共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 281 毫秒
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生态系统地震灾害及其深层机制 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
所有地震时空、强度对人及人类破坏的复杂性可以贯穿到各个层次的生态系统中体现出来,这样地震给人类带来的空间和时间的全面灾害即可用生态系统地震灾害来进行描述。以人类为核心,按照构成生态系统的主体和环境因子的不同,可将生态系统由内向外、逐层包容地划分成社会生态系统、环境生态系统和自然生态系统三个层次类型。在社会生态系统震害中,人类的能动作用居于主导的地位,在环境生态系统震害中,人类的能动作用居于协调的位置,在自然生态系统震害中,人类的能动作用处于服从的地位。整体上来看,生态系统震害具有四个一般特征,即连发性、群发性、长程关联性和影响长期性。蕴震体及地球岩石部分本身就具有自组织、自适应和自相似即自复制类生命体特征,因而具有网络性。因而从生态系统角度研究可以发现,地震灾害与多种灾害之间构成了一个整体的联系,这就是生态系统震害的深层机制,称之为网络性机制。地震灾害的宏观过程是地震作用于人类生存的生态环境(天然生态环境和人工生态环境)从而危及人与社会并形成灾害,震害是由多种相互关联的要素所构成的复杂系统。 相似文献
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建筑物震害程度的判定是进行地震灾害损失评估的基础, 震害指数是建筑物震害程度的定量表示方式, 是房屋抗震性能的直观表现。 震害指数的研究对于震害预测和地震灾害损失评估都有重要的意义。 文中收集、 分析并处理了2001—2004年中国地震灾害损失现场调查与评估的详细资料, 以调查点为单位计算了各种结构类型房屋的平均震害指数, 建立了中国西部地区不同结构类型房屋的平均震害指数向未经加固的砖混和砖木结构房屋的平均震害指数转换的数学关系, 其结果对地震灾害及其损失的快速评估与现场评估具有一定的参考作用。 相似文献
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利用多层砌体房屋震害预测专家系统,对山东潍坊地区１８２栋多层砖房逐栋进行了单体房屋的震害预测,在此基础上,统计分析了该地区多层砖房的地震易损性特征,并进行了初步震害预测研究,给出了该类房屋的易损性矩阵,各破坏等级的损失参数矩阵和对应不同地震烈度的相对损失预测,为进一步开展震害预测和采取地对性的防震减灾对策提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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城市建筑物震害三维模拟在GIS中的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
将地理信息系统(GIS)技术用于震害预测在国内外都有较为广泛和成熟的研究。大多数的研究都是基于二维GIS技术的应用,以图表的形式显示震害预测结果,不能够直观地显示建筑物空间特征。本文以砖混结构建筑为例,总结了不同震害等级的震害特征,将提取的震害特征和建筑物纹理合成,利用Google SketchUp三维建模和ArcGIS Engine开发实现震害三维显示。本文给出了利用三维模拟技术在震害预测研究中的一种方法和思路,旨在为震后应急救援、虚拟救援训练和地震科普教学等方面提供帮助。 相似文献
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对近20年来破坏性地震后果的工程分析和地震时考察建筑物的经验得出，同一类型的抗震建筑物和普通建筑物的震害性质相似、定量指标不同；地震时抗震建筑物震害程度低于普通建筑物；抗震建筑物震害程度的数值分布符合高斯规律。大量资料分析认为，抗震建筑物震害程度取决于地震烈度，具有线性特征。提出了承重砖石墙建筑物、框架和大板房屋建筑物在地震烈度Ⅶ～Ⅸ度时建筑物震害程度的计算公式，并绘制了曲线图。抗震建筑物震害程度均方差较少，与普通建筑物大约相当。提出的有抗震措施建筑物震害程度与地震烈度呈线性关系具有近似性，但可用于评定震后居民点建筑物的期望工程状态。 相似文献
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基于ACCRBF网络的多层砖房震害预测 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对传统震害预测方法逐栋抽样计算建筑物抗震性能的不足,本文提出了一种基于蚁群聚类径向基(ACCRBF)网络模型的建筑物震害预测方法。依据不同地震动峰值加速度下多层砖房的实际震害资料,对模型进行训练,在模型的输入和输出之间建立映射关系,并利用这种映射关系对未知样本进行分类,实现对多层砖房的震害分析和预测。模型的输入为反映结构的震害影响因子,输出为给定的地震动峰值加速度下结构震害等级。研究表明,基于ACCRBF网络模型的多层砖房震害预测结果与震害实例基本吻合,具有推广应用价值。 相似文献
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ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｔｉｓｋｎｏｗｎｔｈａｔＣｈｉｎａｉｓａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ ｐｒｏｎｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄａｎｄｉｓａｌｓｏａｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇｍｏｓｔｓｅｖｅｒｅｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｙｏｃｃｕｐｉｅｓａｂｏｕｔ 1 1 4ｏｆｔｈｅｇｌｏｂａｌｃｏｎｔｉ ｎｅｎｔａｌａｒｅａ ,ｗｈｉｌｅａｂｏｕｔ 1 3ｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌＭ≥ 7.0ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｉｎＣｈ… 相似文献
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Chen Zhangli 《中国地震研究》2001,15(4):329-345
In the article the author looks back the hard development course and great progress in earth quake science and technology in China during the last near a half of century and expounds the following 3 aspects: (1) The strong desire of the whole society to mitigate seismic disasters and reduce the effect of earthquakes on social-economic live is a great driving force to push forward the development of earthquake science and technology in China; (2) To better ensure people‘ s life and property, sustainable economic development, and social stability is an essential purpose to drive the development of earthquake science and technology in China; and (3) To insist on the dialectical connection of setup of technical system for seismic monitoring with the scientific research of earthquakes and to better handle the relation between crucial task, current scientif ic level, and the feasibility are the important principles to advance the earthquake science and technology in China. Some success and many setbacks in earthquake disaster mitigation consistently enrich our knowledge regarding the complexity of the conditions for earthquake occurrence and the process of earthquake preparation, promote the reconstruction and modernization of technical system for earthquake monitoring, and deepen the scientific research of earthquakes. During the last 5 years, the improvement and modernization of technical system for earthquake monitoring have clearly provided the technical support to study and practice of earthquake prediction and pre caution, give prominence to key problems and broaden the field of scientific research of earth quakes. These have enabled us to get some new recognition of the conditions for earthquake oc currence and process of earthquake preparation, characteristics of seismic disaster, and mecha nism for earthquake generation in China‘s continent. The progress we have made not only en courages us to enhance the effectiveness of earthquake disaster mitigation, but also provides a basis for accelerating further development of earthquake science and technology in China in the new century, especially in the 