩锆石加权年龄为176±1Ma(MSWD=0.10,n=23),反映小多宝山矿床成矿时代为早侏罗世。其岩石地球化学特征表现为:富钠(Na2O/K2O=1.45%~1.63%),准铝质(A/CNK=0.92~0.97),富集轻稀土元素(LREE)、大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba、Sr、K等),相对亏损高场强元素(如Ta、Nb、Ti等),(La/Yb)N=11.16~12.87,表现出弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.85~0.92),显示出岛弧岩浆岩的地球化学亲缘性。综合岩石地球化学及同位素测试结果,小多宝山花岗闪长岩为准铝质高钾-钙碱性I型花岗岩,起源于幔源岩浆结晶分异作用。锆石Hf同位素εHf(t)为+7.6^+11.4,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)为492~732Ma,指示其岩浆源区为古生代新生地壳的熔融。结合区域构造演化,推断小多宝山花岗闪长岩形成于古太平洋板块俯冲的构造环境。  相似文献   

9.
安徽宣城茶亭Cu-Au矿床是长江中下游成矿带内新发现的一个斑岩型矿床。文章对该矿床赋矿石英闪长玢岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年龄及岩石主量与微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析,旨在探讨其岩浆起源和岩石成因。锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测定结果显示,赋矿石英闪长玢岩形成年龄为137.8±1.3 Ma(MSWD=0.72),为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。岩石主量元素显示其具富碱富钠特征,为亚碱性准铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石。岩石微量元素显示其富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Sr、Ba和轻稀土元素,弱富集Zr和Hf,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等,稀土元素配分型式表现为无明显Eu异常。岩石(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值介于0.706403~0.707903之间,ε_(Nd)(t)值介于-7.4~-13.3之间(t=137.8 Ma)。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-4.25~-11.75(t=137.8 Ma)。主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素地球化学特征均指示,赋矿石英闪长玢岩可能是富集岩石圈地幔与扬子下地壳物质部分熔融形成的岩浆混合后侵位的产物。对比长江中下游成矿带断隆区和断凹区侵入岩发现,宣城茶亭矿床赋矿石英闪长玢岩与长江中下游成矿带断凹区(宁芜、庐枞矿集区等)侵入岩,无论是岩石主量与微量元素地球化学特征还是同位素地球化学特征都存在一定差异,而与断隆区(铜陵矿集区)赋矿岩浆岩表现出一致性,暗示宣城茶亭矿床赋矿石英闪长玢岩与长江中下游成矿带断隆区岩浆岩有着基本一致的成岩物质来源和岩石成因机制,是富集岩石圈地幔熔融岩浆及其引起的下地壳物质部分熔融岩浆发生岩浆混合作用并伴随着一定程度的分离结晶作用进而浅成侵位形成。  相似文献   

10.
多龙矿集区是班公湖-怒江成矿带最重要的组成部分,其成矿规模巨大、时间跨度较长、成矿过程复杂,因而人们对该区成岩成矿地质背景及岩石成因等问题一直争议不断,值得进一步明确.通过研究矿集区中部拿若斑岩型铜(金)矿与成矿相关的花岗闪长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学特征及Hf同位素组成,并与区域邻近矿床进行详细地对比研究,查明了多龙地区与成矿相关的岩浆岩形成构造背景、岩石成因及深部动力学过程.测试结果表明拿若铜(金)矿形成时代为早白垩世120Ma左右,与多龙地区其他矿床形成时代一致.这些岩浆岩均相对富集轻稀土(LREE)与大离子亲石元素(LILE: Rb, Ba, K等);亏损重稀土(HREE )与高场强元素(HFSE: Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf等).原位锆石εHf(t)均为正值,为1.38～7.37,Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄tDM2为707～1086Ma,表明多龙矿集区斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿形成与早白垩世班公湖-怒江特提斯洋北向俯冲有关.当俯冲洋壳到达地壳50～70km深度时发生不同程度相变,从而导致角闪石等矿物脱水产生的熔体交代楔形地幔,进而诱发幔源物质部分熔融产生弧岩浆,其形成环境类似于南美安第斯成矿带洋陆俯冲背景之下的陆缘弧环境.   相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

15.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

16.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
  相似文献   

17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

18.
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
, . . . . , . , .. . , , . , , , . , - , , , : , , . .. , , , , , . . , : , — , . , . , , , . .

Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians  相似文献   

19.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects. Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications. Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization, which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress. Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools, and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability.  相似文献   

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