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1998年“六·五”世界环境日的主题是:“为了地球上的生命——拯救我们的海洋”,其目的在于呼吁各个政府和人民共同行动起来,保护由于人类活动而遭到严重威胁的海洋,而且海洋遭到破坏的程度远比人们想像的要严重得多。一、海洋是生命的摇篮海洋不但占据地球表面积的71%,含水量占地球总水量的96.5%,而且也是生命的摇篮。地球上生命的演化过程在漫长的时间内均是在海洋里进行的,而且都栖息在海洋中。那时,地球陆地上几乎到处都是山岳和荒漠,42亿年后,陆地上才出现多种多样的生机勃勃的生命,而且几乎都是由海洋生命演化而来的,人类的最早祖先也… 相似文献
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人类以海洋统治者自居，不仅严重破坏海洋的自然环境和生态环境，而且对海洋的占有和开发竞争，也让国家和民族间的纠纷无休无止，毒害人类的社会环境。
海洋是生物之母，也是人类之母，是全球生命支持的最重要系统。敬畏海洋，本质上就是敬畏生命。因此，敬畏海洋应当是人和海洋关系的根本出发点。 相似文献
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人类活动对碳循环的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在地球系统中，海洋、大气和陆地以及其中的生命与非生命部分都存在着相互联系。人类正在以各种方式根本性地改变着地球的各种系统和循环。一个崭新的地质时代“人类世”不期而至。碳循环是一个极其复杂的地球化学循环过程，包括碳元素在各个储库的贮存和在不同储库之间的流通。不同时间尺度的碳的自然循环都保持着动态平衡状态。人类活动触动了这种平衡机制，成为当前全球碳循环变化的主要驱动因子。 相似文献
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中医学对于疫病的记载最早可见于先秦时期的文献中。但对于疫病的系统认识却经历了漫长的过程。本文首篇即从秦汉时期到魏晋、隋唐、两宋以及金、元、明时期,对疫病病因的认识、病名的认定及辨治的理法方药等方面的发展等的历史沿革进行了梳理,以期对临床进一步认识与有效防治疫病有所裨益,并特别论述到元末明初王履有关《内经》“承制生化”理论的阐释和发挥,是与现代医学用免疫学理论辨治疫病的思路和方法相通应的。第二篇则讲述了明清时期开创于明代吴又可的中医温疫学派的形成,温疫各家有关疫病的理论和辨治湿热疫、热毒疫及瘀毒疫的经验和经典方药。 相似文献
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高强度人类活动对泉州湾滨海湿地环境的影响及其对策 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
由于滨海湿地丰富的资源和优越的环境,人们对其进行了大规模的开发利用,导致了滨海湿地的丧失与生态退化。滨海湿地位于陆地-海洋-大气相互作用最活跃的地带,具有非常重要的生态意义。总结泉州湾滨海湿地水动力、地貌、生态、环境质量的特征,分析围填海、养殖、污染物排放及人工生态工程等对滨海湿地的影响。结果表明,随着社会经济的快速发展以及人类活动的显著增强,泉州湾滨海湿地面积减小,输水及输沙的路径和方式发生变化,湿地环境质量显著下降,生物多样性及生物量减少。为了实现泉州湾滨海湿地的可持续发展,提出了如下对策:(1)加强围海造地的科学管理,提倡新的围海造地方式;(2)开展海岸整治与生态修复,建设特色湿地公园;(3)挖掘海洋文化特色,发展生态旅游。本研究揭示高强度人类活动对滨海湿地环境的影响,为开展滨海湿地研究、整治与修复,为制定滨海湿地开发利用与保护对策提供科学依据。 相似文献
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21世纪是海洋的世纪。陆地上资源的日渐枯竭使人类的眼光转向了大海。然而,开发海洋,需要适当的条件和环境,其中最基本的条件就是要拥有能源和淡水,这是人类生产、生活的基本要素。目前,海底采矿、海上石油勘探等生产活动以及海岛守卫等所需的柴油和淡水都是靠船舶运输来维持的,而周围海洋丰富的波浪能和海水资源却未能充分利用。 相似文献
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人类活动和气候变化对艾比湖湖泊面积的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
新疆艾比湖地处我国西北干旱区,为典型的内陆封闭性湖泊,由于受内陆极端干旱气候及人类活动的影响,导致湖泊面积显著变化。湖泊面积变化所导致的生态环境恶化已成为制约当地社会经济发展的重要因素。以不同年份的多源遥感数据为数据源,分析了1972—2008年湖泊面积变化情况,并分析了特征年内湖泊面积变化的原因。认为气候要素中降水对湖泊面积影响较大,另外,人类活动引起绿洲变化,而绿洲农业灌溉用水对湖泊面积变化影响较大。同时,还分析了湖泊萎缩引起的湖泊水质恶化以及湖滨植被退化和区域沙漠化等环境效应,结果表明,湖泊面积是流域生态保障的重要指标,可作为反应湖泊流域生态情况的重要指标。由此提出了保护艾比湖生态环境的若干建议。 相似文献
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养殖对虾病毒性疾病的细菌并发症防治研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文研究报道了发病对虾肝胰腺分离菌物敏感性，采用防台细菌人工感染方法进行药物饲料的筛选，在实验室及养殖池中进行药物饲料的防治效果试验。结果表明，在对虾病毒流行期间，采用药物饲料可有效防止对虾爆发性大量死亡，提高对虾存活率。 相似文献
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The genotoxic disease syndrome 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Since lower animals develop neoplasia rarely or not at all, the DNA- and chromosomal-alterations observed in them after exposure to genotoxic chemicals should be correlated to some genotoxic endpoint other than neoplasia. On the basis of good correlations between induction of DNA- and chromosomal-alterations and the induction of gene mutations, this paper argues that in natural species a variety of manifestations of the mutational event may actually prove to