10th five-year plan. Based on the history reviewed, the author sets forth a general requirement for develop ment of earthquake science and technology in China and brings out 10 aspects to be stressed and strengthened at present and in the future. These are: upgrade and setup of the network of digitized seismic observation; upgrade and setup of the network for observation of seismic pre cursors; setup of the network for observation of strong motion; setup of the laboratories for ex periment on seismic regime; establishment of technical system for seismic information, emer gency command and urgent rescue; research on short-term and imminent earthquake predic tion; research on intermediate- and long-term earthquake prediction; research on attenuation of seismic ground motion, mechanism for seismic disaster, and control on seismic disaster; ba sic research fields related to seismology and geoscience. We expect that these efforts will signifi cantly elevate the level of earthquake science and technology in China to the advanced interna tional level, improve theories, techniques, and methods for earthquake precaution and predic tion, and enhance the effectiveness of earthquake disaster mitigation. 相似文献
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基于2021年、2022年中国5.0级及以上地震目录,结合应急管理部、有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估报告和相关资料,对中国大陆地震灾害情况、主要地震灾害事件及其特点进行了总结和分析。此外,按省份总结了各省地震灾害事件及地震灾害特点。其中,云南省中强震多、强震少,震区房屋抗震能力较高,人员伤亡较小; 四川省中强震少、强震多,次生灾害较为发育,造成严重人员伤亡; 青海省虽然震级高、破坏性强、致灾范围广,但震区地广人稀,房屋抗震设防等级较高,人员伤亡少。最后,结合历史震害统计数据,分析对比近2年中国大陆地震灾害致灾特点。 相似文献
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川滇分区地震烈度衰减特征研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
考虑到不同区域地震烈度衰减规律的差异性,本文通过分析川滇地区地震空间分布、震害及烈度分布特征,搜集并整理了1900年以来川滇地区的140个5级以上地震案例,利用联合椭圆衰减模型,结合川滇地区的地质构造特征,建立了川滇分区地震烈度衰减关系。对比结果表明：不同区域的地震烈度衰减存在显著差异,尤其是在M=5和M=7级时区域差别明显;同时,与已有成果的对比结果也可看出,滇西地区在M=7级时近场烈度明显偏低,而川西北及滇中地区在M=5级时虽与中国西部地区基本一致,但也均低于其它分区。上述结果对川滇地区地震灾害快速评估和地震应急具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
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GIS-based risk assessment of grassland fire disaster in western Jilin province, China 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Tong Zhijun Zhang Jiquan Liu Xingpeng 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(4):463-471
Grassland fire disasters have occurred frequently and adversely affected livestock agriculture and social-economic development
greatly in the grassland regions of Jilin province, China. Moreover, both the frequency of grassland fire and loss from them
are considered to be increasing with the global warming and economic development. This study presents a methodology for risk
analysis and assessment of grassland fire disaster, taking western Jilin province as a case study area based on geographic
information system (GIS). The composite grassland fire disaster risk index (GFDRI) combined the hazard of grassland fire,
the exposure of the region, the vulnerability and emergency response and recovery capability for grassland fire disaster of
the region were developed to assess and compare risk of grassland fire disaster in different counties in western Jilin province,
China using the natural disaster risk index method (NDRIM), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted comprehensive method
(WCM). Then, the risk degree of grassland fire disaster was assessed and regionalized in the western Jilin province, China
based on GFDRI by using GIS. It is shown that the most places of western Jilin province were in mediate risk. Zhenlai, Tongyu
were in heavy risk. Taobei, Ningjiang, Fuyu were in light risk. The information obtained from interviewing the district official
committees in relation to result compiled was statistically evaluated. The GFDRI was developed to be an easily understandable
tool that can be used to assess and compare the relative risk of grassland fire disaster in different counties in t western
Jilin province, China, and to compare the different relative contributions of various factors, e.g., frequency of grassland
fire and quality of emergency evacuation plan. The GFDRI is specifically intend to support local and national government agencies
of grassland fire disaster management as they (1) make resource allocation decisions; (2) make high-level planning decisions;
and (3) raise public awareness of grassland fire disaster risk, its causes, and ways to manage it. 相似文献
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Reduction of earthquake disasters 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The article summarizes the researches on mitigating earthquake disasters of the past four years in China. The studyof earthquake disasters′ quantification shows that the losses increase remarkably when population concentrates inurban area and social wealth increase. The article also summarizes some new trends of studying earthquake disas-ters′ mitigation, which are from seismic hazard to seismic risk, from engineering disaster to social disaster andintroduces the community-centered approach. 相似文献