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1.
对扬子克拉通北缘神农架地区神农架群（1.4~1.0 Ga）鹰窝洞组-石槽河组碳酸盐岩进行了系统的碳、氧同位素研究,共获得有效碳、氧同位素数据912组。神农架群岩石学特征、碳氧同位素组成特征对沉积环境具有良好的协同指示意义:神农架群δ13CV- PDB变化范围-2.20‰~+6.27‰,平均值为+0.93‰;δ18OV- PDB变化范围-9.95‰~-1.17‰,平均值为-4.95‰;总体属于环潮坪碳酸盐台地-台地边缘-台地前缘斜坡沉积。海水的相对深水期为大岩坪期,相对浅水期为乱石沟期和石槽河期。神农架群δ13CV- PDB主体变化范围-1.50‰~+5.00‰,下亚群变化范围大于上亚群,整体与华北克拉通北缘蓟县剖面中元古代地层的碳同位素特征差异较大。神农架群和蓟县中元古代地层可能分别对应南乌拉尔地区的中里菲系和下里菲系。通过与全球相关地层碳同位素演化曲线对比,神农架群下亚群最大沉积时限应该小于~1350Ma。神农架群上亚群与北美Bylot超群、西非Atar超群的δ13CV- PDB变化范围和趋势较为相似,均出现了介于1.2~1.1 Ga之间的碳同位素迅速负偏,可能是对Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件的响应。 相似文献
2.
四川盆地古生代海相地层沉积厚度巨大。奥陶系碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成受后期成岩作用影响较小,基本保留了原始海洋的同位素组成:δ^(13)C_(PDB)值分布区间为0.17‰~-6.20‰,δ^(18)O_(PDB)值分布区间为-4.98‰~-11.07‰,δ^(18)O_(PDB)与δ^(13)C_(PDB)两者不存在明显的线性关系。碳氧同位素对比表明,四川盆地下奥陶统碳氧同位素值与全球下奥陶统的碳氧同位素分布区间基本一致,并且碳同位素值曲线识别了具有全球对比特征的TSICE正漂事件,显示奥陶系碳同位素曲线具有全球可对比性。同时,四川盆地奥陶系桐梓组中期δ^(13)C_(PDB)平均值从-1.62‰负漂为-4.87‰,发生了显著的负漂移事件,分析认为在四川盆地早奥陶世早期由西向东的海退事件导致海洋生产力急速下降是造成δ^(13)C_(PDB)值的负漂移主要原因。桐梓组中上部δ^(18)O_(PDB)大幅度负向偏移,表明桐梓组中期有一个短时期温度升高、盐度降低的过程。研究揭示奥陶系碳氧同位素可以有效的辅助该区的地层划分对比,并且四川盆地早奥陶世发生过显著的海退事件。 相似文献
3.
安徽巢湖下三叠统含巢湖龙动物群地层碳氧同位素特征及意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《地质科技情报》2017,(1)
安徽巢湖地区在早三叠世斯帕斯亚期经历了从深水盆地到外缓坡两种环境的海退过程。利用稳定碳氧同位素测试结果,对巢湖马家山剖面下三叠统南陵湖组中上段含巢湖龙动物群地层的碳氧同位素特征进行了初步分析,探讨了巢湖龙动物群化石产出层段地层所反映的沉积环境背景。马家山剖面南陵湖组中段及上段δ13C值变化范围在-7.312‰~3.936‰之间,变化幅度为11.248‰,平均值-0.857‰。碳同位素与生物初级生产力成正比,南陵湖组中上段稳定碳同位素曲线大幅度负漂移,说明早三叠世海洋生物量稀少,生物初级生产力较低。同时,研究区δ18 O值变化范围在-12.081‰~-3.545‰之间,变化幅度为-8.536‰,平均值-6.598‰。氧同位素与古海水温度成反比,δ18 O值普遍偏低,很可能说明斯帕斯亚期延续了斯密斯亚期末期海水的高温度。综合巢湖地区马家山剖面南陵湖组中段及上段地层沉积特征及稳定碳氧同位素曲线特征,分析出巢湖龙动物群生活在安静的外缓坡—深水盆地,生物初级生产力较低且海水温度总体偏高的环境中。 相似文献
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5.
新甘交界红柳河地区早二叠世火山作用的环境响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新甘交界红柳河地区早二叠世玄武岩与灰岩互层,玄武岩局部发育为枕状,枕间充填灰岩。通过对剖面碳酸盐岩样品的全岩无机碳氧同位素研究发现,与玄武岩互层的层状灰岩的δ~(13)C 和δ~(18)O 平均值分别为3.2‰和-14.2‰,枕状玄武岩间的块状灰岩的δ~(13)C 和δ~(18)O 的平均值分别为-0.7‰和-18.2‰,即碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成在火山快速爆发时期相对于火山活动间隙时期明显偏负。通过对层状灰岩和枕间灰岩碳氧同位素研究发现,海盆火山作用是环境变化的主要控制因素。 相似文献
6.
对塔里木盆地西南依格孜牙组和卡拉塔尔组灰岩碳、氧同位素特征研究结果表明,上白垩统依格孜牙组δ13C(PDB标准)平均值为3.79‰,δ18O(PDB标准)平均值为-3.49‰;古近系卡拉塔尔组灰岩δ13C(PDB标准)平均值为2.09‰,δ18O(PDB标准)平均值为-4.54‰.与前人和世界其他剖面数据对比认为,碳同位素比较稳定,能够反映其沉积时的特征,而氧同位素变化较大,可能受沉积后作用的影响.依格孜牙组与卡拉塔尔组灰岩碳同位素具较大差异,主要受陆源环境(？)物质的注入,海水盐度、生物作用和古大气CO2含量等因素的影响. 相似文献
7.
