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武汉东湖沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)的深度分布及其影响因素 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
提要沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)是硫化物的生成、氧化和扩散等综合作用的反映，有机物的供给、硫酸盐的还原等因素都能影响其分布特征。本文对武汉东湖三个污染程度不同站点的AVS深度分布特征进行了研究，结果表明，AVS含量在一定深度沉积物中具有最大值，东湖沉积物中AVS的深度分布具有两种不同的模式，Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站AVS浓度峰在5cm左右的表层沉积物中，且AVS还原层深度较狭窄，而Ⅲ站AVS浓度峰处于10-20cm深度范围，沉积物中有机质负荷的差异是导致这种分布特征的重要原因。沉积物中有机质含量对AVS的深度分布具有重要影响，高有机质负荷导致AVS浓度峰向表层迁移，且AVS还原层分布于较狭窄的深度范围，对方涛等对流-扩散模型的应用表明，该模型在高有机质负荷沉积物中(Ⅰ、Ⅱ站)AVS深度分布的应用较为理想，然而低有机质负荷沉积物中(Ⅲ站)不能准确反映AVS的深度分布特征，说明其应用范围具有一定的局限性。 相似文献
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武汉东湖沉积物中重金属生物有效性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
沉积物中的酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)是预测厌氧沉积物中重金属生物有效性的重要参数,SEM/AVS大于1时沉积物中重金属具有潜在生物毒性,小于1时则无生物有效性. 本文研究了东湖三个不同污染负荷的站点的同步提取金属SEM(Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Ag, Cr)和SEM/AVS的深度分布,研究表明东湖沉积物中主要重金属是Zn, Cr和Cu,约占SEM总量的90%. I站、II站沉积物中AVS是重金属生物有效性的主控因子之一,对重金属的深度分布影响较大,重金属不具有生物有效性;III站沉积物中AVS对重金属的深度分布影响较小,重金属具有潜在的生物毒性. 相关分析表明,I站、II站沉积物中Cr、Ni、Ag、Cd与AVS在P<0.05有显著性相关,AVS对这些金属的深度分布具有更强的控制作用;虽然两站沉积物中Cr的含量差别不大,东湖I站沉积物中Cr/AVS比值(0.02)显著高于II站(0.003),沉积物中Cr与硫化物的结合主要是受还原反应的影响. 相似文献
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太湖表层沉积物AVS与SEM分布特征及相互关系 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
对全太湖28点的表层沉积物中的AVS及SEM的分布特征与相关性进行研究.结果表明:表层沉积物的AVS浓度在空间分布上具有较大的波动(变异系数达100.77%),河口沉积物中赋存高浓度的AVS.结合AVS的分布特征得知:沉积速率及SO42-负荷可能是造成AVS空间差异性的原因.河口区域具有较高浓度的覵EM;太湖北部湖区沉积物覵EM浓度高于南部.应用SEM/AVS,SEM-AVS及SEM-AVS/foc这三个模型来评价太湖表层沉积物的质量(当SEM/AVS>9或SEM-AVS>2或SEM-AVS/foc>150靘ol/g(OC)时,沉积物重金属将具有毒性),结果表明:只有O#号点和6#号点超过这三个模型其中的一个和两个的阈值范围,其它采样点均在阈值范围之内.总之,除O#号点和6#号点外,太湖表层沉积物(约10cm)中重金属不会对底柄生物产生明显毒性. 相似文献
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以云南洱海罗时江河口湿地为典型对象,利用柱状底泥分层采样器采集罗时江河口湿地表层(0~10 cm)沉积物样品,研究分析总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)的空间分布特征,并对沉积物进行污染风险评价.结果表明:表层沉积物TP含量在0.04~1.28 g/kg之间,空间分布特征为:Ⅱ区Ⅰ区,水道Ⅰ水道Ⅱ;TN含量在0.33~2.96 g/kg之间,空间分布特征为:Ⅰ区Ⅱ区,水道Ⅰ水道Ⅱ,OM含量在32.43~233.03 g/kg之间,空间分布表现为Ⅰ区Ⅱ区,水道Ⅰ水道Ⅱ.结合综合污染指数与有机指数评价法可知,罗时江河口湿地表层沉积物氮、磷污染:Ⅰ区和水道Ⅰ属于中度污染,Ⅱ区和水道Ⅱ属于轻度污染;有机污染:水道Ⅰ和水道Ⅱ属于重度污染,Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区属于中度污染.罗时江河口湿地表层沉积物空间分布受外源污染物、养殖活动和湿地水生植物的影响,氮、磷外源输入以水道Ⅰ为主,有机质输入以水道Ⅱ为主. 相似文献
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天津于桥水库沉积物磷赋存特征及其环境意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究天津于桥水库沉积物中磷形态的空间分布特征和垂直分布特征对了解水源型水库富营养化现状及其过程具有重要的现实意义.利用抓斗式采泥器及柱状采泥器分别采集表层沉积物样品及柱状沉积物样品,采用Psenner提出的连续提取法对沉积物磷形态进行分级测定,揭示整个水库沉积物各形态磷的空间分布特征以及不同区域垂直方向上的分布规律.结果表明:于桥水库表层沉积物总磷(TP)含量为303.7~997.8 mg/kg,各形态磷含量大小顺序依次为:钙结合态磷(Ca-P)铁结合态磷(Fe-P)残渣态磷(Res-P)铝结合态磷(Al-P)有机态磷(Org-P)可交换态磷(Ex-P).表层沉积物中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P与TP含量由东至西逐渐递减,主要受到黎河河水夹带的外源性磷输入的影响;Res-P含量由东至西逐渐递增,与活性磷的分布规律相反,表明水库下游比上游的水质更好.垂直分布上,南部区域底层与表层沉积物相差不大,说明从1960s以来磷的沉积量就比较大;西部区域沉积物中Fe-P和Org-P含量较高,随深度的增加有明显降低的趋势;中心区域的各形态磷和TP含量均较低,且随着深度增加逐渐降低,现阶段沉积物中的磷以滞留为主,释放潜力较小. 相似文献
