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History and Progress of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project,2001-2010 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 David B.Smith William F.Cannon Laurel G.Woodruff Francisco Moreira Rivera Andrew N.Rencz Robert G.Garrett 《地学前缘》2012,19(3):19-32
In 2007,the U.S.Geological Survey,the Geological Survey of Canada,and the Mexican Geological Survey initiated a low-density(1 site per 1600 km2,13323 sites) geochemical and mineralogical survey of North American soils(North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project).Sampling and analytical protocols were developed at a series of workshops in 2003-2004 and pilot studies were conducted from 2004-2007.The ideal sampling protocol at each site includes a sample from 0-5 cm depth,a composite of the soil A horizon,and a sample from the soil C horizon.The <2-mm fraction of each sample is analyzed for Al,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Na,S,Ti,Ag,Ba,Be,Bi,Cd,Ce,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Ga,In,La,Li,Mn,Mo,Nb,Ni,P,Pb,Rb,Sb,Sc,Sn,Sr,Te,Th,Tl,U,V,W,Y,and Zn by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry following a near-total digestion in a mixture of HCl,HNO3,HClO4,and HF.Separate methods are used for As,Hg,Se,and total C on this same size fraction.The major mineralogical components are determined by a quantitative X-ray diffraction method.Sampling in the conterminous U.S.was completed in 2010(c.4800 sites) with chemical and mineralogical analysis currently underway.In Mexico,approximately 66% of the sampling(871 sites) had been done by the end of 2010 with completion expected in 2012.After completing sampling in the Maritime provinces and portions of other provinces(472 sites,7.6% of the total),Canada withdrew from the project in 2010.Preliminary results for a swath from the central U.S.to Florida clearly show the effects of soil parent material and climate on the chemical and mineralogical composition of soils.A sample archive will be established and made available for future investigations. 相似文献
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W. E. TREMLETT 《Geological Journal》1997,32(2):173-187
To determine the pattern of geochemical variation within the Penmaenmawr intrusion, 41 rocks were analysed for major oxides and 15 minor elements. The results indicate pulsational emplacement of sheets of magma from a parental body at depth undergoing crystallization differentiation. These sheets now strike NE–SW and dip southeastward. The resultant intrusion shows a range of SiO2 contents from 57·3% to 65·6% (H2O-free). Geochemical evidence suggests that it was derived from an intermediate parental magma and is possibly related to parts of the Conwy Rhyolite Formation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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William J. Webster Jr. 《Tectonophysics》1982,84(2-4)
Recently reported Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) observations between Green Bank, West Virginia, Haystack, Massachusetts and Owens Valley, California, show that the linear distance between these sites has not changed for at least three years (i.e., smooth rate of change less than 1 cm/yr). This level of stability is logically consistent with the hypothesis that the continental U.S. North American plate is geodetically rigid at least on the 2 cm level. Model studies show that this result is in accord with present knowledge of the intra-plate stress field and the elastic properties of typical continental lithosphere. 相似文献
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Geoff Orton 《Geological Journal》1992,27(4):317-338
Ordovician rhyolitic tuffs in North Wales are correlated on the basis of their whole-rock trace element composition. Multivariate statistics verify that major ignimbrite sheets are chemically unique, with Zr, Y and Nb being the most useful elements to characterize individual deposits. Fractionation processes during transport and emplacement of the pyroclastic flows results in little lateral variation in the whole-rock geochemistry of deposits; different diagenetic histories in subaerial and subaqueous environments did not mask recognition of primary ignimbrite units. A partially welded vitric ash flow tuff is correlated with the Pitts Head Tuff ash flow sheet, and a tuff horizon previously assumed to be reworked Pitts Head Tuff is shown to be chemically most similar to the fourth member of the Capel Curig Volcanic Formation. Validity of these correlations is upheld by biostratigraphic and sedimentological evidence. The new correlations necessitate a revision of the stratigraphy in North Wales and indicate a significant lapse of time (perhaps one million years) between emplacement of the Pitts Head Tuff and eruption of the Lower Rhyolitic Tuff of the overlying Snowdon Volcanic Group. 相似文献
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Lithosphere mapping beneath the North American plate 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
W.L. Griffin Suzanne Y. O''Reilly B.J. Doyle N.J. Pearson H. Coopersmith K. Kivi V. Malkovets N. Pokhilenko 《Lithos》2004,77(1-4):873-922
Major- and trace-element analyses of garnets from heavy-mineral concentrates have been used to derive the compositional and thermal structure of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath 16 areas within the core of the ancient Laurentian continent and 11 areas in the craton margin and fringing mobile belts. Results are presented as stratigraphic sections showing variations in the relative proportions of different rock types and metasomatic styles, and the mean Fo content of olivine, with depth. Detailed comparisons with data from mantle xenoliths demonstrate the reliability of the sections.
