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甲醛溶液对发头裸腹溞及其体表聚缩虫影响的试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
不同浓度的甲醛溶液对枝角类发头裸腹溞Moinairrasa的致毒效应以及对其体表附着的聚缩虫Zoothamniumsp．的杀灭效果的试验结果表明，12h、24h两个作用时段中，甲醛浓度与发头探腹溞相对存活率之间以及甲醇浓度与发头裸腹溞表聚缩虫营养体脱落率之间存在一定的函数关系．在确立上述函数基础上，可得出控制聚缩虫感染的两种有效方法：①在保证溞存活率不低于66％的情况下，选用最低有效浓度（19．mg／kg）的甲醛溶液作用24h可杀灭100％聚缩虫；②在保持溞存活率较高（70％－90％）的情况下，选用相应浓度的甲醛液作用24h杀灭87％－29％聚缩虫，并辅以更换新水等措施，也可将聚缩虫感染的危害控制在一定的范围内． 相似文献
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利用单船表层单囊拖网于2013年2 12月分别在太湖不同生态型湖区(敞水湖区和草型湖区)采集湖鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis)样品,同时用刺网补充大个体样品.通过胃含物鉴定,分析湖鲚饵料生物的种类及数量季节和湖区间差异,同时测定湖鲚摄食率、肥满度和食物选择系数等.结果显示,湖鲚主要食物为浮游枝角类和桡足类,此外,水生昆虫、轮虫和小型鱼虾也是湖鲚的重要食物来源.湖鲚食物组成季节变化明显,冬季以桡足类的哲水蚤(Calanus spp.)、剑水蚤(Cyclops spp.)为主,夏、秋季则以枝角类的象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)、裸腹溞(Moina spp.)和盘肠溞(Chydorus spp.)为主.不同湖区湖鲚食物种类差异明显,草型湖区水生昆虫、鱼虾较敞水湖区多,桡足类较敞水湖区少.不同湖区间湖鲚食物数量差异明显,敞水湖区湖鲚平均食物数量为788.98±262.4 ind./尾,而草型湖区仅为298.85±71.1 ind./尾.湖鲚主动摄食大型枝角类,如僧帽溞(Daphnia cucullata)、低额溞(Simocephalus spp.)和大型溞(Daphnia magna),选择指数(Ii)介于0.59~1.00之间.小型裸腹溞(Moina spp.)也是湖鲚主动选择的食物(0.62Ii0.95),但湖鲚对桡足类选择性较低,这可能与桡足类较强的逃避能力有关.湖鲚对食物选择性的季节变化明显,如冬季回避透明薄皮溞(Leptodora kindti),而夏季则主动选择,但不同湖区湖鲚对食物的选择差别较小.本研究结果有利于从食物网层面剖析湖鲚种群增长原因,进而通过生物操纵理论对湖鲚种群进行控制,最终为形成合理的湖泊渔业结构和湖泊环境修复提供科学依据. 相似文献
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本文在室内模拟自然水温研究了东湖透明薄皮溞(Leptodora Kindti)对优势枝角类短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)和微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura)的捕食效率。实验结果表明,在17℃和21℃时透明薄皮溞对短尾秀体溞的捕食率系数(predation rate coefficient)或称滤过率(clearance rate)分别为15.9和18.2mL predator~(-1)day~(-1)。17℃时透明薄皮溞对微型裸腹溞的捕食率系数为30.1mL predator~(-1)day~(-1)。不同的猎物密度对捕食率系数亦有影响。在17℃,当猎物密度从200ind mL~(-1)增为800ind mL~(-1)时,透明薄皮溞对裸腹溞的捕食率系数则从30.1mL predator~(-1)day~(-1)下降为15.1mL predator~(-1)day~(-1),对短尾秀体溞的捕食率系数亦从15.9mL predator~(-1)day~(-1)降为7.8mL predator~(-1)day~(-1)。 相似文献
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鄱阳湖流域蚌类环境DNA宏条形码引物的筛选验证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
环境DNA技术是一种非侵入、高灵敏、高效率且对环境无破坏性,对生物体无损伤的调查工具.为了筛选适合于蚌类环境DNA生物多样性研究的宏条形码引物,本研究通过对鄱阳湖流域24种常见蚌的基因组DNA进行普通扩增和高通量测序筛选了11对引物(设计了9对通用引物及从相关文献中引用了2对引物),结果显示引物cyt b和16S rRNA具有良好的扩增效果和高辨别度.进一步用环境样本(n=6)并结合传统采样技术对这2对引物进行验证,结果表明:使用引物16S rRNA共注释到蚌科物种6属8种,蚌科物种序列占总序列数的26.69%;而使用引物cyt b共注释到蚌科物种4属6种,蚌科物种序列占总序列数的6.60%.引物16S rRNA更适合用于蚌类环境DNA生物多样性研究的宏条形码引物.在生物多样性监测中环境DNA技术可以作为传统方法的有效补充,且同时使用多对引物,可增加可信度和检测率. 相似文献
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太湖贡湖湾鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis Yen et Lin)食物组成的季节变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis Yen et Lin)是太湖主要的鱼类之一,其产量随水体富营养化程度的加重呈上升趋势.本研究于2009年4-12月用刺网(a=10 mm)在太湖贡湖湾采集了鲚,分析了其胃含物中食物组成的季节变化以及鲚对食物种类的选择性.结果表明,鲚在各月中主要以浮游动物为食,同时也摄食幼鱼、幼虾和水生昆虫等.鲚的食物组成具有明显季节变化,4月份以桡足类为食,其中桡足幼体、汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii Brehm)和剑水蚤(Cyclops spp.)所占的平均个数百分比相当;6、8和10月份主要以枝角类为食,其中6月以裸腹溞(Moina spp.)为主,而8和10月以象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)为主.食物选择性方面,鲚对大型浮游动物表现出主动选择;当环境中出现溞(Daphnia spp.)和透明薄皮溞(Leptodora kindti Focke)时,鲚对它们表现出很强的选择性摄食,但透明薄皮溞只出现在6月鱼类食物中;个体较小的裸腹溞也是鲚主动选择的重要食物,在整个调查期间鲚对裸腹溞都表现出较高的主动选择性;象鼻溞虽然在各月份食物中的出现率最高,但除10月份鲚对其表现出主动选择外,其它月份表现为主动回避或随机选择.本研究结果有助于我们了解鲚对浮游动物群落影响的季节变化,为制定合理的湖泊与渔业管理方案提供依据. 相似文献
