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1.
渑池盆地位于黄河中游,处在黄土高原向华北平原的过渡地带,该区域也是我国东部湿润区和半湿润区的交汇地带。文章通过对位于渑池盆地池底村厚约4mm古湖泊沉积剖面进行了 14 C 年代(校正为日历年龄)、有机碳含量、粒度和地球化学元素组成等测试分析,重建了研究区19.5cal.kaB.P.以来的气候变化过程。19543~9240cal.aB.P.期间,气候比较干旱,风化淋溶作用较弱,湖泊尚未形成; 9240~8039cal.aB.P.为气候过渡时期,气候向暖湿方向转变,古湖泊开始形成; 8039~5368cal.aB.P.为暖湿气候类型,对应于全新世大暖期的鼎盛时期,湖盆流域温暖湿润,湖泊的水位较高; 5368~3439cal.aB.P.为亚暖湿气候类型; 3439~2423cal.aB.P.气候环境比较恶劣,之后气候向干旱化方向发展,又分为两个亚段: 3439~2931cal.aB.P.气候出现剧烈波动,2931~2423cal.aB.P.湖泊干枯。盆地的文化演进与环境变化间存在着耦合关系,环境的变化对应黄河中游地区相继发展的裴李岗文化、仰韶文化、龙山文化和夏商文化。 相似文献
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基于晋南地区全新世黄土剖面样品的光释光(OSL)测年和磁化率数据,恢复该区全新世以来的古温度和古降水,并结合该区仰韶至东周时期文化发展特性及各时期考古聚落在不同地貌类型上的分布比例,探讨晋南地区全新世以来环境演变与人类活动的关系。研究表明,仰韶早期和中期,气候较为暖湿,古土壤发育,利于文化的产生和发展。仰韶晚期气候由暖湿向温干转换,可能对文化发展有一定影响。龙山时期温度和降水较之前有所下降,但气候仍较现今暖湿,又因相对干旱的气候促使先民积聚在水源地附近,以及农业生产技术水平的不断进步,该时期文化快速繁荣发展。夏、商和西周时期气候持续干凉化,文化发展受到制约。东周时期气候仍然较干凉,但随着人类社会的发展和农业生产效率的提高,环境因素对文化的影响越来越小。晋南地区仰韶到东周时期聚落主要分布在耕作条件较好的冲积平原、台塬和山前倾斜平原上,在丘陵和山地上分布较少;随着气候的干凉化,仰韶到东周时期聚落在山前倾斜平原和台塬的分布比例有减小趋势,而在冲积平原的分布比例有增大趋势。 相似文献
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根据对巢湖490cm湖泊沉积物柱样7个AMS14C年龄的测定以及98个孢粉样品的分析,植物种类分属于86个（科）属,可以划分为6个孢粉组合带:孢粉带Ⅰ（9870～6040cal.aB.P.）代表了末次冰期之后全新世温暖气候到来之前气候转暖的早全新世过渡时期,气候呈现温和略干的特点,其中亚带Ⅰ-1（9870～7700cal.aB.P.）,Ⅰ-2（7700～6250cal.aB.P.）和Ⅰ-3（6250～6040cal.aB.P.）分别对应温暖湿润→温暖较湿→温和干燥的气候波动;孢粉带Ⅱ（6040～4860cal.aB.P.）代表中全新世温暖湿润期,水热配置条件最佳;孢粉带Ⅲ（4860～2170cal.aB.P.）体现中全新世后期温和干燥的气候,约2170cal.aB.P.干旱程度达到最高;孢粉带Ⅳ（2170～1040cal.aB.P.）反映巢湖流域由干燥向湿润气候的转型,气候总体上温和湿润;孢粉带Ⅴ（1040～200cal.aB.P.）反映了晚全新世巢湖流域温凉稍湿的气候;孢粉带Ⅵ（200cal.aB.P.至今）则体现巢湖流域处在相对温暖湿润的时期。植被类型演替大体为:以壳斗科的落叶、常绿属种为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林→以落叶栎类、栗属、青冈属和栲/石栎属为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林→以落叶栎类占绝对优势的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林→以禾本科为主的草地→以禾本科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草丛。 相似文献
