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1.
本文利用天然地震面波记录和层析成像方法,研究了南北地震带及邻近区域的岩石圈S波速度结构和各向异性特征.结果表明南北地震带的东边界不但是地壳厚度剧变带,也是地壳速度的显著分界.其西侧中下地壳的S波速度显著低于东侧,强震大多发生在低速区内部和边界.青藏高原东缘中下地壳速度显著低于正常大陆地壳,在松潘甘孜地块和川滇地块西部大约25～45 km深度存在壳内低速层;这些低速特征与高原主体的低速区相连,有利于下地壳物质的侧向流动.地壳的各向异性图像与下地壳流动模式相符,即下地壳物质绕喜马拉雅东构造结运动,东向的运动遇到扬子坚硬地壳阻挡而变为向南和向北东的运动.面波层析成像结果支持青藏高原地壳运动的下地壳流动模型.南北地震带的岩石圈厚度与其东侧的扬子和鄂尔多斯地块相似但速度较低.川滇西部地块上地幔顶部(莫霍面至88 km左右)异常低速;松潘甘孜地块上地幔盖层中有低速夹层(约90～130 km深度).岩石圈上地幔的速度分布图像与地壳显著不同,在高原主体与川滇之间存在北北东向高速带,可能会阻挡地幔物质的东向运动.上地幔各向异性较弱且与地壳的分布图像显然不同.因此青藏高原岩石圈地幔的构造运动具有与地壳不同的模式,软弱的下地壳提供了壳幔运动解耦的条件. 相似文献
2.
《中国科学:地球科学》2020,(9)
青藏高原东南缘地形地貌复杂,构造运动强烈,是研究青藏高原地下变形和物质运移的重点区域.文章通过该区域132个固定台站的10年地震瑞利面波的双台法频散分析,并融合背景噪声方法的面波频散数据,获得了周期为5～150s的瑞利面波相速度频散资料,然后使用面波直接反演方法得到了该区域从地壳到上地幔顶部的三维S波速度结构模型.观测到该区域中下地壳存在两条低速带,分别分布在松潘-甘孜块体与川滇菱形块体西北部地区,以及小江断裂带及其东侧的云贵高原地区.小江断裂带及东侧的低速体很可能是其地壳本身增厚导致了壳内长英质物质发生塑性变形甚至部分熔融而造成的.此外,该区域中下地壳呈现显著的正径向各向异性(VSHVSV)也增强了VSV结构的低速异常幅度.小江断裂带的壳内低速异常体向南跨过红河断裂带延伸到越南北部,其形成可能与上地幔热源密切相关.两条壳内低速带在安宁河-则木河断裂带附近被一个高速体所隔开,其正好位于峨眉山大火成岩省的内带和中带区域.在云南中部峨眉山大火成岩省内带地壳中观测到了一个非常明显的柱状高速体,可能是峨眉山大火成岩省形成时残留在地壳中的基性-超基性物质.在上地幔顶部,红河断裂以南的印支和华南块体中出现了大范围的低速异常,并随着深度增加逐渐沿着小江断裂带向北延伸进入扬子克拉通.基于成像结果,认为青藏高原东南缘正同时经历三种不同模式的构造运动:(1)上地壳物质强度较大,在大型走滑断层的控制下呈刚性挤出;(2)中下地壳存在被较高强度物质分隔开的两片黏塑性物质区域,在区域应力场和断裂带的控制下向南发生塑性运移;(3)红河断裂以南的上地幔主要受控于大规模的软流圈物质上涌,与岩石圈拆沉和缅甸下方印度板块的东向俯冲与后撤密切相关. 相似文献
3.