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发头裸腹溞休眠卵发育的温度因子分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
测定了不同温度下发头裸腹溞(Moina irrasa)体眠卵的孵化时间及孵化率;取最先孵出和过半数孵出的两组数据依莱奥姆积温法则求得种群休眠卵最低临界温度为12.00℃,最低有效积温为441.61℃·h;最低亚致死高温点(即最适温度)为35.16℃,以及最低死亡高温点39.44℃。种群中过半数的临界温度为12.88℃,过半数有效积温为557.10℃·h,过半数的亚致死高温点为35.56℃以及过半数死亡高温点为39.49℃。讨论了这些参数在枝角类集约化培养中休眠卵的有效保存与启用所具有的实践意义。 相似文献
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于2000年丰水期和枯水期调查了广东省19座典型大中型水库枝角类,随后对其中3座代表性水库进行了4年的枝角类种类定性调查.在鉴定出的枝角类16属24种中有13个广温种、7个嗜暖种、3个嗜寒种和1个特有种;每个水库的平均种类数5-6种.从个体大小来看,水库枝角类以小个体种类为主,有14种的体长小、于1 mm,它们分布广且数量多,其中优势种主要为长额象鼻溞、秀体溞、微型裸腹溞、颈沟基合溞和角突网纹溞等.透明溞和透明薄皮溞是主要的大个体种类,出现在4座贫、中营养水库的水样中.水库枝角类的丰度较低,在丰水期,平均丰度小于10 ind./L和10-20 ind./L的水库分别为14座和5座,在枯水期,为12座和5座,而高州水库和河溪水库中的平均丰度达67ind./L.主要优势种在不同营养类型水库中分布差别不大.枝角类的丰度受水力滞留时间影响,直流型水库的枝角类种群丰度的分布明显受到水流速度的影响,湖泊区枝角类个体及其食物均随水库放水输出而减少.由于采样点主要位于大坝附近,枝角类以敞水区的种类为主.从种类组成和数量来看,广东省水库枝角类具有明显的热带特点,枝角类的生物量小,以个体较小的种类优势种,大型种类的个体数量极低且身体透明. 相似文献
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本文比较了太湖梅梁湾敞水区2004年秋季渔汛期刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)和间下鱵(Hyporhamphus intermedius)的食性,同时对不同食物的重要性、选择性以及两种鱼类食物的重叠进行了分析.结果表明,秋季刀鲚、间下鱵的食物主要由浮游甲壳动物、鱼和昆虫等组成.镖水蚤中的指状许水蚤(Schmackeria inopinus)是刀鲚最重要的食物,而间下鱵最重要的食物是裸腹溞(Moina sp.),而且摄食鱼和昆虫的比例远高于刀鲚.刀鲚和间下鱵对个体较大的指状许水蚤的选择性都比较高,对个体较小、而在太湖密度很高的象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)都表现出主动回避.刀鲚与间下鱵的食物重叠系数较高,表明对竞争比较激烈,但要完全了解这两种鱼类的竞争关系,还要对它们在太湖的分布,不同发育阶段和不同季节的摄食情况进行详细的调查研究. 相似文献
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利用Long-PCR及普通PCR技术,结合引物步移法测序,经拼接、组装后获得中国淮河大型溞(Daphnia magna)线粒体基因组全序列,并对其基因组成、结构特点等进行初步分析.大型溞线粒体基因组全长为14948 bp,A、T、G、C各碱基含量分别为32.37%、34.73%、15.58%、17.31%,表现出明显的AT偏倚.13个蛋白质编码基因、22个t RNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个D-loop区(控制区)的排列方式与典型的节肢动物线粒体基因组的排列方式略有不同.除COI基因以CTG、ATP8基因以GTG、ND3基因以ATC以及ND6基因以ATT为起始密码子以外,其余9个蛋白质编码基因均以ATG作为起始密码子;9个蛋白质编码基因具有典型的完全终止子TAG或TAA,COI、COII、ND4和ND5等基因采用不完全终止密码子T.基因组包含9个基因间隔区,共81 bp,长度1~62 bp;13个基因重叠区,共77 bp,重叠碱基数在1~27 bp之间,最大重叠在16 S rRNA和tRNA~(Val)基因之间.在预测的22个tRNA基因的二级结构中,发现只有tRNA~(Ser1)基因未能形成完整的二级结构,其他21个基因均可形成典型的三叶草结构.16 S rRNA和12 S rRNA基因长度分别为1373 bp和752 bp,D-loop区全长289 bp.本研究结果为探讨大型溞在溞属中的系统学地位及其与其他种间的系统发生关系等问题提供了数据资源. 相似文献
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《Limnologica》2020