In the Slave Province, the SCLM in most areas shows a two-layer structure with a boundary at 140–160 km depth. The upper layer shows pronounced lateral variations, whereas the lower layer, after accounting for different degrees of melt-related metasomatism, shows marked uniformity. The lower layer is interpreted as a subcreted plume head, added at ca. 3.2 Ga; this boundary between the layers rises to <100 km depth toward the northern and southern edges of the craton. Strongly layered SCLM suggests that plume subcretion may also have played a role in the construction of the lithosphere beneath Michigan and Saskatchewan.
Outside the Slave Province, most North American Archon SCLM sections are less depleted than similar sections in southern Africa and Siberia; this may reflect extensive metasomatic modification. In E. Canada, the degree of modification increases toward the craton margin, and the SCLM beneath the Kapuskasing Structural Zone is typical of that beneath Proterozoic to Phanerozoic mobile belts.
SCLM sections from several Proterozoic areas around the margin of the Laurentian continental core (W. Greenland, Colorado–Wyoming district, Arkansas) show discontinuities and gaps that are interpreted as the effects of lithosphere stacking during collisional orogeny. Some areas affected by Proterozoic orogenesis (Wyoming Craton, Alberta, W. Greenland) appear to retain buoyant, modified Archean SCLM. Possible juvenile Proterozoic SCLM beneath the Colorado Plateau is significantly less refractory. The SCLM beneath the Kansas kimberlite field is highly melt-metasomatised, reflecting its proximity to the Mid-Continent Rift System.
A traverse across the continent shows that the upper part of the cratonic SCLM is highly magnesian; the decrease in mg# with depth is interpreted as the cumulative effect of metasomatic modification through time. The relatively small variations in seismic velocity within the continental core largely reflect the thickness of this depleted layer. The larger drop in seismic velocity in the surrounding Proton and Tecton belts reflects the closely coupled changes in SCLM composition and geotherm. 相似文献
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Robert B. Smith 《Tectonophysics》1977,37(4):323-336
Fault-plane solutions, Cenozoic geology, and in-situ stress measurements are used to infer contemporary extension between subplates of the western North American plate. Intraplate, northwest extension is accommodated by strike-slip and oblique normal faulting along present-day seismic zones. Cenozoic volcanism, facilitated by regional extension above a subducting plate, may have spread radially outward from the northern Great Basin to form a continental triple junction with the principal arms: the central Great Basin, the Snake River Plain and a southeast-trending zone of rhyolite domes in the southern Columbia Plateau. 相似文献
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黔北牛蹄塘组的地球化学特征及形成环境 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
贵州北部早寒武世的黑色岩系-牛蹄塘组。主要为黑色页岩,含浮游生物,其中产钼、钒等矿床。其具有独特的元素地球化学特征:K、Ti元素在黑色页岩中的含量高于底部硅质岩,而P元素的含量却相反,硅质岩中的含量显著高于其上覆的黑色页岩;岩孔和菜园两地的共同特点是V、Ba、U的含量明显偏高,富集系数在3以上,显著的差别是Ta元素,其在岩孔是亏损的,而在菜园却明显富集;西部岩孔的稀土总量高于东部菜园,稀土配分曲线形态近于水平或略向左倾,具弱的负Eu异常或不显异常。硅质岩较页岩的负Ce异常程度高。地层特征、元素地球化学特征及特征元素和比值,所反映的是下寒武统牛蹄塘组形成于缺氧的还原环境。 相似文献
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北祁连熬油沟蛇绿岩岩石成因的地球化学证据 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
螯油沟蛇绿岩位于甘肃南南县祁青乡。其地质－地球化学特征表明：蚀变作用形成的蛇纹岩,原岩为方辉橄榄岩,所有的岩石类型均以相对富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素为特征,并且玄武质熔岩显示出幔柱型大洋中脊玄武岩的地球化学特征,说明岩浆来源于与洋岛玄武岩源相似的富集地幔。 相似文献