be of much greater biological and ecological importance than induction of neoplasia. These manifestations include impairments in enzyme function, altered protein turnover, impairments in general metabolism, production of initiators of cytotoxic injuries, inhibition of growth, degenerative processes and atrophy in tissues and organs, decreased scope for growth in organisms, faster ageing, decreased fitness and well-being, impairments in immunoresponse and reproduction, increased frequency of diseases and neoplasia, impairments in adaptation, survival, and succession, and finally, extinction of species. Taken together, these ‘symptoms’ constitute a syndrome of a disease which etiologically could be named the genotoxic disease syndrome. 相似文献
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热带海洋珍珠贝类立克次体病研究 Ⅴ.超微病理学及致病机理研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
对海水养殖大珠母贝和合浦珠母贝类立克次体(Rickettsia-like organism,RLO)病(简称RLO病)的超微病理学进行了研究.结果显示细胞及亚细胞结构经历由变性发展到坏死的病变过程,如胞核由核浓缩、核碎裂发展为核溶解;线粒体出现肿胀,嵴和基质改变及内质网脱颗粒、扩张和囊泡变等一系列混浊肿胀和水泡变性的基本特征;最终,细胞器完全溶解消失使胞质疏松,呈崩解或溶解状.结合先前组织细胞病理学和本文超微病理学研究的结果认为,RLO导致宿主细胞变性坏死的机制有:(1)直接损伤细胞的质膜;(2)直接干扰或破坏细胞的正常代谢;(3)对肝胰腺的广泛破坏可能通过破坏血管内皮系统间接造成肝胰腺上皮细胞的血供障碍,进而引起营养和呼吸代谢障碍或(和)与菌体释放的内毒素有关. 相似文献
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Cristina G. Di Camillo Igor Bartolucci Carlo Cerrano Giorgio Bavestrello 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(1):62-71
A mass mortality episode involving three marine dyctioceratid sponges, Ircina variabilis, Sarcotragus spinosulus and Spongia officinalis, was observed on ‘Scoglio del Trave’ (Conero Promontory, North Adriatic Sea) in late summer 2009. In this area, calm sea and high temperatures throughout summer created unfavorable environmental conditions, leading to the outbreak of the disease. Affected specimens showed evident necrotic areas and portions with bare skeleton, and many specimens of S. spinosulus were covered with a white mat of cyanobacteria. In September 2009, about 22% of these demosponges suffered from this disease. The mortality event ceased when sea temperature dropped below 20 °C. Small specimens turned out to be more sensitive to the diseases, whereas the damaged tissues of large specimens were able to recover. In October, the damaged specimens were detached by the rough sea and more than 900 beached sponges were found along the 1‐km‐long beach, showing the seriousness of the phenomenon, which probably involved not only the area studied but also areas adjacent to it. 相似文献
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The death which occurred in juvenile population was a severe problem in the course ofPinctada maxima artificial culture. With the methods of field investigation, histological study andstatistic analyses, the epidemiological study was carried out on the disease and death in juvenile popula-tions of Pinctada maxima in the Xinying Pearl Oyster Mariculture Farm of Lingao County (for the A,B and C batches of cultured juveniles hanged in the sea) and the Xincun Pearl Oyster Mariculture Farmof Lingshui County (for the D batch of cultured juvenile hanged in the pond), Hainan Province