青藏高原中东部地壳和上地幔顶部P波层析成像 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为获取青藏高原中东部地壳和上地幔顶部的精细结构，本文基于1万4 484条天然地震的P波（Pg和Pn）到时数据，对青藏高原中东部地壳和上地幔顶部进行P波三维速度结构层析成像，获取了该区域内地壳P波、上地幔顶部Pn波的速度结构和地壳厚度信息。层析成像结果显示，青藏高原中东部地壳P波速度范围为5.2—7.2 km/s，上地幔顶部Pn波速度范围为7.7—8.4 km/s，地壳厚度范围为48.0—68.6 km，地壳和上地幔顶部存在强烈的横向不均匀性，与地质块体分布有较好的对应关系。地壳P波速度结构显示，研究区中、下地壳分布有较大范围的低速区，上地壳与中下地壳P波分布存在明显的差异:羌塘地块和巴颜喀拉地块在上地壳主要表现为高速异常，随着深度增加逐渐表现为低速异常；而柴达木地块在上地壳主要表现为低速异常，下地壳则表现为高速异常；柴达木地块和拉萨地块在上地幔顶部表现为较高的Pn波速度，最高约为8.4 km/s，而在巴颜喀拉地块和羌塘地块东部，Pn波总体上表现为低速，最低约为7.7 km/s。研究区内地壳厚度的总体特征表现为南厚北薄，其中羌塘地块东部和拉萨地块的地壳较厚，而柴达木地块和巴颜喀拉地块东部的地壳相对较薄，羌塘地块西部存在局部的地壳变薄现象，反映了印度板块对欧亚板块北向俯冲作用下的岩石圈变形特征。 相似文献
4.
青藏高原东南缘受印度板块NE向推挤和高原物质SE向挤出及四川盆地、 华南块体阻挡的共同作用, 成为高原物质SE向逃逸的关键通道。 本文综述了青藏高原东南缘由不同震相和不同方法得到的不同深度的地震各向异性结果, 结合区域内断裂分布、 地表运动、 构造应力以及深部结构等方面, 全面分析了青藏高原东南缘上地壳至中下地壳及上地幔的介质各向异性与变形耦合特征。 青藏高原东南缘壳幔地震各向异性的差异反映了区域内复杂的深部构造和壳幔变形。 由于青藏高原形成机制、 壳幔耦合状态和软弱层分布形态等科学问题尚处于学术探讨之中, 有效结合不同数据和综合多种方法, 有益于获得更加准确、 精细的地壳—上地幔地震各向异性图像, 对深部物质运动与动力模式进行更有效的约束。 相似文献
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青藏东南缘是青藏高原物质东流的通道，为了更全面了解复杂的岩石圈结构和强烈的变形特征，本文介绍了青藏东南缘岩石圈各向异性的形态，综合其他研究者得到的该区域壳幔各向异性结果，增加了部分新的资料，更新了青藏东南缘岩石圈方位各向异性图像，探讨了区域深部构造意义.
基于近场小震、远震和背景噪声资料计算结果，青藏东南缘地震各向异性展现出独特的区域空间分布和垂向层次性分布形态，展现了3个主要特征.（1）青藏东南缘上地壳各向异性与地表变形测量结果相符，快剪切波偏振方向（即快波方向）呈现与地表运动特征一致的发散性，与主压应力方向一致，但受到地质构造的影响.（2）青藏东南缘下地壳方位各向异性展现了更好的方向一致性，但方位各向异性程度相对较弱，在红河断裂带西北端部和小江断裂带下方有两个下地壳低速区，其方位各向异性程度与上地壳相当.（3）青藏东南缘岩石圈方位各向异性，呈现南、北分区特征，南北分界线大致在26°20'N，快波方向在北部近似为NS方向，在南部近似为EW方向.
本文推测：（1）在26°20'N北侧的上地幔有较厚的高速体，高速体南侧边缘呈现出近EW走向的直立墙形构造，其南侧软弱的上地幔物质在EW方向上流动，导致了岩石圈方位各向异性特征在空间发生突然的变化，快波方向由北部的NS变为南部的EW方向；（2）小江断裂带是现今的华南地块的地壳西边界，但岩石圈尺度的方位各向异性展现出的趋势性表明，华南地块的上地幔物质越过了小江断裂带到达其西侧，揭示了华南地块与青藏地块接触碰撞造成的岩石圈物质变形和上地幔软流圈物质运移的深部图像.地震各向异性能揭示区域深部构造与介质变形的信息，不同观测资料的综合分析有助于获得更清晰的各向异性三维图像. 相似文献
基于近场小震、远震和背景噪声资料计算结果，青藏东南缘地震各向异性展现出独特的区域空间分布和垂向层次性分布形态，展现了3个主要特征.（1）青藏东南缘上地壳各向异性与地表变形测量结果相符，快剪切波偏振方向（即快波方向）呈现与地表运动特征一致的发散性，与主压应力方向一致，但受到地质构造的影响.（2）青藏东南缘下地壳方位各向异性展现了更好的方向一致性，但方位各向异性程度相对较弱，在红河断裂带西北端部和小江断裂带下方有两个下地壳低速区，其方位各向异性程度与上地壳相当.（3）青藏东南缘岩石圈方位各向异性，呈现南、北分区特征，南北分界线大致在26°20'N，快波方向在北部近似为NS方向，在南部近似为EW方向.
