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1.
腾冲科学钻探孔非弹性应变恢复法三维地应力测量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用非弹性应变恢复法(简称ASR法)进行了腾冲科学钻探孔地应力测量。基于岩芯测量的ASR法是近年来发展起来的深部三维地应力测量的一种经济实用的新方法。使用该方法进行了720 m至1098 m深处的三维地应力测量,获得了该深度范围的地应力状态。测量结果表明:最大和中间主应力近于水平,最小主应力近于铅直。最大水平主应力方向为30°到45°。测量结果与地震机制解进行了对比。对比表明,ASR法得到的结果与地震机制解非常吻合。应力状态有利于高角度断层产生走滑运动,低角度断层产生逆冲运动。这与腾冲地区的地震断层活动性质一致。测量结果对地震机理的研究有意义。 相似文献
2.
Summary The time dependent strain recovery is investigated for drill cores of two rock types from the German Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB). The strains are measured with inductive displacement transducers in the core axis and in three different radial directions under constant conditions of temperature and moisture. It turns out that the process of time dependent strain recovery is closely connected with the emission of acoustic signals. A non-foliated, fine grained lamprophyre (depth: 2231.50 m) and a strongly foliated gneiss (depth: 2415.90 m) show a distinctly different relaxation behaviour. The relaxation times for both, deformation and acoustic emissions, are approximately the same and 57 hours for the lamprophyre and 28 hours for the gneiss. In the case of the viscoelastically isotropic lamprophyre principal in situ stresses have been calculated. 相似文献
3.
汶川地震断裂带科学钻探1号井(WFSD-1)非弹性应变恢复法(ASR法)三维地应力测试与"5.12"汶川地震的形成机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震断裂带科学钻探1号井(WFSD-1)的ASR三维地应力测试结果表明,龙门山前陆逆冲带与其下伏的龙门山前陆盆地和上覆的松潘-甘孜地块的构造及地应力状态存在有重大差异。从整体上看,在汶川地震中,龙门山前陆逆冲带表现为在强烈的区域性挤压背景下,深部物质沿壳内拆离层自SW向NE方向的"层状"流动,在地壳上部转化为沿映秀-北川断裂(YBF)的快速垂向挤出,而其西侧的松潘-甘孜地块作自SE往NW方向的重力滑覆,东侧的龙门山前陆盆地则表现为自NE往SW方向的走滑或右行旋转。晚新生代以来,扬子地块相对于青藏高原东缘的龙门山造山带并无明显的或大尺度的陆内俯冲作用发生。龙门山前陆逆冲带深部高温低粘度物质垂直向上的、快速的流动和挤出,直接导致了"5.12"汶川地震的发生,而松潘-甘孜地块E向扩展导致龙门山前陆带的强烈挤压和陆壳增厚及深部应力和地震能量的积聚则是诱导深部位移场发生突变和物质快速垂向挤出的主因,E向扩展是深部地震能量积聚和快速垂向挤出作用的必要条件,而非地震发生的直接原因。ASR地应力测试得出的主压应力方向完全平行于GPS同震速度场的位移方向,似乎表明ASR测试获得的原地应力场或许真实地反映了或最接近于地震过程中的构造应力状态。 相似文献
4.
Three-dimensional in situ stress evaluation using a new under-coring technique: the Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin water tunnel 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin water tunnel has broken the historical record of the maximum overburden of a tunnel within Taiwan. The three-dimensional in situ stresses at the tunnel were evaluated using acoustic emission (AE) and deformation rate analysis (DRA) with an under-coring technique. This is the first time that the AE and DRA have been used in evaluating an in situ stress in Taiwan. As cores drilled in different directions are required for the three-dimensional stress evaluation, but the in situ borehole drilling is usually limited to the vertical direction, small samples 2.28 cm in diameter and 4.56 cm in length were under-cored from the borehole cores in six directions to evaluate the in situ stresses. Cyclic uniaxial compressive loadings were artificially applied to the Changchikeng sandstones under-cored from the outcrops. The experimental results validate the definitiveness of using under-cored samples at different pre-stresses with AE and DRA. Then, cores taken from the Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin water tunnel site at a great depth of 416–739 m underground were under-cored. The experimental results indicate that the major principle in situ stress is from 30.8 to 39 MPa and is in the directions of SE–NW and SW–NE at different depths. 相似文献
5.