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在地球演化历史上,第四纪是人类诞生、发展和壮大的时代,它所形成的地质产物中记录了丰富的生态环境信息。河北省境内第四纪岩石地层(泥河湾组、赤城组、马兰组、迁安组)的风化指数CIA,Fe2O3/FeO,Fe/Mn等地球化学参数可作为年均气温、年均降雨量等气候因子的近似代用指标;华北地区人类文化遗址所在地水系沉积物中Hg,Sn和Au等元素含量随人类文明的演进而阶段性增高。这一结果表明,人类为了适应不断变化的自然地理环境(寒冷、干旱),不得不进行技术创新,从而产生了农业耕作、工业革命及现代信息产业等文明进步成果,但与此同时,却也导致了地质环境的人为污染,甚至可能引发全球温室效应。 相似文献
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The Neoarchean charnockites of North margain of North China Craton(NCC) has become a hot topic into understanding the Early Precambrian basement. Although there is a broad consensus that charnockite is usually related to granulite facies metamorphism, whether its petrogenesis and tectonics characteristics remains controversial. Inclusions within hypersthene and garnet in charnockite are used to identify the peak granulite facies mineral assemblage, with the formation of Magnesian–charnockite attributed to anatexis of the protolith associated with this granulite facies metamorphism. The distribution of major and trace elements in charnockite is very uneven, significant depleted in LILEs(eg. Cs, U, Th) and HFSEs(eg. Nb, Ta, P and Ti), riched in Sr. Raising to the coexistence of Eu–enrichment and Eu–depletion type of REE patterns that influenced by the content of plagioclase and the remnants minerals of zircon and apatite. Comparative the petrography, geochemistry and geochronology data of Magnesian–charnockite indicate that the ratios of mafic pellites and basalts involved in anatectic melting are different by the upwelling of mantle magma, also resulting in the Eu anormals characteristics. The formation of the Magnesian–charnockite is closely connected with the subduction of the NCC oceanic crust(About ～2.5 Ga). However, Ferroan–charnockite may be the formed by the crystallization differentiation of the upwelling of mantle–derived shoshonitic magma(About ～2.45 Ga), with the lower crust material addition. 相似文献
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This paper provides a prospective analysis of supply/demand conditions for agricultural land in Canada and the U.S.A. according to various growth scenarios and an assessment of the economic and environmental costs associated with expanding and intensifying the cropland base. Future cropland expansion is estimated on the basis of the interrelationship between growth in demand and the productivity of cereal output. The adequacy of the land resource base is assessed by comparing individual projections with expected reserves of cropland adjusted for non-agricultural demands for land. Within the context of these findings the paper proceeds with a general discussion of the man-made, resource and environmental constraints to expanding production and the resulting economic and environmental costs to society. 相似文献
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Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Setting of the Laohushan Basalts, North Qilian Mountains 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
QIAN Qing ZHANG Qi Institute of Geology Geophysics CAS P. O. Box Beijing 《《地质学报》英文版》2001,75(4):452-457
