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1.
中国东部早第三纪玄武岩中幔源包体的变形特征及其上地幔流变学意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
中国东部含幔源包体的早第三纪玄武岩已发现的有吉林双辽、河北阳原和山西繁峙。本文详细研究了这三个地点幔源包体的变形特征，结果表明，这些地点的幔源包体以尖晶石二辉橄榄岩为主，其结构主要为残斑结构。包体中橄榄石显示明显的优选方位，发育有反映高温位错蠕变机制的位错亚构造。包体的平衡温度在８００一１１００℃之间，压力为０．７一１．７ＣＰａ。来源深度为２８一５２ｋｍ。采用显微构造应力计计算的差异应力在１７一２４ＭＰａ之间，由橄榄岩高温流变律计算的应变速率为１０￣（－１５）－１０￣（－１８）ｓ￣（－１）等效粘滞度为１０￣（２１）一１０￣（２５）ｓｐａ．Ｓ之间。中国东部早第三纪与晚第三纪以后的幔源包体具有基本相同的特征，表明晚第三纪以后的上地幔继承和发展了早第三纪时的特征。中国东部早第三纪以来的上地幔符合大陆拉张带和裂谷上地幔的流变特征。 相似文献
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山东省民玄武岩中含有数量，大小不等的幔源包体。这些包体主要为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩，以原生粒状和残斑结构为特征。包体中橄榄石的位错亚构造反映了上地幔高温蠕变机制。包体的平衡在８００－１０００℃之间，压力为０．８－２．０ＧＰａ，相应的来源深度为２８－６５ｋｍ。在该深度范围内，上地幔的流动应力为１３－２６ＭＰａ，应变速度为１０＾－１４－１０＾０２０Ｓ＾－１，等效粘滞度为１０＾２０－１０＾２５Ｐａ．ｓ，符合大 相似文献
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山东省第四纪玄武岩中含有数量、大小不等的幔源包体。这些包体主要为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩，以原生粒状和残斑结构为特征。包体中橄榄石的位错亚构造反映了上地幔高温蠕变机制。包体的平衡温度在８００—１１００℃之间，压力为０．８—２．０ＧＰａ，相应的来源深度为２８—６５ｋｍ。在该深度范围内，上地幔的流动应力为１３—２６ＭＰａ，应变速率为１０－１４—１０－２０ｓ－１，等效粘滞度为１０２０—１０２５Ｐａ·ｓ，符合大陆拉张带上地幔的特征。作者认为，中国东部上地幔在早第三纪或之前开始有底辟上涌，它导致岩石圈的减薄以及地壳的拉张，造成中国东部的拉张环境和裂谷的发育。上地幔的这种运动可能在新第三纪达到高峰，而在第四纪已减弱 相似文献
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下扬子地区若干上地幔橄榄岩的显微构造研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
本文对下扬子区内２个玄武岩产地（江苏六合瓜埠山、安徽当涂釜山）的幔源包体进行研究,结果表明本区上地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩具原生粒状结构、碎斑结构、板状镶嵌等粒结构及部分熔融结构四种类型。在光学岩组图上显示出从原生粒状结构→碎斑结构→板状镶嵌等粒结构,其橄榄石光性方位优选性逐渐增强。变形橄榄石滑移轴为［１００］,滑移面以｛０ｋ１｝为主,（０１０）次之。高温高压人工变形实验证实,这种滑移系形成于高温低应变速率条件下。橄榄石位错类型多样,（１００）、（００１）位错壁分布广泛,位错壁间距显示对数正态分布特征．估算的本区上地幔高温蠕交流动差异应力为（１０．９～１１．５ＭＰａ）。上地幔流变速率、流动应力、等效粘滞度与深度关系指示本区新生代大地构造性质为大陆拉张带或大陆裂谷带。 相似文献
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西藏罗布莎地幔橄榄岩变形显微构造特征及其地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地幔橄榄岩是罗布莎蛇绿岩的主要组成成分之一,通过显微构造特征可对其变形特征进行分析,确定流变学参数,探讨地幔橄榄岩的变形历史。以蛇纹石化程度较低的二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩为研究对象,橄榄石位错特征研究显示,本区橄榄石主要发育了低温常见的直线型自由位错,局部可见位错弓弯、位错环、位错壁等高温位错,反映罗布莎地幔橄榄岩变形以低温塑性流变为主,局部经历了高温塑性流变,主导变形机制为位错蠕变。橄榄石自由位错统计结果表明,二辉橄榄岩中的橄榄石自由位错密度为4.422×107/cm2,方辉橄榄岩中的橄榄石为9.137×107/cm2,变形过程中所受差异应力分别为65MPa和93MPa。橄榄石和斜方辉石显微组构测量采用了电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD),分析结果表明,橄榄石均发育A型组构,为浅部地幔常见的组构类型,该结果与金刚石、柯石英等超高压矿物所指示的形成深度不一致。 相似文献