ASR法在井下矿山地应力测试中的应用前景分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
现今地应力状态是井下矿山建设、巷道稳定性分析和冲击地压（煤与瓦斯突出）预测等方面的重要基础数据。目前井下矿山地应力测试主要以空芯包体解除法为主,实践中发现空芯包体解除应力计安装过程中,易出现不能与孔壁完全黏贴的情况,导致测试成功率较低且劳动强度较大。文章介绍了一种基于定向岩芯卸荷后非（滞）弹性恢复变形测量的近原位地应力测试方法（简称ASR法）,并通过与水压致裂地应力测试结果对比,验证了ASR地应力测试方法的有效性。ASR法的可重复性结果表明,同一测点ASR地应力测量结果平均差系数最大为6.29%,验证了ASR地应力测量方法的可靠性。预期ASR法以其安全、高效且不受测量深度和测试环境限制等优点,在井下矿山地应力测试中具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
6.
The implications of assuming isotropic elasto–plasticity to model the behaviour of soil under simple shear conditions are considered. For small strains, use of such a model implies the following three consequences: (1) strains and strain increments at any stage of shearing may be expressed as the sum of elastic and plastic components; (2) principal directions of stress and of plastic strain increment are collinear; (3) principal directions of stress increment and of elastic strain increment are collinear. These consequences are used in order to establish relationships between the stresses, stress increments and strains which develop in a simple shear test. No additional assumptions with regards the form of the yield function, the flow rule or the hardening function are required for this development. By defining the ratio of the plastic to the total shear strain increment on the horizontal plane (the plane of zero extension) as λ, it is possible to define the horizontal normal stress σx in terms of λ and other stresses and strains which are normally known during simple shear loading. As a result, all components of the stress tensor in the simple shear plane may be defined. Results of some direct simple shear tests on soft clay have been interpreted using the model and found to be generally consistent with some of the observations reported in the literature from tests in which boundary stresses were measured. 相似文献
7.
The Sulu-Dabie high-pressure (HP)-ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt as the product of subduction-collision between the northern China plate and Yangtze plate underwent a process of formation and evolution from deep subduction→exhumation→extension→slow uplift. The study of its modern tectonic stress field has great significance for a complete understanding of the process of formation and evolution of the HP-UHP metamorphic belt, especially the exhumation and uplift of the belt. Wellbore breakouts are the most visual tectonic phenomenon which can characterize the modern stress action in the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD). Ultrasonic borehole televiewer reflection wave data show that wellbore breakouts began to occur at 1216 m depth of the main borehole. A total of 143 borehole televiewer images were collected from 1216 to 5118 m depth (hole completion depth). After data processing and statistics, the average azimuth of the long dimension of the wellbore breakout obtained was 319.5° ± 3.5°, indicating that the average azimuth of the maximum horizontal principal stress causing wellbore breakout initiation was 49.5° ± 3.5°. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress values at 52 depths in the interval of 1269 to 5047 m were estimated using the elements of wellbore shapes (wellbore depth and width), combined with the cohesive strength and internal frictional angle of the rock obtained by rock mechanical tests on samples, and the static load stresses at corresponding depths were calculated according to the rock density logging data. The results indicate that: the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses are 41.4 and 25.3 MPa at 1269 m depth respectively and 164.7 and 122 MPa at 5047 m depth respectively; the maximum vertical stress is 141.3 MPa at 5047 m depth with a density of 2.8 g/cm3; the in-situ stresses increase nearly linearly with depth. The magnitudes and directions of the three principal stresses reflect that the regional stress field around the CCSD main borehole is mainly in a strike-slip state, which is consistent with the basic features of the regional stress field determined using other methods. 相似文献
8.