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利用取自东海东北部、冲绳海槽西侧陆坡的重力柱状岩芯DOC082(29°13.93′N,128°08.53′E;水深1128m),通过对碳酸钙、有机碳和蛋白石等生源组分含量的分析,结合浮游有孔虫、底栖有孔虫、放射虫和硅鞭藻等微体古生物化石丰度的变化以及底栖有孔虫属种组成特征,揭示了全新世东海东北部生物生产力的演变。研究结果显示,近10500cal.aB.P.以来生源组分含量和微体古生物化石丰度的演变趋势十分相似,明显分为3个阶段:约4000cal.aB.P.之前的早、中全新世明显偏低,大约在4000cal.aB.P.左右开始突然大幅度上升,而约3000cal.aB.P.以来的晚全新世以持续的高值为显著特征。生源组分含量、微体古生物化石丰度以及底栖有孔虫内生属种Uvigerina和Bulimina百分含量等指标的变化一致指示,东海东北部近10500cal.aB.P.以来古生产力演变的显著特征是早、中全新世明显偏低,约4000cal.aB.P.左右突然且大幅度上升,大约3000cal.aB.P.之后的晚全新世为生物生产力异常的高值期;同时有研究表明该区域的表层海水年平均温度(SST)也呈现了明显的三段式演变:早全新世10500~8400cal.aB.P.期间为持续的高值期、中全新世SST相对稳定、3100~500cal.aB.P.期间的晚全新世为显著的低SST时期[1]。近3000cal.aB.P.以来古生产力的异常高值和表层海水古温度的大幅度下降说明晚全新世区域海洋环境发生了明显的改变。据东海东北部现代生物生产力和表层海水温度的分布特征和控制机制、结合现代ElNio发生期间中国大陆气候和降水异常以及黑潮暖流变异的分析表明,近3000cal.aB.P.来东海东北部的环境异常可能是对晚全新世ElNio活动显著增强的反应。 相似文献
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长江三角洲地区全新世气候和环境曾发生过大的变迁,新石器时代文化伴随着全新世气候最暖期的到来,以及三角洲的形成和发展而出现,并由此向前推衍,奠定了以稻作农业为基础的经济形态。通过研究本区与农作物相关的现代植物花粉形态和代表性表土花粉,揭示出部分用于指示人类活动的综合指标、不同植被带表土花粉的组合特征和用于半定量界定不同植被类型的比值区间。研究区自然区域全新世孢粉反映当时植被3个主要发展阶段,即亚热带常绿-落叶阔叶混交林（11000～9500cal.aB.P.）、中亚热带常绿阔叶林（9500～3900cal.aB.P.）和次生性质的亚热带针阔叶混交林（3900cal.aB.P.以来）,其中8000～3900cal.aB.P.为全新世大暖期的鼎盛期,3900cal.aB.P.以来人类活动明显增强。人类活动区绰墩遗址孢粉植物群,反映新石器各主要文化期都以亚热带含针叶植物的常绿-落叶阔叶混交林为地带性植被,遗址周围一般都有较大面积的水域分布; 人类对植被的干预只是在后期才开始明显增强。区内人类文化几经兴衰,主要受制于环境的变迁,包括气候和地理状况的变化,以及由此产生的海平面升降和植被变化等。与此同时,人类活动的影响随着时间的推移而日趋加重,成为一种新的环境影响因素。 相似文献
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人地关系是现代地理学重要的研究课题,其中地貌是影响古人类文化进程的重要因素。基于研究区野外地貌考察和沉积物的光释光年代测定,并利用地理信息系统分析技术,探讨山西省太原盆地全新世地貌演化过程、人类聚落分布变化规律及两者之间的关系。研究结果表明: 从仰韶到夏商时期,太原盆地平原区一直是不适宜人类居住的河流和湖泊环境,而在盆地边缘有一圈环绕盆地的黄土台地,所以人类文化遗址一直呈环状分布于太原盆地边缘。晚更新世,盆地边缘以洪积过程为主,盆地中部以河流过程为主,形成了盆地边缘高、中间低的地势;晚更新世末期到全新世早期,由于盆地中部构造下陷与气候转变为暖湿的共同影响,盆地边缘地带下切形成黄土丘陵或台地。此时,太原盆地的仰韶文化遗址就分布在环盆地边缘的黄土台地和黄土丘陵上。到了龙山早期,盆地东侧中部陷落平原边缘地势稍高的地区,由于河流进一步下切而高出洪水水位,龙山早期先民开始进入这些地势稍高的平原地区活动;盆地西侧清徐—文水一带也转为下切,形成低台地,开始有人类在此台地上活动。到了龙山晚期,盆地平原区及各河流均发生向上加积,导致盆地平原区水位上升,洪水影响扩大到平原边缘地区,太谷—介休一带,龙山晚期先民开始退出平原地区。夏商时期,先民也从清徐—文水一带低台地上退出。约距今3,ka之后,随着灵石隆起段汾河干流的下切,太原盆地边缘地带及中部平原区河流均有不同程度的下切,人类聚落才又开始向平原地区扩展。全新世太原盆地的地貌演化是影响古人类聚落分布的主要因素。 相似文献