The Ordovician Laohushan ophiolite, located in the eastern part of the North Qilian Mountains, is mainly composed of meta-peridotites, gabbros and basalts alternating with sediments. The sediments are mainly turbidites, including sandstones, siltstones, cherts etc. Major elements show that the basalts are subalkaline tholeiites and may be analogous to ocean-floor basalts. Except a few N-MORBs, most of the basalts are E-MORBs as indicated by incompatible element ratios such as (La/Ce)N, La/Sm, Ce/Zr, Zr/Y and Zr/Nb. Negative Nb anomaly is common but negative Zr, Hf and Ti anomalies are quite rare. Based on the geochemical characteristics, it is suggested that the Laohushan basalts were formed in a back-arc basin. εNd (t) of the basalts ranges between +3.0 and +8.9 and (87Sr/86Sr), ranges between 0.7030 and 0.7060, indicating a depleted mantle source which was mixed with more or less enriched mantle components. Furthermore, the petrography of the sandstones and geochemistry of the cherts suggest that the 相似文献
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柴达木北缘乌兰地区花岗岩类大多数为镁质类型钙碱性系列,少数为铁质类型碱钙性和碱性系列。其中,早期花岗岩类不仅富集大离子亲石元素,而且还富集部分高场强元素(Zr、Y、Nb等),属A型花岗岩;晚期花岗岩类以富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素为特征,稀土元素以富集轻稀土、且轻稀土分异明显重稀土分异不明显、不具有或具有弱的负Eu异常为特征,属I型花岗岩。同位素地球化学研究表明,早期花岗岩类的n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)值为0.7108和Nd模式年龄(T_(2DM))2.10Ga,高于晚期花岗岩(0.7076~0.7107,T_(2DM)=1.41~1.58Ga),但晚期花岗岩的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-11.6)低于早期花岗岩(-4.8~-6.8),表明早期花岗岩可能起源于古元古代的大陆地壳,而晚期花岗岩起源于中元古代玄武质地壳,结合区域地质构造特征,笔者等认为,早期花岗岩类的形成与祁连岩石圈拆沉导致欧龙布鲁克陆块北缘减薄、拉伸有关,也标志着宗雾隆裂陷的开始;而晚期花岗岩类的形成可能与宗雾隆洋壳向南俯冲于欧龙布鲁克陆块之下有关。 相似文献
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The gigantic fold-thrust fracture belt that ex-tends for 900 kmto the NWin the southern NorthChina plate strides across three provinces : Shaanxi ,Henan and Anhui .It is one of the most characteristicstructural deformations in the North China plate .Along this structural belt a series of i mportantcoalfields occur ( e . g. Pingdingshan, Queshan,Huainan) inthe southernmost edge of the North Chi-na coal-concentrating basin. Consequently ,this beltis not only of key value for research onthe… 相似文献
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北祁连俯冲-增生杂岩带中低温榴辉岩的地球化学特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
北祁连俯冲-增生杂岩带中的低温榴辉岩以透镜体形式产于蓝片岩和多硅白云母片岩中。根据稀土元素、微量元素及Sr-Nd同位素分析研究,可将本区低温榴辉岩分为两类:Ⅰ类榴辉岩以轻重稀土分异不明显和具有Eu正异常为特征;Ⅱ类榴辉岩的轻稀土富集,有轻微的Eu负异常。Sm-Nd同位素研究显示,I类榴辉岩样品的εNd(t)值为2.5~6.9,平均值为4.5;Ⅱ类榴辉岩εNd(t)=-3.3~1.4。这些研究成果表明,Ⅰ类榴辉岩的原岩来源于长期亏损的地幔源区,可能形成于大洋环境;而Ⅱ类榴辉岩的原岩在形成过程中很明显混入了陆壳物质,据此推断其原岩形成于大陆边缘或洋陆过渡环境。 相似文献
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North American Trends in Extreme Precipitation 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
An analysis of extreme precipitation events indicates that there has been a sizable increase in their frequency since the 1920s/1930s in the U.S. There has been no discernible trend in the frequency of the most extreme events in Canada, but the frequency of less extreme events has increased in some parts of Canada, notably in the Arctic. In the U.S., frequencies in the late 1800s/early 1900s were about as high as in the 1980s/1990s. This suggests that natural variability of the climate system could be the cause of the recent increase, although anthropogenic forcing due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations cannot be discounted as another cause. It is likely that anthropogenic forcing will eventually cause global increases in extreme precipitation, primarily because of probable increases in atmospheric water vapor content and destabilization of the atmosphere. However, the location, timing, and magnitude of local and regional changes remain unknown because of uncertainties about future changes in the frequency/intensity of meteorological systems that cause extreme precipitation. 相似文献