During the Triassic collision of the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons, the leading edge of the Yangtze crust subducted to mantle depths and was subsequently exhumed as a penetratively deformed, coherent slab capped by a normal shear zone. This geometry requires a reverse shear zone at the base of the slab, and we suggest that the Yangtze foreland fold-and-thrust belt constitutes this zone. Lower Triassic rocks of the eastern foreland record NW–SE compression as the oldest compressional stress field; onset of related deformation is indicated by Middle Triassic clastic sedimentation. Subsequent Jurassic stress fields show a clockwise change of compression directions. Based on nearly coeval onset and termination of deformation, and on a common clockwise change in the principal strain/stress directions, we propose that the foreland deformation was controlled by the extrusion of the ultra high-pressure slab. Widespread Cretaceous–Cenozoic reactivation occurred under regional extension to transtension, which characteristically shows a large-scale clockwise change of the principal extension directions during the Lower Cretaceous. 相似文献
9.
PT3型岩石高压真三轴仪的研制 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
This paper introduces the structural characters and functions of the rock high pressure true triaxial machine newly developed and some research results with this machine. By the rock high pressure true triaxial machine, three principal stresses can be controlled and changed independently, so that any stress state and stress path in engineering rock mass and earth’s crust can be simulated. It is an important development of Karman type general triaxial machine.
By RT3 type rock high pressure true triaxial machine, the maximum principal stress can be applied up to 800 MPa, the intermediate and minimum principal stress up to 200 MPa. The strains and parameters of sonic wave in the directions of three principal stresses can also be determined. The machine is used well for studying the basic theory on rock mechanics, the stability of engineering rock mass and the behaviors of earthquake precursors. 相似文献
10.
11.
Hydraulic Fracturing In Situ Stress Estimations in a Potential Geothermal Site,Seokmo Island,South Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chandong Chang Yeonguk Jo Yangkyun Oh Tae Jong Lee Kwang-Yeom Kim 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(5):1793-1808
We conducted hydraulic fracturing (HF) in situ stress measurements in Seokmo Island, South Korea, to understand the stress state necessary to characterize a potential geothermal reservoir. The minimum horizontal principal stress was determined from shut-in pressures. In order to calculate the maximum horizontal principal stress (S Hmax) using the classical Hubbert–Willis equation, we carried out hollow cylinder tensile strength tests and Brazilian tests in recovered cores at depths of HF tests. Both tests show a strong pressure rate dependency in tensile strengths, from which we derived a general empirical equation that can be used to convert laboratory determined tensile strength to that suitable for in situ. The determined stress regime (reverse-faulting) and S Hmax direction (ENE–WSW) at depths below ~300 m agrees with the first order tectonic stress. However the stress direction above ~300 m (NE–SW) appears to be interfered by topography effect due to a nearby ridge. The state of stress in Seokmo Island is in frictional equilibrium constrained by optimally oriented natural fractures and faults. However, a severe fluctuation in determined S Hmax values suggests that natural fractures with different frictional coefficients seem to control stress condition quite locally, such that S Hmax is relatively low at depths where natural fractures with low frictional coefficients are abundant, while S Hmax is relatively high at depths where natural fractures with low frictional coefficients are scarce. 相似文献
12.
Susan H. Treagus 《Tectonophysics》1973,19(3):271-289
A new theory is developed for single-layer buckling, where the layer is not parallel to the principal stresses. The model chosen consists of a single layer with Newtonian viscosity η embedded in an infinite matrix of viscosity η1. The layer lies at an angle θ to the bulk principal compressive stress in the embedding medium. It is deformed in equal-area plane strain, with the direction of no strain and the third principal bulk stress, parallel to the layer; hence the obliqueness to the principal stresses is only in two dimensions. It is shown that stress refraction is a necessary condition for this system, and an expression is derived for its value in terms of η, η1 and θ. Buckling stability equations are completely developed which satisfy the Navier-Stokes equilibrium equations for the buckling layer, and the condition of stress continuity at the layer-embedding medium interface. The dominant wavelength of the buckles is shown to be independent of θ, but the stress required increases with θ.The results of this work have an important bearing on natural folds, since there is no evidence that rock layers are initially parallel to the stresses which fold them, an assumption made in former buckling theories. It is suggested that refraction of stresses and the resulting incremental strains gives rise to the finite structure of cleavage refraction so common in deformed rocks, and that the progressive development of folds in layers oblique to the principal bulk stresses gives rise to asymmetry. 相似文献
13.