Competition and predation are the two major biotic interactions in zooplankton community. Various rotifer species exhibit polymorphism in lorica and spine morphology in the presence of predators and competitors, which effectively increases their defence competition capacity. This study compared life-history parameters between long-spined morph (LSM) and short-spined morph (SSM) of Keratella tropica at three temperatures. The results showed that both morphs showed significantly higher intrinsic rate of population increase at 25 °C than those at 20 °C and 30 °C. The intrinsic rate of population increase was significantly lower in LSM than SSM at 25 °C and 30 °C, and the net reproductive rate was significantly lower in LSM than SSM at 30 °C. These results suggested that K. tropica had cost on development of long spines, which, however, was dependent on temperature. Moreover, the competition outcome of LSM and SSM with Moina macrocopa were investigated at three densities of Scenedesmus obliquus (0.5 × 106, 1.0 × 106 and 2.0 × 106 cells/mL) and three initial densities of M. macrocopa (0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 ind./mL), revealing that both LSM and SSM populations decreased significantly at all tested algal densities and Moina levels. LSM showed higher population growth rate than SSM at lower algal density (0.5 × 106 cells/mL) and higher Moina densities (0.3 and 0.9 ind./mL), which suggested that LSM could be more effective to defend M. macrocopa. Three-way analysis of variance showed no significant effects of algal density on population growth rate of K. tropica, but interaction between algal density and M. macrocopa density significantly affected its population growth rate. 相似文献
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Bloom‐forming cyanobacteria are known to negatively affect their herbivores, but the possible reasons leading to the foraging inhibition of different cladoceran species are uncertain and controversial so far. Hence, in order to understand how cyanobacteria affect the feeding behavior of cladocerans with different body sizes, feeding rates (FR) of zooplankton cladocerans Daphnia carinata and Moina macrocopa on the mixture of toxic or non‐toxic Microcystis aeruginosa with Scenedesmus quadricauda during a 24‐h period was investigated. FR of M. macrocopa was found generally low in the mixed toxic Microcystis diets, except for the sudden increase after 8 h of exposure, while FR of D. carinata decreased continuously in the mixed toxic diets. The dynamics of FR of both cladocerans on specific algae was similar to that of the total FR. There is no apparent selectivity displayed for either of the two cladoceran species on the mixed diets. There is no significant difference between the strains of Microcystis, suggesting that the feeding pattern of M. macrocopa maybe more of avoiding Microcystis rather than feeding inhibition resulted from the toxicity of algae. Unlike M. macrocopa, there was a significant difference in D. carinata between the strains of Microcystis over time. The reason for feeding inhibition of D. carinata might be toxicity after continuous exposure to the toxic cyanobacteria. 相似文献