晚奥陶世全球海洋环境曾发生重要的改变,特别是赫南特冰期的气候变冷,造成了古海洋沉积物中多项地球化学指标出现异常现象,全球多地区出露的赫南特阶均记录了冰期时出现的碳、氮同位素异常,但对其产生机制的认识存在争议.四川盆地东南缘三泉剖面和双河剖面的奥陶系五峰组、观音桥段以及志留系龙马溪组的有机碳同位素、总氮同位素等地球化学指标测试结果显示,三泉剖面和双河剖面的赫南特阶观音桥段泥灰岩有机碳同位素和总氮同位素均出现正偏偏移,并可与其他地区奥陶系剖面进行对比.其中,三泉剖面δ13Corg值分布范围为?31.9‰ ～ ?27.9‰,自五峰组顶部开始偏重,在观音桥段达到峰值?27.9‰,偏移幅度约2‰;双河剖面 δ13Corg平均值为?30.1‰,观音桥段最大值为?29.1‰,向正偏移幅度约为1‰左右.这些变化特征揭示,晚奥陶世有机质的埋藏作用可能改变了海洋溶解无机碳库的碳同位素组成,并且引起赫南特冰期碳同位素异常.三泉剖面和双河剖面 δ15N平均值分别为1.4‰和1.1‰,冰期观音桥段 δ15N值正偏幅度在0.5‰～1‰之间,可能是由于长期的缺氧还原条件促进了海水的反硝化作用,而冰期时海平面下降限制了反硝化作用的强度,从而导致氮同位素出现正偏异常. 相似文献
8.
基于系统碳氧同位素和有机碳测试,在充分论证样品测试数据有效性的基础上,对湘中坳陷地区泥盆系碳氧同位素特征展开分析,探讨了研究区地层对比、古海洋环境发育特征及其对富有机质页岩形成的影响.结果表明,湘中地区泥盆系δ13C受后期蚀变成岩作用影响较小.区内泥盆系δ13C表现出自下而上逐渐变轻,并在欧家冲组底部发生显著的负偏、之后向上逐渐增大的发育趋势.以上曲线与全球泥盆系碳氧同位素曲线相似,具有较为一致的变化趋势.区内泥盆系δ13C曲线形态及偏移程度与四川龙门山剖面、独山其林寨剖面、广西拉利剖面及欧美地台剖面可对比性强,可作为区内地层划分与对比、古海洋环境演化分析的依据.对比结果显示,区内棋梓桥组顶部-佘田桥组底部δ13C曲线与海平面变化存在差异,指示区域性地壳构造升降与全球海平面变化综合主导了区域的古水深变化.区内泥盆系δ13C正漂移与高TOC页岩具有良好对应关系,表明佘田桥组下部、孟公坳组上部富有机质页岩发育层段是大范围海侵阶段的产物,也是构成区内泥盆系页岩气勘探的主要目的层系. 相似文献
9.
巢湖地区早三叠世碳氧同位素地层对比及其古生态环境意义 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
二叠纪-三叠纪之交的环境恶化事件不但导致了生物大绝灭，而且造成了自然界正常的碳循环崩溃。为了研究三叠纪早期生物复苏过程中的环境特征、碳氧同位素演化上的地层学意义，对巢湖平顶山西坡剖面下三叠统碳酸盐岩取样分析。研究结果表明，巢湖平顶山西坡剖面早三叠世碳氧同位素地层曲线与已知的平顶山北坡剖面碳氧同位素地层曲线相似。δ^13C值在Indian阶、Olenekian阶底部首先表现为大幅度负漂，随后呈上升趋势。δ^18O值除了表现出l Ma的周期性波动之外，与δ^13C低值区对应处也具负偏趋势。δ^13C、δ^18O值的演化趋势反映了早三叠世海洋环境恶化、生物复苏十分缓慢。 相似文献
10.
扬子地台寒武系碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成及地质意义 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
贵州金沙地区寒武系上部娄山关组岩性单一,为蒸发相白云岩,生物化石稀少,沉积时代归属不清.为寻找地层对比与划分的岩石地球化学标志,按5 m的样品间距对贵州金沙地区相邻的长岩沟剖面、岩孔剖面寒武系采集了250件碳、氧同位素样品进行测试分析,对其演化趋势进行了研究.结果表明,贵州金沙地区寒武系碳同位素组成演化表现出4次显著负漂移和3次显著的正漂移.负漂移分布于清虚洞组中部(NE-1)、陡坡寺组下部(NE-2)、陡坡寺组与娄山关组的分界处(NE-3)、及娄山关组下部(NE-4),δ13C值分别降低到-2.3‰0、-2.6‰o、-6.2‰和-4.8‰;正漂移分布于清虚洞组底部(PE-1)、顶部(PE-2)及娄山关组上部(PE-3),δ13C值分别上升到1.3‰、2.1‰和2.6‰.δ13C的演化趋势可与世界各大陆寒武系δ13C演化趋势对比,它将娄山关组下部、中部、上部分别划归全球寒武系第二统上部、第三统及第四统. 相似文献
11.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
12.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
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I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
14.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
15.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
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17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
19.
Preston Cloud 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):678-696
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
20.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献