一种求解倾斜滑动断层差应力的方法 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
构造地质学与其他科学一样以定量化作为其目标之一,构造的应力分析和应变分析是构造地质学定量化发展的手段。在应力分析中,已有一些方法手段确定应力的主方向,但应力大小的计算仍没有得到很好的解决。本文通过固体力学和断裂力学的分析,推导出一套求解正断层和逆断层发生的差应力大小的求解公式。正、逆断层发生时的差应力大小随埋深的增大而增大;在地表条件下,正、逆断层发生时的差应力与岩石初始抗剪强度和岩石的内摩擦角有关。本文中的公式与已有的共轭剪节理求解古差应力大小的公式结合,可做出某个地区的差应力值图,恢复古应力场。 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Structural Geology》1999,21(8-9):939-948
Strains in rocks can be observed but ancient stresses can only be inferred. We should re-examine the potential of strain geometry as the key to understanding and interpreting common shear structures ranging from faults to plastic shear zones. The concept of failure along zero extension directions can be applied to natural structures in rocks and is predicated on strain compatibility between differently strained volumes. Zero extension directions are considered for two strain configurations, plane strain (k=1) and uniaxial shortening (k=0). The crucial difference between shear fractures, or faults, and plastic yield zones is that the former are preceded by dilatation while the latter are isovolumetric. Volume changes during deformation affect the orientations of zero extension directions and hence of the resulting structures. With isovolumetric strain, yield occurs on planes at 45° to the principal shortening direction in plane strain and at 54.7° to this axis in uniaxial shortening. Uniaxial shortening experiments on rock samples allow estimation of the relative volumetric strains when yield zones initiate. When this volumetric strain is used to estimate the orientation of shear fractures in plane strain, ca 70° dips are predicted for normal faults at high crustal levels, decreasing downwards to 45°. 相似文献
15.
The generation of intraplate earthquakes has been attributed to perturbations in the stress regime, either due to surface
and sub-surface loading or strength weakening of the rock mass. The present work aims at estimating the intraplate stresses
associated with topography and crustal density inhomogeneities beneath the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP). A layered crustal
model with irregular interfaces of small amplitude has been used for elastostatic stress calculations. The computed principal
stress differences show a significant concentration at 5–20 km depths beneath the western side of the region. The maximum
magnitude of principal stress difference occurs beneath the Karad at a depth of 10 km with a value of 60 MPa. The deviatoric
stress estimates are further superposed on inferred stresses due to the regional plate tectonic forces. These results show
principal stress difference concentrations beneath the Koyna, Poona and Karad regions which may thus be more vulnerable to
brittle failure. It is also seen that the principal total stress directions point to the strike slip motion at Koyna, similar
to that which is associated with the 1967 Koyna earthquake. 相似文献
16.