本文推测：（1）在26°20'N北侧的上地幔有较厚的高速体，高速体南侧边缘呈现出近EW走向的直立墙形构造，其南侧软弱的上地幔物质在EW方向上流动，导致了岩石圈方位各向异性特征在空间发生突然的变化，快波方向由北部的NS变为南部的EW方向；（2）小江断裂带是现今的华南地块的地壳西边界，但岩石圈尺度的方位各向异性展现出的趋势性表明，华南地块的上地幔物质越过了小江断裂带到达其西侧，揭示了华南地块与青藏地块接触碰撞造成的岩石圈物质变形和上地幔软流圈物质运移的深部图像.地震各向异性能揭示区域深部构造与介质变形的信息，不同观测资料的综合分析有助于获得更清晰的各向异性三维图像. 相似文献
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中国大陆地质构造历史非常复杂,岩石圈长期积累的形变较大,而利用地震面波传播的各向异性是研究岩石圈形变特征的强有力手段. 本文利用双台窄带通滤波-互相关方法与基于图像分析的相速度频散曲线提取技术,提取Rayleigh面波相速度频散资料,进而反演中国大陆及邻区20～120 s周期Rayleigh面波相速度方位各向异性空间分布图像. 检测板测试结果显示：中国大陆大部分区域的方位各向异性横向分辨率在5°左右. 各向异性研究结果表明：中国大陆地壳上地幔方位各向异性特征存在显著的空间差异,反映出形变特征的空间差异;104°E以东地区地壳上地幔各向异性弱于西部地区,表明其构造变形总体弱于西部地区. 青藏地块及其东缘地区地壳与上地幔顶部变形最为强烈. 但东部的局部地区如华南地块与珠江口地区、鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘以及秦岭-大别造山带,较强的各向异性显示这些区域在不同时期也经历了强变形. 青藏地块内中短周期快波方向自西向东顺时针旋转变化可能指示板块碰撞与挤压过程中软弱物质的流变方向. 青藏地块西部中下地壳和上地幔形变模式相似,可能处于壳幔耦合状态;而中东部及东缘地区地壳上地幔形变模式存在明显差异,壳幔似乎不具备垂直连贯的形变特征. 位于青藏地块北部的塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地以及祁连褶皱带同样经历了强变形. 包括四川盆地在内的上扬子地块快波方向的变化显示中地壳与下地壳上地幔形变模式不同,而形变特征一致的下地壳与上地幔应为强耦合. 大约以103°E为界,龙门山断裂带可分为南西段和北东段,南西段处于低速区,而北东段位于高速区,且方位各向异性强度明显大于南西段;2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0级地震沿断裂带的单侧破裂模式除与北东段的高应力积累有关外,还可能与北东段地下介质物性存在密切关系,高速坚硬岩体的发育有利于应变能的积累与集中释放. 相似文献
7.
青藏高原东南缘岩石圈变形强烈、地震活动频繁,对其深部结构进行研究有助于提高对其演化及强震发震机理等问题的认识.本研究利用青藏东南缘固定和流动观测台站记录的地震P波走时数据,采用体波走时层析成像方法得到研究区地壳、上地幔顶部三维P波速度结构.结果显示,峨眉山大火成岩省内带范围呈明显的高速异常,推测为二叠纪时期地幔柱活动残留在地壳内的基性和超基性幔源物质.川西北次级块体和大火成岩省内带东西两侧存在低速带,可能是壳内部分熔融存在和中下地壳流动的证据:高原物质向南运移时受大火成岩省壳内高速体阻挡后分为两支,东支沿安宁河断裂—则木河断裂—小江断裂延伸,西支沿红河断裂向上地壳运移并逐渐穿过红河断裂.云南漾濞MS6.4地震序列全部位于西支低速通道之上,推测构造块体SE向运动和地壳流作用使得应力在上地壳震源区进一步集中,共同驱动断裂活动导致漾濞地震发生. 相似文献
8.