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The population growth of the freshwater chlorophyte, Scenedesmus acutus and the cladoceran Moina macrocopa cultured in the laboratory and in microcosms of a wastewater treatment plant was studied. S. acutus was cultured in a defined algal medium and mixed with wastewater. On diets of S. acutus cultured using Bold medium or a mixture with wastewater, the peak densities of M. macrocopa were 6–7 ind. mL?1, while on a diet of algae cultured on wastewater alone the cladoceran density fluctuated around 2 ind. mL?1. Population growth rates of M. macrocopa, which ranged from 0.3 to 0.4 d?1, were significantly lower on alga cultured in wastewater alone. The body size structure of M. macrocopa was larger on algae cultured in Bold medium than in wastewater. Peak densities of M. macrocopa were around 700 ind. L?1 when the organic matter in the containers was supplemented with algae but it reached lower densities (400 ind. L?1) when cultured on the organic matter in wastewater alone. Our study indicates that the nutrients in the final stages of wastewater treatment can support the growth of both phytoplankton and zooplankton. 相似文献
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In the present work we tested the effect of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus acutus in different proportions on the population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus patulus, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Moina macrocopa. In general, both rotifer species grew well on either type of algae. Regardless of algal mixture, B. calyciflorus had a shorter initial phase, while B. patulus needed more than a week to begin the exponential phase of growth. Both the rotifer species showed consistently better population growth with Chlorella than on Scenedesmus, or the mixture. At any given algal combination, B. patulus had higher peak values than B. calyciflorus. The rate of population increase (r) for both the rotifers varied from 0.18 to 0.48 d—1 depending on the algal type and combination. Regardless of algal type and combination, B. calyciflorus had a much higher value of r than B. patulus. Both C. dubia and M. macrocopa grew on the algal types, whether offered separately or in mixture. Regardless of the treatment type, C. dubia needed a longer period (about 2 weeks) than M. macrocopa to reach peak abundances. Thus, our study did not support the view that Scenedesmus is consistently superior to Chlorella as a basic diet to the tested species of zooplankton. 相似文献