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汉诺坝地区上地幔尖晶石—石榴石相转变带温压条件 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
根据汉诺坝尖晶石石榴石二辉辉石岩包体矿物成分新资料和前人的尖晶石石榴石二辉橄榄岩包体矿物成分资料,运用斜方辉石Ｃａ溶解度温度计和斜方辉石－石榴石Ａｌ分配压力计,计算了尖晶石—石榴石相转变带的温度和压力条件,首次获得了汉诺坝地区的新生代古地温曲线。尖晶石石榴石二辉辉石岩包体代表的温度范围为９３０～９７８℃,压力范围为１４２～１６５ＧＰａ：尖晶石石榴石二辉橄榄岩包体代表的温度范围为９９１～１１１０℃,压力范围为１５８～２１６ＧＰａ,与最新的实验结果基本吻合。地温曲线沿大洋地温曲线（曲线方程为ｔ＝２５２４＋８９７４７８ｐ－１８３０８ｐ２）上方近平行延伸。推测汉诺坝玄武岩的起源深度至少为７０ｋｍ。二辉辉石岩包体来自较冷的岩石圈,而二辉橄榄岩来自岩石圈与软流圈的过渡带,并且表明后者的地温梯度以对流热地温梯度为主。 相似文献
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岩石圈上地幔岩石包体保存着上地幔物质组成和岩石学的特征以及岩石圈上地幔构造变形特性、岩石变形机制和流变性质的丰富信息。塔里木盆地西北缘的巴楚地区的幔源包体主要由橄榄岩组成,次为单辉橄榄岩,与中国东部以及西部其他地区发育的尖晶石、石榴石二辉橄榄岩幔源包体有所区别。从莫霍面至岩石圈上地幔下部,随着深度、温度和压力的增高,幔源包体橄榄石中出现直线状位错、位错缠结、网络—曲线状、环状位错—直线状位错、位错缠结、网络—曲线状位错,环状位错的变化规律;其微观变形机制有从碎裂—位错滑移—位错蠕变—扩散蠕变的变化规律;差异应力值有从低—高—低—高的正弦波状变化趋势,在莫霍面附近以及上地幔韧性软层与脆性层附近差异应力值一般较高;应变速率值则是逐渐减慢的总体变化趋势,整体反映出岩石和矿物从脆—韧性的流变性质。 相似文献
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用弗氏台及透射电子显微镜（ＴＥＭ），对唐巴勒超基性岩体中碎斑状纯橄岩及糜棱岩化斜辉橄榄岩内主要造岩矿物──镁橄榄石的组构与超微构造进行了研究，两种手段所获结果基本一致。它们的位错组态各具特色；碎斑状纯橄岩内的幔成镁橄榄石表现出位错列特征，根据单根位错及位错列得出的布氏矢量为α［１００］，滑移系为（０１０）［１００］。在糜棱岩化斜辉橄榄岩内的幔成镁橄榄石表现出典型的多层结构，而且滑移方向明显，测定的速线方向为［２１１］，进一步还形成了许多出溶物。它们的位错密度、应力或活动性表现出前者小于后者，根据中粗粗幔成镁橄榄石及细粒重结晶或微粒变晶壳成镁橄榄石的组构特征分析它们的滑移系，前者为（０１０）［１００］，后者为（０１０）［００１］。再结合它们的赋存部位及其形成机理分析，北部与南部，深部与浅部或幔成与壳成矿物的组构或组态特征存在差异是理所当然的。这些特征之研究，对于分析铬铁矿等矿产的成矿与找矿具有一定的地质意义。 相似文献
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北祁连山加里东期板块俯冲带的南缘的橄榄岩体,是时代为495～522 Ma的玉石沟蛇绿岩套底部地幔岩残片,主要由尖晶石相的方辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩组成,流动构造(包括叶理和线理)发育。强烈的构造重结晶作用使方辉橄榄岩呈典型的残斑结构,而纯橄岩则以粒状变晶结构为特征。橄榄石普遍发育平行(100)面的扭折带,根据扭折带测得橄榄石以(010)[100]高温滑移系为主。组构特征表明方辉橄榄岩的橄榄石Ng[010]沿与叶理面垂直的压应力方向优选方向,而纯橄岩则经历了强烈的旋转剪切流变。利用氧化缀饰法揭示出橄榄石的位错构造十分发育,包括高密度自由位错、倾斜壁、扭转壁(位错网格)、亚晶粒构造、位错弓弯和位错环等,表明岩石经历了在高温、高压、低应变速率状态下以位错蠕变和攀移多化为机制的 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
19.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
20.
滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献