The strain space multiple mechanism model idealizes the behavior of granular materials on the basis of a multitude of virtual simple shear mechanisms oriented in arbitrary directions. Within this modeling framework, the virtual simple shear stress is defined as a quantity dependent on the contact distribution function as well as the normal and tangential components of interparticle contact forces, which evolve independently during the loading process. In other terms, the virtual simple shear stress is an intermediate quantity in the upscaling process from the microscopic level (characterized by contact distribution and interparticle contact forces) to the macroscopic stress. The stress space fabric produces macroscopic stress through the tensorial average. Thus, the stress space fabric characterizes the fundamental and higher modes of anisotropy induced in granular materials. Herein, the induced fabric is associated with monotonic and cyclic loadings, loading with the rotation of the principal stress, and general loading. Upon loading with the rotation of the principal stress axis, some of the virtual simple shear mechanisms undergo loading whereas others undergo unloading. This process of fabric evolution is the primary cause of noncoaxiality between the axes of principal stresses and strains. Although cyclic behavior and behavior under the rotation of the principal stress axis seem to originate from two distinct mechanisms, the strain space multiple mechanism model demonstrates that these behaviors are closely related through the hysteretic damping factor. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Summary Knowledge of in-situ stress in rock masses is essential for mining and civil engineering design and the Kaiser effect method
of stress determination provides an economical alternative to currently applied investigation techniques. A practical problem
associated with this method is the loss of the Kaiser effect over time during the process of anelastic strain recovery, but
a direct relationship is observed between anelastic strain recovery and the number of acoustic emissions. The behaviour is
modelled here using the Kelvin and Burger rheological models, for the stages of creep during uniaxial laboratory loading,
anelastic strain recovery and the loss of the Kaiser effect, with constants being calculated and compared for samples loaded
under geological and laboratory conditions. It is found that the loss of the KE at low stress levels compares directly with
the process of anelastic strain recovery and fits the Burger model over the time scales of interest. A difference between
primary and secondary (undercored samples) recovery is demonstrated with a slower recovery for primary relaxation and with
samples taken from geological stress environments recovering more slowly than those loaded under laboratory conditions, for
all stress levels tested. 相似文献
18.
本程序采用非线性变模量模型,并应用了岩石的无侧向应变加卸载试验曲线和动抗拉强度。计算中用应力波传播的加卸载判别准则来决定单元的加卸载状态,对受拉破坏单元进行内部应力调整和应力转移。使用增量法求得每个时刻的位移、速度、加速度和应力、应变。结果表明计算的和实测的应力应变比较接近。 相似文献
19.
Huang Mingchang 《岩土力学》1985,6(1):37-45
This Program adopts nonlinear variable-modular, uses uniaxial strain load-unload curve of rocks and dynamic tensile strength. In calculation, adopted load-unload criterion of stress wave propagation was to decide load-unload state of element and to adjusts and transfers internal stress for tensile failure element as well. The program uses incremental method to obtain displacements, velocity acceleration, stresses and strains for any instant. The results show that stresses and strains of calculation are well coincident with those from measurements. 相似文献
20.
High pressure deformation in two-phase aggregates 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We investigate the rheological behavior of multi-phase aggregates at high pressure and high temperature. Using synchrotron X-ray radiation as the probing tool, we are able to quantify the stress state of individual phases within the aggregates. This method provides fundamental information in interpreting the behavior of two phase/multi-phase mixtures, which contribute to our understanding of the deformation process at deep earth conditions. We choose MgAl2O4 spinel and MgO periclase as our model materials. Mixtures of various volume proportions were deformed in a multi-anvil high pressure deformation apparatus at pressure of 5 GPa and elevated temperatures. Stress is determined from X-ray diffraction, providing a measure of stress in each individual phase of the mixture in situ during the deformation. Macroscopic strain is determined from X-ray imaging. We compare the steady state strength of various mixtures at 1000 °C and 800 °C and at the strain rate in the range of 1.8 to 8.8 × 10− 5 s− 1. Our data indicate that the weak phase (MgO) is responsible for most of the accumulated strains while the strong phase (spinel) is supporting most of the stress when the volume proportion is 75% spinel and 25% MgO. The intermediate compositions (40/60) are much weaker than either of the end members, while the grain sizes for the intermediate compositions (submicrons) are much smaller than the end members (5–10 μm). We conclude that a change in flow mechanism resulting from these smaller grains is responsible for the low strength of the intermediate composition mixtures. This study demonstrates an approach of using synchrotron X-rays to study the deformation behaviors of multi-phase aggregates at high pressure and high temperature. 相似文献