利用陕西及邻区测震台网和中国地震科学台阵探测项目共257个宽频带台站记录的连续波形与远震数据,采用基于射线追踪的面波频散直接反演方法获得了渭河盆地及邻区地壳上地幔顶部S波速度结构,成像结果显示:1)渭河盆地顶部形成于新生代的沉积层造成其浅部显著的低速异常,盆地中、上地壳为低速结构,低速带延深至约25km深处,莫霍面相对两侧突变上隆,上地幔高速体侵入下地壳,可能与中—新生代上地幔基性-超基性铁镁质物质底侵有关。2)南鄂尔多斯块体地壳浅层东薄西厚的低速结构可能与块体遭受的整体掀斜、差异性抬升和强烈而不均匀的剥蚀有关。壳内不存在明显的低速异常,说明壳内低速体并没有贯穿整个鄂尔多斯地块,鄂尔多斯南段仍保留着稳定克拉通属性,至今还未遭受明显改造。3)秦岭造山带东、西深部结构存在差异,具有分段特征。造山带下地壳底部的低速异常,可能与造山带受青藏高原东北缘隆升和向外扩展等构造活动的影响有关,分析认为秦岭造山带存在青藏高原物质E流的下地壳流通道的可能性不大。 相似文献
9.
云南地区地处青藏高原东南缘，一直是地球科学研究的热点地区.目前，一些热点问题，如云南地区是否存在中下地壳低速流及其空间分布，仍有一定的争议.通过建立云南地区精细的地壳上地幔速度与各向异性结构，可为深入认识上述问题提供重要信息.本文利用天然地震波形记录，采用双台法提取了12~60 s周期的Rayleigh和Love波相速度频散，并进一步反演获得了云南地区10~100 km的三维地壳上地幔SV和SH波速度及径向各向异性结构.结果表明：S波速度与径向各向异性结构在横向和垂向均存在显著变化.在20~30 km深度，存在两个低速条带，且条带内呈现出正径向各向异性（VSH>VSV）特征，暗示了中下地壳低速物质的水平向运动.在80~100 km深度，云南西南和东南部显示为低速异常和正径向各向异性特征，暗示了软流圈物质的水平流动.在云南北部的丽江、攀枝花和昭通地区，岩石圈地幔中则存在明显的负径向各向异性（VSH<VSV），可能反映了地幔物质的上涌痕迹.历史强震多发生在地壳低速区域或高低速过渡带，且地震附近的径向各向异性为负或者较弱.一些地震震源下方存在低速层，地壳低速层可能会促进强震发生. 相似文献
10.
哀牢山-红河断裂带及其邻区的地壳上地幔结构 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
利用地震台站的到时资料, 通过体波地震成像技术重建了青藏高原东南缘和南海西北部大陆边缘地壳上地幔的速度结构, 揭示出哀牢山-红河断裂带及其邻近地区的构造差异. 在上地壳和中地壳深度内, 哀牢山-红河断裂带为高速异常, 反映出韧性剪切后变质岩带抬升和快速冷却的特征, 下地壳和Moho面附近为低速异常, 意味着壳-幔边界仍然处于相对活动的状态; 在上地幔顶部, 断裂西侧滇西地区大范围的低速异常证实了地幔深部热流对该地区火山、热泉、岩浆活动的影响, 而断裂东侧则具有扬子地块的稳定性质, 断裂东南部分上地幔深部的低速异常可能与南海扩张引起的地幔对流有关. 相似文献
11.
D. M. Pechersky A. A. Lyubushin Z. V. Sharonova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):613-623
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The
times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized
by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and
the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between
the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic
world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by
the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle
of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes
in the organic world. 相似文献
12.
Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan. 相似文献
13.
Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献
14.
15.
综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后，可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流，则其中心点应位于3台之间。 相似文献
16.
V. E. Pavlov T. Yu. Tolmacheva R. V. Veselovskiy A. V. Latyshev A. M. Fetisova I. V. Bigun 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2017,53(5):702-713
Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary. 相似文献
17.
18.
The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data. 相似文献
19.
The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth. 相似文献
20.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the... 相似文献