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Recycling domestic wastewaters is one way to maximize the utilization of freshwater. Although sewage treatment plants help to remove particulate wastes, organic matter still remains, which can be used to harvest sizeable populations of zooplankton. In an effort to identify cladocerans which could grow on this organic matter, we tested the life table demography of the commonly found cladocerans (Alona rectangula, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Moina macrocopa, and Daphnia pulex) feeding on wastewater at three different stages of purification (tank that receives crude wastes (A), the biological reactor (B), and the penultimate stage of the treatment process (C)) from the Iztacalco water treatment plant in Mexico City. Experiments were conducted using the medium from each of the 3 tanks previously mentioned and a control of Chlorella vulgaris at 1.0 × 106 cells mL?1. We found that the average lifespan ranged from 5…30 days with D. pulex living the longest. The growth rate, which ranged from ?0.57 to +1.5 was highest for M. macrocopa. Our data indicate that Moina macrocopa, which had higher reproductive rates on wastewater than the controls, was most suited for growing in wastewaters. 相似文献
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不同鱼类对沉水植物生长的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
沉水植物是富营养水体生态修复的重要组成部分,鱼类是影响沉水植物生长的重要因素之一.为了解鱼类对沉水植物生长的影响,研究3种鱼(草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis))对4种沉水植物(苦草(Vallisneria natans)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、伊乐藻(Elodea nuttalli)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus))生长的影响.结果显示,对照组、草鱼组和鳊组沉水植物生物量分别下降19.2%、82.1%和16.6%,而鲫组沉水植物生物量却增长12.5%.4种沉水植物中,金鱼藻生物量增长最高,其中对照组、鳊组和鲫组中金鱼藻生物量分别增长171.1%、113.9%和265.5%,而草鱼组金鱼藻生物量却下降24.4%.草鱼、鳊、鲫都能有效抑制沉水植物的竞争者水绵的生长.该研究结果在利用沉水植物修复富营养水体过程中对鱼类的管理具有重要的参考意义. 相似文献
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水深是影响浅水湖泊沉水植物生长的主要因素之一.莲座型苦草（Vallisneria natans）和冠层型穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）是我国长江中下游浅水湖泊中常见的沉水植物种类，二者在形态特征上具有较大的差异.在自然水体中，水深变化对这两种植物的生长以及竞争格局的影响还有待研究.本文设计了3个水深梯度（水深0.5、1.5、2.5 m），探讨混栽条件下苦草和穗花狐尾藻生长和竞争格局对水深变化的响应.结果显示在实验系统内，中水深（1.5 m）处理组对两种植物的生长均最有利，表现为两种植物的相对生长率和生物量均最高.低水深（0.5 m）处理组苦草的生物量和相对生长率均显著低于高水深（2.5 m）处理组；穗花狐尾藻则相反，高水深对其生长的抑制作用更大.2种沉水植物在高水深胁迫时均表现出地上部分（叶长或茎长）增加，地下部分（根长）减少的形态响应特征.此外，随着水深由高到低，苦草与穗花狐尾藻生物量之比逐渐减小，表明苦草在两种植物中的竞争优势逐渐降低.研究表明湖泊水深变化不仅能够影响沉水植物的丰度，同时还可能会影响沉水植物的群落结构，而在我国浅水湖泊的生态修复实践中，在通过水位调控恢复沉水植物时，调控范围应考虑目标植物（如苦草）的光合特征. 相似文献
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附生细菌在微囊藻水华暴发过程中可能发挥了重要作用,但是,缺少关于微囊藻附生细菌特性的研究报道.本文从4种群体微囊藻(铜绿微囊藻、惠氏微囊藻、水华微囊藻和坚实微囊藻)中分离得到了18种附生细菌,分别隶属于六大类群:α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、放线菌纲、纤维粘网菌纲和黄杆菌纲.BIOLOG板分析显示除了α-变形菌纲中的2种细菌以及放线菌纲中的1种细菌以外,其余细菌都能够利用10种以上的碳源.18种附生细菌中有12种具有趋化性,12种具有疏水性,14种具有自聚能力.除了黄杆菌纲菌株都具有亲水性外,其余5大类群菌株都含有疏水性种类.六大类群中都含有具有趋化性和自聚能力的种类.每种微囊藻中的大多数附生细菌种类都能利用10种以上的碳源,都具有疏水性.每种微囊藻中至少有一组细菌表现出共聚能力.除了水华微囊藻外,其余3种微囊藻中附生细菌的大多数种类都具有趋化性.除了惠氏微囊藻外,其余3种微囊藻的附生细菌中大多数种类都具有自聚能力.结果显示细菌旺盛的代谢潜力、趋化性、疏水性、自聚能力和共聚能力可能有利于附生细菌定殖于微囊藻群体. 相似文献