fromNovember 1993 to April 1995. The results show that the deaths which occurred in juvenile populations of Pinctada maxima pre-sented an outbreak pattern. The peak of mortality rates, in general, occurred in 4-to 6-month old pearloyster juveniles, and the mortality rates gradully declined with the extention of pearl oyster age after cul-turing 8 months. The correlation between the mortality rates of juvenile populations and mean bodylengths of juvenile populations show that the mortality rate become higher under 4 cm of mean bodylengths of juvenile population and become obvious declined over 5 cm of mean body lengths. The peak ofmortality rate occurred in 1 ～3 cm of mean body lengths. The results of histological observation showedthat rickettsia-like organism inclusions were common, histological widespread infective agent among ev-ery batches (A, B, C and D) of cultured juvenile populations. The mean severity indices (SI) of rick-ettsia-like organism (RLO) infection were positively correlated with mortality rates of juvenile popula-tions. After or within every peaks of RLO infection were all accompanied with the peaks of mortalityrates of host populations and the mortality rates declined with decreased RLO infection. So the evidencesof histological observation and epidemiology in this study indicated that rickettsia-like organism (RLO)may be as an important pathogenic organism of disease and death of cultured Pinctada maxima. In addi-tion, a few ciliates were discovered only in part of batch A of cultured juvenile population. The mortalityrates in juvenile populations were not correlated with the weekly mean temperature and salinity of seawater. 相似文献
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The onset and sPread of diseases in dricultured Anrnals are resulted frOm the mutule ef-fect of pathogen, hOSt and environrnnt. Epidemology takes the diseased AnInal poPulationsas the study object, rnakes observation and exPeriment on the field as the primp method ofstUdy and stuha the mutule effec Of PathOgen, hOS and environrnen by inVeSigating the na-ttire distribution of diseases and ePidendc mechedsm. To date, succeSSful exarnple of epidend-obo study on lerne shellfish deseases is… 相似文献
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利用组织切片及超薄切片电镜技术对患溃疡病大黄鱼的骨骼肌、鳃、肝、肾、脾、肠6种组织进行病理学分析,探讨溃疡病的发生机理.组织病理显示,溃疡病的病变性质为变质性炎症,主要表现为骨骼肌肌丝断裂,炎性浸润;鳃丝肿胀,鳃小片溶融,细胞变性坏死;肝实质细胞空泡化,结缔组织异常;肾脏弥散性出血,肾小管上皮细胞异常;脾脏和肠也产生炎性症状.超微病理显示,骨骼肌肌丝排列紊乱,肌丝碎裂,线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂;肝脏组织及细胞内大量脂肪积聚表现明显的脂肪变性,肝内细胞大量坏死并溶融,核肿胀破裂溶解,胞内线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂;肾脏组织细胞发生形变,胞核异常;脾内细胞可见明显的纤维化;肠壁黏膜细胞结构破坏或消解,肠壁结构严重破坏.结果表明,大黄鱼溃疡病的组织细胞结构发生了明显的病理变化,全身性组织严重损害,肝、脾、肾等重要器官功能衰竭,丧失正常的生理代谢作用;病鱼的摄食能力也逐渐减退或丧失,终至死亡.最后提出一些防治大黄鱼溃疡病的建议. 相似文献
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大菱鲆育苗期的细菌病研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
检测出大菱鲆(Scophthlmus maxims)幼体发育过程中3种病原菌,即仔鱼期病原菌两种：链球菌(Streptococcus equisimilis)和溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alyinolyticus),稚鱼期一种病原菌即副溶血弧菌(Vibio parahaemolyticus),并进行药物敏感试验,利用药物青霉素,呋喃唑酮、四环素进行有效治疗,使育苗成活率达到24％,高于目前国外平均水平。 相似文献