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通过对泾河流域深入的野外考察,在其中游基岩峡谷内发现了含有龙山文化末期文化层和古洪水滞流沉积单元的全新世黄土土壤剖面。利用光释光的单片测年技术,确定古洪水滞流沉积层覆盖着的黑垆土层的OSL年龄为 4078±382aB.P. 和4111±450aB.P.。结合其中所含龙山文化遗址的考古年代,揭示出泾河流域在4100～4000aB.P.之间出现一个古洪水多发时期。这组古洪水滞流沉积单元包含5个单层,记录了4100～4000aB.P.之间泾河流域曾经发生的5次特大古洪水事件。这个洪水期对应着我国北方在4000aB.P.前后,由全新世大暖期向着全新世晚期干旱期转折过程中的气候剧烈变化。这些史前洪水事件可能对我国龙山文化的衰落和古代华夏文明的诞生具有重大的影响。 相似文献
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《古地理学报》2016,(5)
人地关系是现代地理学重要的研究课题,其中地貌是影响古人类文化进程的重要因素。基于研究区野外地貌考察和沉积物的光释光年代测定,并利用地理信息系统分析技术,探讨山西省太原盆地全新世地貌演化过程、人类聚落分布变化规律及两者之间的关系。研究结果表明:从仰韶到夏商时期,太原盆地平原区一直是不适宜人类居住的河流和湖泊环境,而在盆地边缘有一圈环绕盆地的黄土台地,所以人类文化遗址一直呈环状分布于太原盆地边缘。晚更新世,盆地边缘以洪积过程为主,盆地中部以河流过程为主,形成了盆地边缘高、中间低的地势;晚更新世末期到全新世早期,由于盆地中部构造下陷与气候转变为暖湿的共同影响,盆地边缘地带下切形成黄土丘陵或台地。此时,太原盆地的仰韶文化遗址就分布在环盆地边缘的黄土台地和黄土丘陵上。到了龙山早期,盆地东侧中部陷落平原边缘地势稍高的地区,由于河流进一步下切而高出洪水水位,龙山早期先民开始进入这些地势稍高的平原地区活动;盆地西侧清徐—文水一带也转为下切,形成低台地,开始有人类在此台地上活动。到了龙山晚期,盆地平原区及各河流均发生向上加积,导致盆地平原区水位上升,洪水影响扩大到平原边缘地区,太谷—介休一带,龙山晚期先民开始退出平原地区。夏商时期,先民也从清徐—文水一带低台地上退出。约距今3ka之后,随着灵石隆起段汾河干流的下切,太原盆地边缘地带及中部平原区河流均有不同程度的下切,人类聚落才又开始向平原地区扩展。全新世太原盆地的地貌演化是影响古人类聚落分布的主要因素。 相似文献
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对位于新疆北部阿勒泰地区福海县的乌伦古湖WLG10C孔岩芯进行了环境磁学分析,以平行孔(WLG10B) AMS14C测年为年代框架,重建了该地区全新世以来气候环境变化.结果显示:1)乌伦古湖磁性矿物以细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物为主,并含有少量不完整反铁磁性矿物和富铁绿泥石类粘土顺磁性矿物,磁学参数xARM和xARM/x可用作气候变化代用指标,记录了研究区气候环境变化;2)研究区在全新世早期(7300cal.aB.P.以前)为冷干气候,中、晚全新世(7300cal.aB.P.以来)为暖湿气候.在4600cal.aB.P.左右为该湖高湖面时期,在3500 ～2500cal.aB.P.之间存在与全球范围一致的突发冷事件.乌伦古湖全新世气候变化与周边环境记录较一致,气候变化模式符合中亚干旱区全新世气候变化西风模式. 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
15.
Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
16.
17.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
18.
Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
19.
滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
20.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献