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太湖五里湖区表层沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物和同步提取金属 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
湖泊底泥中的酸溶硫化物易与二价金属生成难溶金属硫化物,从而制约沉积物中二价有毒金属的化学活性以及生物有效性,进而影响沉积物的环境质量.对沉积物中的酸溶硫化物(AVS)和同步提取金属(SEM)进行测定,依据SEM/AVS的比值可以判定重金属生物有效性.通过对太湖五里湖、梅梁湾表层沉积物夏季和秋季AVS与SEM的采样分析,结果表明:研究区域内AVS的含量夏季高于秋季,SEM受季节影响很小,SEM/AVS大于1,且秋季高于夏季,初步判断该湖区沉积物中重金属具有潜在的生物毒性. 相似文献
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对武汉东湖水柱和沉积物中几丁质分解菌的种类组成、数量分布及动态的研究结果表明:几丁质分解菌中.放线菌居于优势,在水柱中约为总数的50—72.3％;在沉积物中约为63—88.5％。经鉴定的102株放线菌中,链霉菌属(Steptomyces)占总数的70.6％;链孢囊菌属(Streptosporangium)、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)、小多孢菌属(Micropolyspora)分别为8.8％、9.8％和10.8％。细菌中主要是芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),占鉴定菌株数的42％,其次为沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)和短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)的一些菌株。在数量分布上,沉积物中高于水柱2—3个数量级;东湖Ⅰ站高于Ⅱ站。随着季节更迭,水温上升,其数量亦有相应变化。对菌株分解几丁质的能力和其它生物活性作了比较,并就所得结果进行了讨论。 相似文献
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李泉 《中国科学:地球科学》2018,(3)
孢粉多样性可为植物多样性和植被变化历史的研究提供诸多线索.目前青藏高原地区尚未有现代孢粉多样性和过去植物多样性变化的研究.基于青藏高原中部纳木错流域的37个表土和63个湖泊表层沉积物孢粉组合,利用Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和孢粉丰富度指数(E(T_(600)))定量构建了该地区现代孢粉多样性的空间分布格局.结果显示,不同植被类型孢粉多样性指数的差异反映了流域内植物多样性的空间变化.东南部高寒草原区域的孢粉多样性较高,在高寒草甸和沼泽草甸植被区域则较低.湖泊表层沉积物孢粉组合主要来自于流域内高寒草原植被和山地垂直植被带.因而纳木错沉积物记录的孢粉多样性可以有效的反映过去植物多样性的变化.通过纳木错NMLC-1孔化石孢粉组合,重建出过去8400年以来当地植物多样性经历了逐渐上升的长期变化,并发生过多期快速变化事件.这主要受控于气候持续变冷驱动下山地垂直植被带的向下迁移.青藏高原中部与纳木错流域面临着气候变暖与植被退化等环境问题的挑战,该地区高寒植被恢复工作应重视山地垂直植被带和地带性高寒草原植被,并从植物多样性的长期变化历史中寻找参照. 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2014,(4)
正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(3)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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Richard D. Hey 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1979,4(1):59-72
Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape. 相似文献
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Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored. 相似文献
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《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)
Abstract The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl?, SO4 2?, HCO3 ?, NO3 ?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region. 相似文献
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K.-G. Malle 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1992,20(4):196-204
Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m3 zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m3. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters. 相似文献